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https://www.lucidchart.com/documents/edit/f90d82b6-88c2-4601-88f1-456ea3e09004/0

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https://www.geogspace.edu.au/core-units/years-7-8/exemplars/year-7/y7-exemplars-y7-illus5.html

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A day in the life of a Mongolian queen - Anne F. Broadbridge

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https://create.piktochart.com/output/32812420-hass-yr-8

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Featured Teaching Kits

Teacher-approved stories, resources, and worksheets for teaching about the United States Constitution in your classroom, courtesy of Junior Scholastic, the middle school Social Studies classroom magazine

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The Constitution | Free Middle School Teaching Resources

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Featured Teaching Kits Teacher-approved stories, resources, and worksheets for teaching about the United States Constitution in your classroom, courtesy of Junior Scholastic, the middle school Social Studies classroom magazine

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Africa's last absolute monarch has marked his country's 50th birthday with a rather unconventional gift: a different name. During Golden Jubilee celebrations Thursday, King Mswati III announced that from this point henceforth, the land formerly known as Swaziland is now to be known as the Kingdom of eSwatini.

The king made his declaration to a crowded stadium in Manzini, noting the name change is intended to shed vestiges of the country's colonial past. For much of the 20th century, the tiny, landlocked nation was under British administration, only gaining its independence in a nonviolent transfer of power in 1968.

"African countries on getting independence reverted to their ancient names before they were colonised," he told the crowd, according to Agence France-Presse. "So from now on, the country will be officially be known as the Kingdom of eSwatini."

As the news service notes, eSwatini means "place of the Swazi" in the Swazi language - effectively the same meaning as its predecessor, except without relying on the mashup of Swazi and English that composes the name Swaziland.

The king had already used the name in public statements he had made personally in recent years, the BBC points out. For instance, in his remarks to the United Nations last fall, he referred to his country as the Kingdom of eSwatini without explanation.

"The Kingdom of eSwatini is committed to peace and a decent life for all. We
are also firm believers in the principle of consultative decision-making," he told the U.N. General Assembly. "This involves a transparent and all-inclusive undertaking that grants every citizen an opportunity to voice their views in order to constructively contribute to the social, economic, cultural and political development of the country."

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Swaziland Gets A Name Change: Call It eSwatini Now

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Africa's last absolute monarch has marked his country's 50th birthday with a rather unconventional gift: a different name. During Golden Jubilee celebrations Thursday, King Mswati III announced that from this point henceforth, the land formerly known as Swaziland is now to be known as the Kingdom of eSwatini.

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Urban Geography: Why We Live Where We Do

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Use this comprehensive unit of work to explore and critically analyse modern media sources like online news sites, Facebook and Twitter and evaluate their impact on our democracy.

Students develop skills in media literacy through exploration of the women's suffrage movement in Australia using modern media channels.

Teacher notes

Activity Sheets

This compact, comprehensive guide to the 2019 election can be used as a valuable reference for a variety of classroom activities.

This document sets out Australian Curriculum Descriptors, Civics and Citizenship Elaborations with related Pocketbook references.

Teacher Notes

This colourful, 22 page magazine provides a comprehensive overview of the Australian electoral system.

It covers the development of our democracy in Australia, and explains how representatives are elected to the Federal Parliament.

It was sent to all schools in Australia - check your library or contact us

Magazine

Electoral boundaries map for the House of Representatives.

See also state specific electorate maps.

Maps

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Use this comprehensive unit of work to explore and critically analyse modern media sources like online news sites, Facebook and Twitter and evaluate their impact on our democracy. Students develop skills in media literacy through exploration of the women's suffrage movement in Australia using modern media channels.

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This document guarantees Barons their ancient rights:

1. No new taxes unless a common counsel agrees.

2. All free men have the right to justice and a fair trial with a jury.

3. The Monarch doesn't have absolute power. The Law is above all men and applies to everyone equally.

4. All free citizens can own and inherit property.

5. Widows who own property don't have to remarry.

Terms and Conditions apply

Magna Carta formally recognised rights that already existed. However in Magna Carta these rights were for free men.
In these times, most people are peasants. That meant they aren't free, because they served landowners. So, still no rights for most of us...

Magna Carta also contained lots of different rules that had nothing to do with rights. For example, it laid out a standard measure for wine, ale, and corn.

This one document puts into writing four huge ideas:

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The Story of Our Freedom - educational digital resources on the history of Magna Carta and its human rights legacy.

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The Story of Our Freedom is a series of online educational resources (including an interactive timeline, video and teacher resources) which explore the evolution of human rights since 1215 and the legacy of Magna Carta on human rights and freedoms in Australia today.

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The World still isn't meeting it's climate change goals.

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Three years after nearly 200 countries signed a landmark climate agreement in Paris, they are still far off-track from preventing severe global warming in the decades ahead. This month, diplomats from around the world are gathering in Katowice, Poland, to discuss stepping up their efforts.

What's more, even if every country did manage to fulfil its individual pledge, the world would still be on pace to heat up well in excess of 2 degrees Celsius (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit) over preindustrial levels, the threshold that world leaders vowed to stay "well below" in Paris because they deemed it unacceptably risky.

Right now, current pledges put the world on pace for around 3 degrees Celsius of warming this century. To reach the broader Paris goals, countries would have to dramatically accelerate the transition toward clean energy over the next 12 years. But, with global emissions on pace to rise sharply this year, time is running short.

"It is plain we are way off course," said António Guterres, the secretary general of the United Nations, in a speech in Katowice this week. "We are still not doing enough, nor moving fast enough, to prevent irreversible and catastrophic climate disruption."

United States: falling short of its pledge

But President Trump has disavowed the Paris agreement altogether and is now moving to dismantle Obama-era climate regulations like efficiency standards for cars and light trucks. And while some states, including New York and California, are pursuing their own policies on renewable energy and electric vehicles, they may not prove sufficient to close the gap.

For now, analysts say the United States will fall well short of its Paris pledge. That, in turn, could make it harder for future administrations to pursue the even deeper emissions cuts by midcentury that are needed to help keep the world well below 2 degrees of global warming.

European Union: debating new targets

Still, there are plenty of obstacles: While countries like Britain and the Netherlands have vowed to phase out the use of coal power, Poland is currently building new coal plants. And the Continent as a whole has been slower to curb pollution from cars and trucks.

China: existing pledge is 'highly insufficient'

Experts say China submitted a Paris pledge that was relatively easy to meet: overall emissions would peak around 2030 and the country would get 20 percent of its energy from non-fossil sources.

But the analysts at Climate Action Tracker rated China's existing pledge as "highly insufficient" and suggested that the country would have to step up its efforts considerably to help keep the world well below 2 degrees of warming. The country's coal emissions, for instance, would most likely need to decline significantly by 2030 rather than simply flatten out.

India: making progress

India, which has long held that wealthier countries should take the lead on cutting emissions, has a less restrictive Paris pledge than Europe or the United States.

The country vowed to install more clean energy and improve its carbon intensity, the amount of carbon dioxide emitted per unit of gross domestic product, while still allowing total emissions to rise through 2030. India's emissions per person emissions would most likely still be lower than America's or China's.

Brazil and Indonesia: forests threatened

Brazil and Indonesia are the world's seventh- and eighth-largest emitters of greenhouse gases, in large part because farmers in those countries continue to burn and clear away carbon-rich rain forests and peatlands for agriculture.

What happens next

Many of the Paris pledges remain fairly opaque, and nations are often vague on what specific policies they will take to meet them. There is still no official mechanism for quantifying progress. As a result, groups like Climate Action Tracker have had to make rough estimates as to whether countries are on pace to meet their pledges and how much further each country would need to go for the world to stay well below 2 degrees of global warming.

Increasing the transparency of pledges could make it easier for countries to pressure each other do more, but, ultimately, it will be up to national and local governments to decide to take stronger action. World leaders have informally agreed to consider strengthening their existing pledges before another round of talks in 2020, but it is still unclear how much they intend to do.

The Katowice talks "will be in many ways the opening bell on that sprint toward 2020," said Nathan Hultman, director of the Center for Global Sustainability at the University of Maryland and a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution.

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united nations framework convention on climate change

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The World Still Isn't Meeting Its Climate Goals

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Three years after nearly 200 countries signed a landmark climate agreement in Paris, they are still far off-track from preventing severe global warming in the decades ahead. This month, diplomats from around the world are gathering in Katowice, Poland, to discuss stepping up their efforts.

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Example of strategy for differentiation/effectiveness. yr 12

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Example of strategy for differentiation/effectiveness. yr 12

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How IKEA gets you to impulsively buy more

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Heinz - A Can for Every Aussie - Short film animation / marekting. 

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Heinz - A Can for Every Aussie - Short film animation / marekting. 

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Let's look at this animation for Heinz Beans through the lens of the SWOT Analysis. What are the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats? Discuss.

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Heinz Beanz. A Can Size for Every Aussie!

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In your group, pair, or individually please design a basic marketing plan using the scaffold.

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Please answer individually and upload into Google Classroom.

1. What are the strengths of Tilray’s current position in the market? List them, and give a reason why for each strength.

2. What are some of the weaknesses of Tilray’s current market position?

3. What are some of the opportunities of Tilray’s current position?

4. What are some of the threats that are present in the market that could affect Tilray’s sustainability as a company?

5. Do you believe that Tilray would be a good company to invest in? Why or why not?

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Please read this article and answer the questions accordingly.

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The Canadian cannabis producer Tilray became the first marijuana company to go public on the Nasdaq in July. Its initial share price: $17. As of a month ago, its price had about doubled, to around $35. But in recent days, Tilray's stock has skyrocketed well past $200. The company is now worth more than $20 billion - more than American Airlines, Expedia, and pharmaceutical company Mylan.

So what gives?

Based in the Vancouver Island town of Nanaimo in Canada, Tilray, according to its website, is dedicated to "cultivating and delivering the benefits of medical cannabis safely and reliably." Its revenues were just $20 million last year, but because Canada is about to legalize marijuana in October, its business prospects recently have become much more attractive.

The big reason its stock price is up so much right now isn't Canada but, instead, the United States: The US Drug Enforcement Administration just signed off on Tilray's plan to import marijuana from Canada to the US for medical research.

The company will work with theUniversity of California San Diego's cannabis research center to study whether the drug can be effective in treating essential tremor, a neurological movement disorder.

In turn, Wall Street appears to have caught Tilray fever. The DEA announcement sent Tilray's US-listed shares up nearly 30 percent on Tuesday, and Tilray surpassed Canopy Growth as the most valuable publicly traded pot company.

"Tilray is the closest thing to being able to be [invested] in the cannabis industry in the most liquid market in the world, and that's why we see the valuation where it is right now," said Leslie Bocskor, president of Electrum Partners, an advisory services firm specializing in cannabis.

That doesn't mean that investors would be wise to jump on the Tilray train now.

The pop in Tilray's share price - more than 1,000 percent since its initial public offering in July - might not be sustainable. Pot stocks are notoriously volatile, and there's evidence a lot of investors are actually shorting Tilray's stock, or betting against it.

Right now, there is a limited amount of publicly traded Tilray shares available to investors, as most of the company's shares are still privately held by Privateer Holdings, a private equity firm backed by investor Peter Thiel. In January 2019, private shareholders will be able to sell their shares to the public, meaning that a lot more shares could hit the market and push Tilray's stock price lower.

"It's created this supply and demand issue where it's driving the stock up, and it's just not letting up. All of that will change once new shares come into the market," Jason Spatafora, who runs MarijuanaStocks.com and tweets under the name @WolfOfWeedST, said. "This is complete greed and irrational exuberance, and a lot of people are going to end up getting hurt."

Tilray could be the next Amazon. Or the next Pets.com.

The cannabis industry in the US and Canada has grown significantly in recent years. Spending on legal cannabis worldwide is expected to reach $57 billion by 2027, with the largest group of buyers being in North America.

But investing in cannabis remains precarious. Marijuana in the United States is still classified as a schedule 1 drug federally, on the same level as heroin and LSD.

Some states have legalized it for both recreational and medical use, but there are still a lot of details to hammer out, and the fact that the federal government could crack down on a cannabis company at any time makes it a risky investment. (Analysts often draw a line between companies that do and don't touch the product - those that don't touch marijuana itself but rather, for example, provide packaging for it, are generally safer investments.)

Most cannabis stocks trade on over-the-counter markets, not the big stock exchanges like the Nasdaq and New York Stock Exchange. There are some exceptions - Canopy Growth is listed on the NYSE, and Innovative Industrial Properties went public on the NYSE, but it largely deals in real estate. And, of course, there'sTilray.

Investment bank Cowen took Tilray public in July at $17 per share, and since then, its share price has skyrocketed, especially in recent days. It is on more solid ground than a number of publicly traded cannabis companies - according to Bloomberg, it has agreements to sell marijuana in Canadian pharmacies and is focused on medicinal marijuana in 12 countries. But it is also subject to some of the same issues as other publicly traded pot companies, including volatility: During morning trading on Wednesday, Tilray's stock price swung from about $230 to $180 and back again within the span of about an hour.

Bocskor said that from a "fundamental perspective" - as in, the financials and basic business of the company - there is "no justification" for Tilray's current valuation. But, he said, the stock's naysayers and short-sellers could have it wrong, and this may be the Amazon of the cannabis industry. "From a valuation perspective, from the investment perspective, from trying to create context. ... Amazon is a very valid reference point," he said. "Only time will tell."

It could also be the next Pets.com, which flamed out during the dotcom bubble.

The current Tilray rage has also drawn comparisons to Bitcoin's swings late last year, when the cryptocurrency's price exploded to nearly $20,000. It's now trading in the $6,000 range. As Bloomberg's Lily Katz and Brandon Kochkodin report, multiple crypto- and Bitcoin-related stocks took off last year, similar to what's happening with Tilray, only to crash and burn later.

"It's like the supply and demand that drove Bitcoin up," Spatafora told me. "That's what this is, it's just limited supply and over-demand."

Bocskor, who sits on the boards of and has invested in multiple cannabis industry companies, is bullish on the cannabis industry. Still, he said, everyday investors should probably stay away for now.

"Small investors that just have a couple of thousand dollars shouldn't be invested in cannabis yet," he said. "It's just not a good choice."

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How the Canadian cannabis company Tilray became worth more than American Airlines

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The Canadian cannabis producer Tilray became the first marijuana company to go public on the Nasdaq in July. Its initial share price: $17. As of a month ago, its price had about doubled, to around $35. But in recent days, Tilray's stock has skyrocketed well past $200.

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How can countries measure the well-being of their citizens?

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Watch this video from TED@BCG Berlin, a TED-curated event featuring a diverse group of speakers from across the BCG community.

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What is Poverty? | World Vision Australia

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QsBT5EQt348

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Feudalism was the system in 10th-13th century European medieval societies where a social hierarchy was established based on local administrative control and the distribution of land into units (fiefs). A landowner (lord) gave a fief, along with a promise of military and legal protection, in return for a payment of some kind from the person who received it (vassal).

The payment of the vassal to the lord typically came in the form of feudal service which could mean military service or the regular payment of produce or money. Both lord and vassal were freemen and the term feudalism is not generally applied to the relationship between the unfree peasantry (serfs or villeins) and the person of higher social rank on whose land they laboured.

Problems of Definition

Although the term 'feudalism' and 'feudal society' are commonly used in history texts, scholars have never agreed on precisely what those terms mean. The terms were applied to European medieval society from the 16th century onwards and subsequently to societies elsewhere, notably in the Zhou period of China (1046-256 BCE) and Edo period of Japan (1603-1868). The term feudalism was not used by the people who lived in the Middle Ages. Neither can the feudal system, once defined, be applied uniformly across different European states as there were variations in laws and customs in different geographical areas and in different centuries. As a consequence, many historians beleive that the term feudalism is only of limited use in understanding medieval societies.

The Oxford English Dictionary has as concise a definition for feudalism as anywhere while still including its various levels of application:

The dominant social system in medieval Europe, in which the nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service, and vassals were in turn tenants of the nobles, while the peasants (villeins or serfs) were obliged to live on their lord's land and give him homage, labour, and a share of the produce, notionally in exchange for military protection.

Origins of Feudalism

The word 'feudalism' derives from the medieval Latin terms feudalis, meaning fee, and feodum, meaning fief. The fee signified the land given (the fief) as a payment for regular military service. The system had its roots in the Roman manorial system (in which workers were compensated with protection while living on large estates) and in the 8th century kingdom of the Franks where a king gave out land for life ( benefice) to reward loyal nobles and receive service in return. The feudal system proper became widespread in Western Europe from the 11th century onwards, largely thanks to the Normans as their rulers carved up and dished out lands wherever their armies conquered.

The vassal received any income from the land, had authority over its inhabitants & could pass the same rights on to his heirs.

Lords & Vassals

Starting from the top of society's pyramid, the monarch - a good example is William the Conqueror (r. 1066-1087) who considered all the lands of England as his personal property - could give a parcel of land (of no fixed size) to a noble who, in return, would be that monarch's vassal, that is he would promise loyalty and service when required. Thus, a personal bond was created. The most common and needed service was military service. Military obligations included fighting in that monarch's army or protecting assets of the Crown such as castles. In some cases, a money payment (known as scutage), which the monarch then used to pay mercenary soldiers, might be offered instead of military service. The vassal received any income from the land, had authority over its inhabitants and could pass the same rights on to his heirs.

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The nobles who had received land, often called suzerain vassals, could have much more than they either needed or could manage themselves and so they often sub-let parts of it to tenant vassals. Once again, the person was given the right to use and profit from this land and in return, in one form or another, then owed a service to the landowner. This service could again take the form of military service (typical in the case of a knight) or, as tenants might be of a lower social class (but still be freemen) and they might not have had the necessary military skills or equipment, more usually they offered a percentage of their revenue from the land they rented (either in money or produce) or, later in the Middle Ages, made a fixed payment of rent. There were also irregular special fees to be paid to the lord such as when his eldest daughter married or his son was knighted.

The arrangement which created a vassal was known as 'homage' as they often knelt before their particular feudal lord and swore an oath of loyalty, for which, in return, they not only received the land but also their lord's protection if and when required. The promise of protection was no small matter in times of war, when there were frequent raids from hostile neighbouring states, and when there was a perpetual danger of general banditry. Protection also came in the form of legal support and representation if a vassal found himself in a civil or church court. A tenant usually handed down their tenancy to their heir although it was sometimes possible to sell the right of tenancy to a third party, provided the lord who owned the land agreed.

Another type of relationship in feudal societies, especially in medieval Germany and France, involved the allod, an inalienable property, i.e. one that could not be taken back. Holders of an allodstill owed some form of allegiance to a superior local lord but the relationship was not based on land ownership and so that allegiance was harder to enforce.

The feudal system perpetuated itself as a status quo because the control of land required the ability to perform military service & land was required to fund military service.

The feudal system perpetuated itself as a status quo because the control of land required the ability to perform military service and, because of the costs involved (of weapons, armour and horses), land was required to fund military service. Thus there was a perpetual divide between the landed aristocracy (monarchs, lords, and some tenants) and those who worked the land for them who could be free or unfree labourers. Unfree labourers were serfs, also known as villeins, who were at the bottom of the social pyramid and who made up the vast majority of the population. The peasantry worked, without pay, on the land owned or rented by others to produce food for themselves and, just as importantly, food and profit for their masters. They were often treated as little more than slaves and could not leave the estate on which they lived and worked. The term feudalism, however, is generally applied by modern historians only to the relationship between lords and vassals, and not the peasantry. Rather, the relationship between serf and landowner or tenant is referred to as the manorial system after the most common unit of land, the 'manor'.

Consequences & Effects

The consequence of the feudal system was the creation of very localised groups of communities which owed loyalty to a specific local lord who exercised absolute authority in his domain. As fiefs were often hereditary, a permanent class divide was established between those who had land and those who rented it. The system was often weighted in favour of the sovereign as when a noble died without an heir, his estate went back to the monarch to either keep for themselves or to redistribute to another noble. Monarchs could distribute land for political purposes, fragmenting a noble's holdings or distancing him from the court. It also became difficult to keep track of who owned what which led to such controls as Domesday Book of 1087.

Additional effects were the presence of vassals in the local courts which deliberated on cases involving the estates of their lords. Thus, there could be a clear conflict of interest and lack of impartiality, even if the more serious criminal cases were referred to the courts of the Crown.

In addition, the system of feudal relationships could create serious unrest. Sometimes a monarch might insist on active military service because of a war but nobles might also refuse, as happened to King John of England in 1215 and the Barons' Revolt which led to the signing of the Magna Carta. In 1215, and in subsequent revolts in the 13th century, the barons were acting collectively for their own interests which was a direct threat to the entire system of feudalism, based as it was upon single lords and vassals working out their own private arrangements. Military service was reduced to fixed terms, typically 40 days in England, in an effort to reduce the burden on nobles so that they did not leave their lands unattended for too long. However, 40 days was not usually enough to see out a campaign and so a monarch was obliged to pay mercenaries, dealing another blow to the tradition of feudalism and vassalage.

Decline of Feudalism

Medieval feudalism was essentially based on the relationship of reciprocal aid between lord and vassal but as that system became more complex over time, so this relationship weakened. Lords came to own multiple estates and vassals could be tenants of various parcels of land so that loyalties became confused and even conflicting with people choosing to honour the relationship that suited their own needs best.

Another blow to the system came from sudden population declines caused by wars and plagues, particularly the Black Death (which peaked between 1347-1352), and by peasant revolts (most famously in England in 1381). Such crises caused a chronic shortage of labour and the abandonment of estates because there was no one to work them. The growth of large towns and cities also saw labour leave the countryside to find a better future and the new jobs available there.

By the 13th century, the increase in commerce and the greater use of coinage changed the way the feudal system worked. Money allowed feudal lords to pay their sovereign instead of performing military service; the monarch's use of mercenaries then meant military service, and thus the barons themselves became less important to the defence of the realm. Conversely, a monarch could now distribute money instead of land in his system of rewards. A rich merchant class developed with no ties of loyalty to anyone except their sovereign, their suppliers and their customers. Even serfs could sometimes buy their freedom and escape the circumstances into which they were born. All of these factors conspired to weaken the feudal system based on land ownership and service even if feudalism would continue beyond the medieval period in some forms and in some places.

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Feudalism was the system in 10th-13th century European medieval societies where a social hierarchy was established based on local administrative control and the distribution of land into units (fiefs). A landowner (lord) gave a fief, along with a promise of military and legal protection, in return for a payment of some kind from the person who received it (vassal).