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Role of the gods: "What of those years of rough adventure, weathered under Zeus?" (Homer 953). Zeus takes revenge on Odysseus because he was arrogant after the battle of Troy and continues to take revenge on him until the Cattle of the Sun God episode.
Hero's Journey Plot Point: "Ithaca being most lofty in that coastal sea" (Homer 953). Ithaca is Odysseus' homeland (ordinary world) where he has a son named Telemachus and his wife Penelope. Odysseus is the king of Ithaca.
Greek Values: "My men stood up and made a fight of it..." (Homer 954). The Greeks were very high on having courage during times of war and Odysseus' men are showing it. They are fighting skilled soldiers on horseback and because of their courage to fight back, they survived.
Characteristics: "My men stood up and made a fight of it" (Homer 954). Odysseus men are tough nosed soldiers and aren't going to give up until the very end. Even though Odysseus' men were outnumber they still managed to escape.

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Role of the gods: "Now Zeus the lord of cloud roused in the north a storm against the ships, and driving veils of squall moved down like night on land and sea" (Homer 954). Zeus is taking revenge on Odysseus for disrespecting the gods. Zeus wants to teach Odysseus that man is nothing without the gods.
Hero's Journey Plot Point: "Upon the tenth we came to the coastline of the Lotus-Eaters, who lived upon that flower" (Homer 955). This demonstrates one of Odysseus' tests because it's one of his first challenges on his long journey home.
Greek Values: "I drove them, all three wailing, to the ships, tied them down under their rowing benches..." (Homer 955). This shows the greek value of courage because when odysseus' men needed him most he stepped up in the face of danger and got them back to the ship.
Characteristics: "Called the rest: 'All hands aboard; come, clear the beach and no one taste the Lotus, or you lose your hope of home' " (Homer 955). This demonstrates Odysseus' leadership. Odysseus is the leader of his men and isn't afraid to give orders when necessary.

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Role of the gods: "At this he stretched his hands out in his darkness toward the sky of stars, and prayed Poseidon: 'O hear me lord', blue girdler of the islands, if I am thine indeed, and thou art father: grant that Odysseus, raider of cities, never see his home" (Homer 110). After Odysseus injures Polyphemus, Poseidon takes revenge on him and makes Odysseus' journey very hard.
Hero's Journey Plot Point: "Clawing his face he tugged the bloody spike out of his eye..." (Homer 106). This is one of Odysseus' many tests that he faces along his journey. He conquers Polyphemus by using his wits and the help from his men.
Greek Values: "I slew him by the sea side and burnt his long thigh bones to Zeus beyond the stormcloud..." (Homer 111). Odysseus upholds the greek value of worship because he made an offering to Zeus by burning lamb for him but Zeus declined the offering.
Characteristics: "If ever mortal man inquire how you were put to shame and blinded, tell him Odysseus, raider of cities, took you eye..." (Homer 109-110). This is one of Odysseus many character flaws. Odysseus got all caught up in himself that he gave away his name to Polyphemus. Polyphemus uses this information to pray to Poseidon to make Odysseus' Journey long and hard.

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Land of the Dead / Crossing the Threshold

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Land of the Dead / Crossing the Threshold

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Role of the gods: "But anguish lied ahead; the god who thunders on the land prepares it" (Homer 973). Tiresias is warning what Zeus will do if they kill Helios's cattle. Zeus is still out for revenge and if Odysseus or his men make one wrong move, it could be over for them.
Hero's Journey Plot Point: "Shall you come home, to find your own house filled with trouble: insolent men eating your livestock as they court your lady" (Homer 973). Odysseus is going to determine his future on weather or not they eat Helios's cattle. If they eat Helios's cattle, they will come home to unhappy times.
Greek Values: " 'Unhappy spirit. I promise you the barrow and the burial" (Homer 972). Honoring the dead was very serious to the Greeks. Odysseus is promising a burial for one of his dead soldiers Elpenor. Odysseus is upholding the Greek value of death.
Characteristics: "I grew sick with fear" (Homer 971). Odysseus is scared for his life which is uncharacteristic of him. Usually he is the one showing no fear and it is his men that are scared.

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Role of the gods: "I carved a massive cake of beeswax into bits and rolled them in my hands until they softened-no long task, for a burning heat came down from Helios, lord of high noon" (Homer 975). Helios is the god of high noon and is helping Odysseus in his task of rolling beeswax into earplugs.
Hero's Journey Plot Point: "On Troy beach teeming, Charmed out of time we see" (Homer 978). The sirens are trying to lure Odysseus and his men into their island, but they pass this test by using earplugs to block out the sound.
Greek Values: "Tie me up, tight as a splint, erect along the mast, lashed to the mast, and if I shout and beg to be untied, take more turns of the rope to muffle me" (Homer 975). This shows the Greek value of courage because it would take a lot of guts, knowing that your going to want to jump off the ship, to be asked to be tied up.
Characteristics: "I tried to say 'Untie me!' to the crew, jerking my brows; but they bent steady to the oars" (Homer 976). This demonstrates Odysseus' mens ability to follow orders. This is one of the few times that Odysseus' men listen to his instructions.

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Role of the gods: "Zeus help us pull away before we founder" (Homer979). Odysseus is praying to Zeus for help but Zeus still isn't answering Odysseus' prayers. Zeus is still holding a grudge against Odysseus.
Hero's Journey Plot Point: "We rowed into the strait-Scylla to port and on our starboard beam Charybdis..." (Homer 979). This is another one of Odysseus' many tests on his quest back home. With Odysseus rallying his men and using Circe's advice to stay closer to Scylla, they make it out alive.
Greek Values: "I tied on my cuirass and took up two heavy spears, then made my way along to the foredeck-thinking to see her first from there the monster of the gray rock..." (Homer 979). The greeks believed in being brave and having lots of courage. Odysseus demonstrates the greek value of courage by having no fear and trying to kill the monster with two spears.
Characteristics: " 'Friends, have we never been in more danger before this? More fearsome, is it now, than when the Cyclops penned us in his cave?' " (Homer 979). This shows Odysseus' ability to lead his crew. He is getting there spirits up and getting them ready for the task ahead.

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Role of the gods: "Zeus let fly a bolt against the ship, a direct hit..." (Homer 984). Odysseus' men knew not to eat Helios cattle, but they did it anyway. Zeus is punishing them for being selfish and disrespecting another gods belongings.
Hero's Journey Plot Point: "Zeus let fly a bolt against the ship, a direct hit, so that she bucked, in reeking fumes of sulphur, and all the men were flung into the sea" (Homer 985). This is one of Odysseus' biggest life or death situations. He has just lost all his crew and is now on a piece of driftwood heading out to sea.
Greek Values: "Knifed the kine and flayed each carcass, cutting thigh bones free to wrap in double folds of fat" (Homer 982). Odysseus' men dishonor the Greek value of hospitality. Instead of being respectful to another gods belongings, they decided to kill Helios's cattle without him knowing.
Characteristics: "Old shipmates, our stores are in the ship's hold, food and drink; the cattle here are not for our provision, or we pay dearly for it" (Homer 981). Odysseus is telling his men to not eat Helios's cattle or there will be a big consequence. After just a few days of going hungry they get greedy and disobey Odysseus' orders.

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Role of the gods: "Athena, Hope of Soldiers, uses as she will; she has a knack to make me seem a beggar man sometimes..." (Homer 997). Athena is turning Odysseus into a beggar so he can go to Ithaca unrecognized to see if Penelope is still faithful.
Hero's Journey Plot Point: "Athena, counseling me, will give me word..." (Homer 999). Athena is Odysseus' mentor through out the Odyssey. Athena helps him defeat the suitors by transforming him into a beggar.
Greek Values: "Then, throwing his arms around his marvel of a father Telemachus began to weep" (Homer 997). This represents the Greek value of fathers. The Greeks believed in having a good father figure and Odysseus and Telemachus have a strong bond that can never be broken.
Characteristics: "Let no one hear Odysseus is about. Neither Laertes, nor even Penelope. But you and I alone must learn how far the women are corrupted..." (Homer 999). This shows Odysseus' wits. Most people would have rushed home but Odysseus has a plan to see if his wife is still faithful and to see what his home has become.

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Role of the gods: "Would god you could be hit yourself, Antinous-hit by Apollo's bowshot" (Homer 1003). Penelope wishes that Antinous would get a taste of his own medicine and that Apollo would shoot him with his bow".
Hero's Journey Plot Point: "You think you'll shuffle off and get away after that impudence? Oh, no you don't! The stool he let fly hit the man's right shoulder..." (Homer 1002). This shows the ordeal because when Antinous hit him with the chair, it made Odysseus really want to kill the suitors. This is the build up to the main battle.
Greek Values: "A pity you have more looks than heart. You'd grudge a pinch of salt from your own larder to your own handyman" (Homer 1001). This shows the Greek value of courage because after Odysseus got insulted he has the guts to stand up for himself.
Characteristics: "You sit here, fat on other' meat, and cannot bring yourself to rummage out a crust of bread for me" (Homer 1001). Odysseus doesn't like the way Antinous is treating him. Odysseus isn't afraid to stand up for himself, so he calls out Antinous on his bad behaviour.

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Role of the gods: "He comprehends it, being a man full-grown, able to oversee the kind of house Zeus would endow with honor" (Homer 1005). Zeus is the main god in the odysseus that causes distress for Odysseus on his journey home.
Hero's Journey Plot Point: "I swear these things shall turn out as I say. Between this present dark and one day's ebb, after the wane, before the crescent moon, Odysseus will come" (Homer 1005). This might be one of the hardest test's yet for Odysseus because, he wants to tell Penelope it's him very bad but he can't because it might ruin his plans.
Greek Values: "I have no strength left to evade marriage, cannot find any further way; my parents urge it upon me, and my son will not stand by while they eat up his property" (Homer 1005). This shows the role of women because if the king is dead it is the right of someone else to take his place. The role of penelope is to take a hand in marriage to one of the suitors but so far she has refused.
Characteristics: "You see, then, he is alive and well, and headed homeward now..." (Homer 1005). This shows Odysseus' will power to stay calm and not reveal who he is in front of his wife. If he did reveal who he was, it might ruin his chances of ever being with his wife ever again.

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Role of the gods: "Then Zeus thundered overhead, one loud crack for a sign" (Homer 1007). Zeus is now on Odysseus side and is signaling that it is time to kill the suitors.
Hero's Journey Plot Point: "Telemachus, true son of king Odysseus, belted his sword on, clapped hand to his spear, and with a clink and glitter of keen bronze stood by his chair, in the forefront near his father" (Homer 1008). Telemachus is one of Odysseus' allies in the Odyssey. Telemachus hides the suitors weapons and helps fight the suitors.
Greek Values: "Now flashed arrow from twanging bow clean as a whistle through every socket ring, and grazed not one, to thud with heavy brazen head beyond" (Homer 1008). This shows Odysseus' courage to stand up to the suitors and shoot the arrows through the axe handles knowing that he will be made fun of in the process.
Characteristics: "The hour has come to cook their lordships' mutton..." (Homer 1008). Odysseus is ready to kill the suitors and is ready to reclaim his kingdom. Odysseus is mad at the suitors for courting his wife and eating all his food.

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Role of the gods: "Now watch me hit a target that no man has hit before, if I can make this shot. Help me, Apollo" (Homer 1009). Apollo is the god of archery and he is asking Apollo for help to shoot Antinous. He is asking Apollo for his aim to be straight and true.
Hero's Journey Plot Point: "Odysseus' arrow hit him under the chin and punched up to the feathers through his throat" (Homer 1009). Odysseus' Revenge is the supreme ordeal because it is the climax of the story. Odysseus is taking back Ithaca and is going to reclaim his throne as the rightful king.
Greek Values: "While he had arrows he aimed and shot, and every shot brought down one of his huddling enemies" (Homer 1013). Even though Odysseus has a right to kill his enemies he is still violating the Greek value of hospitality. The suitors are in his kingdom and he is killing them one by one.
Characteristics: "In blood and dust he saw that crowd all fallen, many and many slain" (Homer 1013). Odysseus is taking back Ithaca and is showing the character trait of being a hero. After Ithaca was under distress for many years, Odysseus saved the day by killing the suitors.

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Role of the gods: "Athena lent him beauty, head to foot. She made him taller, and massive, too..." (Homer 1015). Athena is one of Odysseus' best allies in the Odyssey. Athena is making Odysseus more appealing to penelope.
Hero's Journey Plot Point: "She too rejoiced, her gaze upon her husband, her white arms round him pressed as though forever" (Homer 1017). Odysseus' reward is that he is now the king of Ithaca and will be with his wife penelope for the rest of his life.
Greek Values: "Think of gold infused on silver by a craftsman, whose fine art Hephaestus taught him, or Athena; one whose work moves to delight: just so she lavished beauty over Odysseus' head and shoulder" (Homer 1015). This shows the greek value of the male form. The greeks obsessed with having a perfect body and Athena gave Odysseus a perfect body.
Characteristics: "Woman, by heaven you've stung me now! Who dared to move my bed" (Homer 1016). Odysseus is mad because he thinks that someone, somehow, moved his bed which is made of a tree.