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It has long been feared that human activity is causing massive extinctions. Despite increased efforts at conservation, it has not been enough and biodiversity losses continue. The costs associated with deteriorating or vanishing ecosystems will be high. However, sustainable development and consumption would help avert ecological problems.

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Factors that affects Biodiversity that leads to Extinction and Loss of biodiversity

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Factors that affects Biodiversity that leads to Extinction and Loss of biodiversity

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1. Massive Extinctions From Human Activity

2. Declining amphibian populations

3. Reptiles threatened by climate change, deforestation, habitat loss, trade

4. Dwindling fish stocks

5. Declining Ocean Biodiversity

6. Inland water ecosystems

7. Loss of forests equates to a loss of many species

Sustainable Forests or Sustainable Profits?

Illegal Timber Trade on a Large Scale

Legal Timber Trade on a Large Scale

People and Forests

8. Misuse of land and resources

9. Long Term Costs

10. The Military and the Environment

11. Attempts to promote biodiversity outweighed by activities against it

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1. Massive Extinction From Human Activity

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1. Massive Extinction From Human Activity

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Despite knowing about biodiversity’s importance for a long time, human activity has been causing massive extinctions. As the Environment New Service, reported back in August 1999 (previous link): the current extinction rate is now approaching 1,000 times the background rate and may climb to 10,000 times the background rate during the next century, if present trends continue [resulting in] a loss that would easily equal those of past extinctions.(Emphasis added)

A major report, the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, released in March 2005 highlighted a substantial and largely irreversible loss in the diversity of life on Earth, with some 10-30% of the mammal, bird and amphibian species threatened with extinction, due to human actions.The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) added that Earth is unable to keep up in the struggle to regenerate from the demands we place on it.

As explained in the UN’s 3rd Global Biodiversity Outlook, the rate of biodiversity loss has not been reduced because the 5 principle pressures on biodiversity are persistent, even intensifying:

1. Habitat loss and degradation

2. Climate change

3. Excessive nutrient load and other forms of pollution

4. Over-exploitation and unsustainable use

5. Invasive alien species

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Amphibians are particularly sensitive to changes in the environment. Amphibians have been described as a marker species or the equivalent of "canaries of the coal mines" meaning they provide an important signal to the health of biodiversity; when they are stressed and struggling, biodiversity may be under pressure. When they are doing well, biodiversity is probably healthy.

Unfortunately, as has been feared for many years now, amphibian species are declining at an alarming rate.

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We use water for a variety of purposes from agricultural, domestic and industrial uses. This has involved activities that alter surrounding ecosystems, such as drainage, diversion of water for irrigation, industrial and domestic use, contaminating water with excess nutrient run-off (e.g. from fertilizers) and industrial waste, building damns, etc.

The UN’s 3rd Global Biodiversity Outlook report also mentioned earlier notes that shallow-water wetlands such as marshes, swamps and shallow lakes have declined significantly in many parts of the world.

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About 80 percent of the world marine fish stocks for which assessment information is available are fully exploited or overexploited.

Fish stocks assessed since 1977 have experienced an 11% decline in total biomass globally, with considerable regional variation. The average maximum size of fish caught declined by 22% since 1959 globally for all assessed communities. There is also an increasing trend of stock collapses over time, with 14% of assessed stocks collapsed in 2007.

Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (2010), Global Biodiversity Outlook 3, May, 2010, p.48

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The Golden Toad of Monteverde, Costa Rica was among the first casualties of amphibian declines. Formerly abundant, it was last seen in 1989.

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The Golden Toad of Monteverde, Costa Rica was among the first casualties of amphibian declines. Formerly abundant, it was last seen in 1989.

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3. Reptiles threatened by climate change, deforestation, habitat loss, trade

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3. Reptiles threatened by climate change, deforestation, habitat loss, trade

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Lizards, the researchers say, are far more susceptible to climate-warming extinction than previously thought. Many species live right at the edge of their thermal limits.

Rising temperatures, they explained, leave lizards unable to spend sufficient time foraging for food, as they have to rest and regulate their body temperature.

Victoria Gill, Climate change link to lizard extinction, BBC, May 14, 2010

Reptiles are often associated with extreme habitats and tough environmental conditions, so it is easy to assume that they will be fine in our changing world. However, many species are very highly specialized in terms of habitat use and the climatic conditions they require for day to day functioning. This makes them particularly sensitive to environmental changes.

Dr Monika Böhm, Almost one in five reptiles struggling to survive, IUCN, February 15, 2013

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The health of the ocean is spiraling downwards far more rapidly than we had thought. We are seeing greater change, happening faster, and the effects are more imminent than previously anticipated. The situation should be of the gravest concern to everyone since everyone will be affected by changes in the ability of the ocean to support life on Earth.

Professor Alex Rogers of Somerville College, Oxford, and Scientific Director of IPSO, Latest Review of Science Reveals Ocean in Critical State From Cumulative Impacts , The International Programme on the State of the Ocean (IPSO), October 3, 2013

The factors affecting the ocean’s health includes:

De-oxygenation

Acidification

Warming

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Threat status of comprehensively assessed species by IUCN.

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Threat status of comprehensively assessed species by IUCN.

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Extinct Animals (Loss to History due to Human Activities)

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Extinct Animals (Loss to History due to Human Activities)

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QUESTION 2: Paano tayo makakatulong sa unti unting pagkaubos ng biodiversity?

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QUESTION 2: Paano tayo makakatulong sa unti unting pagkaubos ng biodiversity?

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•Umpisahan natin sa desiplina, desiplina sa sarili, desiplina sa pagtatapon ng basura matuto tayong magtapon ng basura sa tamang tapunan sa maliit na bagay na iyon ay malaki na ang pagbabagong magagawa.

•Sumali sa mga programa na nag aadhikain na maglinis ng mga baybayin ng dagat o dika'y sumali sa mga maliliit na organization na na nangangalaga sa kalikasan.

•Maraming bagay ang pwede nating gawin sa simpleng pagtatapon sa basurahan ay malaki na ang ambag o kaya'y hindi pagamit ng plastic.

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QUESTION 4: Ano ang posibleng epekto nang pagkaubos ng hayop sa ating kalikasan?

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QUESTION 4: Ano ang posibleng epekto nang pagkaubos ng hayop sa ating kalikasan?

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• Masisira ang ecological balance ng ecosystem dahil parang sa sistema lang yan ng trabaho ng tao kailangan natin ng doctor, engineer,nurse at ng kung ano ano pa ganyan din sa biodiversity kung magpapatuloy ang pagkaubos ng mga nabubuhay sa gubat masisira ang sistema magkakaron ng hindi balanseng bagay saatin gaya ng pagtaas ng rate ng mga peste dahil naubos na ang mga hayop na kumakain ng mga insekto, o di kaya’y pag may naubos na lahi ng isang hayop ay mas dadami ang sa iba. Gaya ng tao may kanya kanya ring trabaho ang mga hayop saating environment kaya kung patuloy na mauubos ang mga ito ay masisira ang ecological balance.

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QUESTION 1: Ano sa tingin mo ang pangunahing dahilan nang pagkaubos ng biodiversity?

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QUESTION 1: Ano sa tingin mo ang pangunahing dahilan nang pagkaubos ng biodiversity?

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•Mga pangangailangan ng tao
Dahil sa pagtaas ng populasyon ng tao sa mundo na nagdudulot nang pagdami nang kanilang pangangailan na natutugunan sa pamamagitan ng mga tirahan ng mga hayop na pinagkukunan natin ng malaking porsyento ng ating pangangailangan gaya ng mga kabahayan. Ang mga bahay natin ay nakatayo sa isang malawak na lote na maaring tirahan dati ng mga hayop o dika'y maaring dating pinagtatamnan ng mga punong kahoy na pinagkukuhanan ng pagkain ng ilang hayop o posibleng tirahan ng mga ito lalo na ng mga ibon. Maging ang mga hayop ay kinakailangan ng mga tao ang iba'y ginagagawa silang gamot kahit wala namang kasiguraduhang gagaling sila, ang iba'y ibinebenta ang mga ito o dika'y pinapatay. Maari ring dahil sa mga irresponsableng kilos ng mga tao na nagdudulot ng masamang epekto sa kapaligiran na sumisira sa ating kalikasan, dahil sa patuloy na pagpapalawak ng mga etablisiyemto na para sa mga tao ay nakakalimutan ng alagaan at pahalagahan ang mga hayop na naunang nagmamay-ari ng mga bagay na pinagkukunan natin ng mga pangangailangan.

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QUESTION 3: Paano mo mapapangalagaan ang kalikasan bilang estudyante?

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QUESTION 3: Paano mo mapapangalagaan ang kalikasan bilang estudyante?

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•Makiisa sa mga adbokasiya na nagsusulong nang pangangalaga ng kalikasan.

•Kung hindi naman talaga kinakailangan gumamit ng plastict ay mabutihin nang huwag gumamit nito. Dahil ito ang pangunahing problema na nagdudulot ng pagkamatay ng mga hayop sa dagat pati na rin sa kapatagan.

•Huwag magsayang ng papel dahil ang papel ay kinukuha sa mga punong kahoy. Maraming mga puno ang pinuputol upang makagawa ng papel.

•Matutong mag recycle.

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QUESTION 5: Ano ang mga bagay na ginagawa ng iyong lugar upang makatulong sa usaping ito?

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QUESTION 5: Ano ang mga bagay na ginagawa ng iyong lugar upang makatulong sa usaping ito?

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•Base sa mga nakalap kong impormasyon na ang mga environment advocates sa bataan ay nagsusulong na pangalagaan ang Mt.Natib

•may mga programa rin dito sa bataan na nagsusulong ng pangangalaga sa kapaligiran gaya ng paglilinis ng mga baybayin ng dagat sa mga baragay na malapit sa baybaying dagat.

•Taon taon din may ginaganap na pawikan festival sa morong na nagpapakawala ng maraming maliliit na pawikan sa dagat.