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- former slave that lead others to freedom in the Underground Railroad
- the "railroad" was a method of moving slaves to free territory

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- technology increased harvest sizes, saved on labor and made selling farm goods to international markets possible
- railroads also made this possible

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- located mostly in the North, surpassed agriculture's value
- new methods of production were developed
- cheap immigrant labor posed as a threat to workers' jobs, creating the nativist sentiment

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- tremendous expansion of railroad lines created a national market of foods
- linked all parts of the US
- steamboats and clipper ships became more popular for travel, especially with the growth of canals

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Changing Times - Railroads & Canals I THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

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- established the independent treasury, a system maintaining government funds independently from the national banking systems;

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- defined a woman's role in marriage as maintaining the home for her husband and raising the children
- participated in limited political activity that was mostly religious and reform in nature

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- escaped slave and abolitionist, published his newspaper, the North Star

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- newspaper, the Liberator, espoused his views that slaves should be immediately emancipated
- also advocated equal rights for women and fair treatment for Native Americans

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- began with the idea of purchasing and transporting slaves to free African states (little success)
- split into two: radical followers and those who petitioned Congress

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- came from the old Federalist Part and others who opposed Jackson's polices
- cultivated commercial and industrial development
- encouraged the development of banks and corporations

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- implemented reforms in education based on liberal social ideas
- made high-quality, no-cost and nondenominational public schooling

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- Worchester v Georgia was a response
- Cherokees were required to give up lands to the east of the Mississippi and move
- migration's effects were devastating- including hunger, disease and exhaustion

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- Jackson's drastic movement of federal bank deposits to state and local banks caused a recession
- Panic of 1837 led to relaxed credit policies and inflation
- Jackson demanded a Specie Circular, which required that land be paid for in hard money and not paper or credit

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- forbade discussion of the slavery question in the House of Representatives
- stemmed from Southern members' concerns about slave emancipation

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- Mexico refused to sell Texas to the United States
- the Mexican government grew strict about enforcing laws (especially against slavery) and the Texan settlers rebelled
- the rebels overcame the Mexican forces, allowing for independence

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Jackson's War on the Second Bank of the United States 

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Jackson's War on the Second Bank of the United States 

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- Jackson objected to the bank created by Hamilton
- he felt that the Bank had great influence in national affairs but did not respond to the will of working and rural class people

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Tariff of 1832 and the Order of Nullification 

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Tariff of 1832 and the Order of Nullification 

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- favored Northern interests at the expense of Southern ones
- Calhoun led a state convention calling ford the Order of Nullification, which declared that the tariff laws were void and that South Caroline would resist by force for any attempt to collect tariffs

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- sought to moderate to ban alcohol consumption
- women were strong proponents of the movement
- fueled by the Second Great Awakening and Enlightenment ideals

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- popular due to his self-image of a self-made Westerner
- his form of leadership was known as Jacksonian Politics, which called for a strong executive, relying heavily on the party system and emphasized states' rights
- implemented the spoils system
- signed the Indian Removal Act, which provided federal enforcement to remove American Indian tribes

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- vice president to both Adams and Andrew Jackson
- advocated states' rights
- wrote "The South Carolina Exposition and Protest" to assert the right of the states to nullify federal laws

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- tariff bill with higher import duties for many goods bought by the South
- Calhoun suggested that a federal law harmful to an individual state could be declared void within that state

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- led an active federal government in areas like internal improvements and American Indian affairs
- proved unpopular due to increasing sectional interest and conflicts over states' rights

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- determined that only Congress may regulate interstate commerce, including navigation

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- created by James Monroe
- stated that the US would not allow foreign powers to establish new colonies in the western hemisphere or allow existing colonies to be influenced by outside powers
- feared international influence

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- Henry Clay's solution to accepting Missouri
- Senate was divided between slave and free states and were fighting to keep the balance
- lands above 36'30' would prohibit slavery

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- belief in the innate goodness of man, nature and traditional values
- emphasized emotions and feelings over rationality

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- an attempt by cooperative communities to improve life in the face of industrialism
- practiced social experiments that generally saw little success
- attempts included sexual equality, racial equality and socialism

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- movement to transcend the bounds of the intellect and to strive for emotional unity with God
- held that people were capable of unity with God without the help of the institutional church

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- young women were hired and housed in dorms
- system depended on technology to increase production

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Second Great Awakening and Protestant Revivalism 

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Second Great Awakening and Protestant Revivalism 

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- religious fervor spread, "Burnt Over District" as being center of the movement
- reaction to rationalism, emphasizing strong nationalism and the improvement of society through social reform
- included participation of women and African Americans

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19th Century Reforms: Crash Course US History #15

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- innovations included new construction of roads, the addition of canals and the expansion of the railroads
- the transportation revolution cheapened the market for trade and encouraged population movement west of the Appalachian Mountains

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- invention of the cotton gin separated the seeds from the fibers, making cotton easier to produce
- desire for cotton encouraged westward expansion

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- Spain sold its remaining Florida territory to the United States
- the United States assumed $5 million in debts owed by Spain to American merchants

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- case limited the power of state governments to control corporations
- ruled that the charter issued during colonial days still constituted a contract and could not be arbitrarily changed without the consent of both parties

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- determined that no state could control an agency of the federal government

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- led during the "Era of Good Feelings"
- established the Monroe Doctrine
- national identity grew during his term, through westward expansion and various public works projects

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- early military achievements in Canada and the Southwest
- following the victory of the war, the US turned from an agrarian society to a more industrialized one

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America's 2nd War of Independence | 5 Minute Video

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- first time state law was voided on the grounds that it violated a principle of the Constitution
- the decision reaffirmed the sanctity of contracts and encouraged the growth of corporations and investment

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- "Father of the Constitution," participated in the writing of the Federalist papers
- wrote the Virginia Plan
- faced pressures about the Napoleonic Wars and the embargo
- led the United States into the War of 1812

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- New England took action against the war
-  amendment for declaration of war (2/3's vote needed)
- wanted to lessen the power of the government in going to war
- wanted monetary support: Washington should be paying for the war

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- issued 2 weeks before the Battle of New Orleans
- armistice that ended the War of 1812

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- British impressment of American sailors
- freedom of the seas
- the possibility of land
- resolve Indian issues
- fighting and defeating England would make a major statement

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- author of the Declaration of Independence and first Secretary of State
- taking of office was called "Revolution of 1800" as it was the first time America changed presidential political leadership (Federalist to Jeffersonian Republican)
- supported states' rights

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- forbade all exports to any nation
- Jefferson hoped to avoid contact with vessels of either of the sides of the Napoleonic Wars
- resulted in economic depression

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- Federalist installed by John Adams
- his decisions defined and strengthened the powers of the judicial branch and asserted the right of judicial review over federal legislation

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- Jefferson bought against the Constitution so he used presidential power of treaty- making for the purchase
- doubled the size of the US
- more land leads to cheaper prices which leads to agrarian society
- Lewis and Clark expedition

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Thomas Jefferson & His Democracy: Crash Course US History #10

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-first time the Supreme Ct struck a law down as unconstitutional
-"judicial review:" power of the court to review the constitutionality of laws
- states do not have this authority

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- Speaker of the House, advocated for free trade
- The American System: the economic plan for the country; banking system, protective tariff and transportation network