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A category of artistic composition, as in music or literature, characterized by similarities in form, style, or subject matter.

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The standard photographic film format for analog single lens reflex (SLR) still cameras and motion picture cameras.

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Type of camera with two objective lenses of the same focal length. One of the lenses is the photographic objective, while the other is used for the viewfinder system.

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A camera which records images in a format larger than 4 x 5 inches and also means big film size.

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The photographic process used with currently available black-and-white films and printing papers. A suspension of silver salts in gelatin is coated onto a support such as glass, flexible plastic or film, baryta paper, or resin-coated paper.

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A keeper or custodian of a museum or other collection.

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A public display of works of art or items of interest, held in an art gallery or museum or at a trade fair.

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Using elements of a scene to create a frame within your frame.

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A room or building for the display or sale of works of art.

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The exclusive legal right, given to an originator or an assignee to print, publish, perform, film, or record literary, artistic, or musical material, and to authorize others to do the same.

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An element of art defined by a point moving in space. Line may be two-or three-dimensional, descriptive, implied, or abstract.

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An element of art that is two-dimensional, flat, or limited to height and width.

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An element of art that is three-dimensional and encloses volume; includes height, width AND depth (as in a cube, a sphere, a pyramid, or a cylinder). Form may also be free flowing.

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The lightness or darkness of tones or colors. White is the lightest value; black is the darkest. The value halfway between these extremes is called middle gray.

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An element of art by which positive and negative areas are defined or a sense of depth achieved in a work of art.

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An element of art made up of three properties: hue, value, and intensity. • Hue: name of color • Value: hue’s lightness and darkness (a color’s value changes when white or black is added) • Intensity: quality of brightness and purity (high intensity= color is strong and bright; low intensity= color is faint and dull)

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An element of art that refers to the way things feel, or look as if they might feel if touched.

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The distribution of the visual weight of objects, colors, texture, and space. If the design was a scale, these elements should be balanced to make a design feel stable. In symmetrical balance, the elements used on one side of the design are similar to those on the other side; in asymmetrical balance, the sides are different but still look balanced. In radial balance, the elements are arranged around a central point and may be similar.

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Is the use of several elements of design to hold the viewer’s attention and to guide the viewer’s eye through and around the work of art.

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Is the repeating of an object or symbol all over the work of art.

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Is the feeling of unity created when all parts (sizes, amounts, or number) relate well with each other. When drawing the human figure, proportion can refer to the size of the head compared to the rest of the body.

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Is the path the viewer’s eye takes through the work of art, often to focal areas. Such movement can be directed along lines, edges, shape, and color within the work of art.

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Is the feeling of harmony between all parts of the work of art, which creates a sense of completeness.

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Is the part of the design that catches the viewer’s attention. Usually the artist will make one area stand out by contrasting it with other areas. The area could be different in size, color, texture, shape, etc.

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Symmetry around a central axis, as in a starfish or a tulip flower.

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Made up of exactly similar parts facing each other or around an axis; showing symmetry.

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Having parts which fail to correspond to one another in shape, size, or arrangement; lacking symmetry.

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The fact of two things being seen or placed close together with contrasting effect.

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Containing or using only one color.

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Existing in thought or as an idea but not having a physical or concrete existence.

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Used to describe any color that is calm or soothing in nature. Cool colors are not overpowering and tend to recede in space. For this reason,  typically make a space seem larger. Example of cool colors include purple, blue and green.

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Is used to describe any color that is vivid or bold in nature. Warm colors are those that tend to advance in space and can be overwhelming. Examples of warm colors include red, yellow and orange.

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A color that combined with a given color makes white or black.

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Defined as those colors to which you can't give a definite color name. If you can't describe your color scheme as blue, green, yellow, turquoise, pink, orange, red, etc, then you most likely have neutral colouring. These colors include beige, cream, ivory, white, grey, brown and natural wood.

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Is a "rule of thumb" or guideline which applies to the process of composing visual images such as designs, films, paintings, and photographs.

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The Phi Grid is an easier way to use the Golden Ratio in your photography.

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A technique of composition where the viewer of your photos attention is drawn to lines that lead to the main subject of the image. A leading lines paves an easy path for the eye to follow through different elements of a photo.

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Positive space and negative space are terms that are commonly used in art and photography that have to do with composition. Positive space refers to the objects in the frame.

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Negative space is the area between and around objects in a photo. Negative space is the space between and around the objects in the frame. It is equally as important as is positive space in overall composition. Simply put positive space is the actual subject while negative space (also called white space) is the area that surrounds the subject.

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Is an impersonal image not influenced by feelings, interpretations or prejudice.

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Emphasizes consideration of the photo that goes beyond the actual subject, inviting the viewer to interpret and reflect on the visual experience it produces.

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Is the process of offering valid and well-reasoned opinions about the work of others, usually involving both positive and negative comments, in a friendly manner rather than an oppositional one.

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Is the "wrongful appropriation" and "stealing and publication" of another author's "language, thoughts, ideas, or expressions" and the representation of them as one's own original work. Plagiarism is considered academic dishonesty and a breach of journalistic ethics.

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A symbol, word, or words legally registered or established by use as representing a company or product and it is also a type of intellectual property consisting of a recognizable sign, design, or expression which identifies products or services of a particular source from those of others

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relating to moral principles or the branch of knowledge dealing with these. They are the principles that guide how we take and share photographs.

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Refers to the main source of light behind the photography subject.

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Is a soft light with neither the intensity nor the glare of direct light. It is scattered and comes from all directions. Thus, it seems to wrap around objects. It is softer and does not cast harsh shadows.

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Refers to any form of light that the photographer did not add to their image, and can include both "natural"ambient sunlight, or "artificial" ambient light such as a nearby street light, lamp, or similar.

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Bold contrasts and emotions. This makes it the ideal creative playground for portrait photographers. ... In Italian, chiaroscuro means “light” and “dark.” By combining a strong light source with a lot of shadows, you can create striking portraits that look like paintings.

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is the image of a person, animal, object or scene represented as a solid shape of a single color, usually black, with its edges matching the outline of the subject. The interior of a silhouette is featureless, and the hole is typically presented on a light background, usually white, or none at all.

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A diptych (pronounced dip'tik) was originally a pair of paintings hinged together. In photography the diptych has become a popular format. Pairs of closely associated portraits, images or themed pictures are often used to off-set one another.

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A photographic triptych is a common style used in modern commercial artwork. The photographs are usually arranged with a plain border between them. The work may consist of separate images that are variants on a theme, or may be one larger image split into three.

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The word “pixel” means a picture element. Everyphotograph, in digital form, is made up of pixels. They are the smallest unit of information that makes up a picture. Usually round or square, they are typically arranged in a 2-dimensional grid. ... As you can see, the pixels approximate the actual image.

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The blue hour is the period of twilight when the Sun is at a significant depth below the horizon and residual, indirect sunlight takes on a predominantly blue shade, which differs from the one visible during most of a clear day, which is caused by Rayleigh scattering

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is the period of daytime shortly after sunrise or before sunset, during which daylight is redder and softer than when the Sun is higher in the sky. The opposite period during twilight is blue hour, just before sunrise or after sunset, when indirect sunlight is evenly diffused

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Is a standard way that information is encoded for storage in a computer file. It specifies how bits are used to encode information in a digital storage medium. ... Some file formats are designed for very particular types of data.

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A camera's raw image file contains unprocessed orminimally processed data from the image sensor of a digital camera. ... Canon's RAW file extension is .CR2, Nikon's is .NEF, Olympus' is .ORF, Sony's is .ARW etc. First of all, you have to set your camera to shoot RAW,or RAW+JPEG.

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A .PSD file is a layered image file used in AdobePhotoShop. PSD, which stands for PhotoshopDocument, is the default format that Photoshop uses for saving data. PSD is a proprietary file that allows the user to work with the images' individual layers even after the file has been saved.

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JPEG. Stands for "Joint Photographic Experts Group."JPEG is a popular image file format. It is commonly used by digital cameras to store photos since it supports 2²⁴ or 16,777,216 colors. ... Still, the compression algorithm is lossy, meaning some image quality is lost during the compression process.

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Tagged Image File Format, abbreviated TIFF or TIF, is a computer file format for storing raster graphics images, popular among graphic artists, the publishing industry, and photographers. ... The format was created by Aldus Corporation for use in desktop publishing.

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Is a mode in a digital camera where the camera's software fully controls all aspects of the photograph, from the shutter speed to the aperture setting to the focus. The photographer has no specific control over the settings for a particular photograph.

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Allows the photographer to determine the exposure of an image by letting them select an aperture value and a shutter speed value. These modes give the user control of either aperture or shutter speed, while letting the camera determine the remaining setting for best exposure.

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Aperture priority, often abbreviated A or Av (for aperture value) on a camera mode dial, is a setting on some cameras that allows the user to set a specific aperture value (f-number) while the camera selects a shutter speed to match it that will result in proper exposure based on the lighting conditions as measured by the camera's light meter.

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Tv is a “priority” mode that lets you specify a shutter speed and leaves the camera to figure out everything else (aperture, ISO/ASA). Choose Tv mode when you want to control motion in your shot (often in order to either “freeze” or “blur” it).

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Program exposure mode is the thinking person's auto: the camera chooses the most important settings for you -- shutter speed and aperture -- but gives you the choice of overriding any of the other defaults.

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Measures the sensitivity of the image sensor. The same principles apply as in film photography – the lower the number the less sensitive your camera is to light and the finer the grain. ... By choosing a higher ISO you can use a faster shutter speed to freeze the movement.

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Is the commonly-used term to describe visual distortion. It looks similar to grain found in film photographs, but can also look like splotches of discoloration when it's really bad, and can ruin a photograph. Noise tends to get worse when you're shooting in low light.

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ASA and ISO are both measurements of film speed, or sensitivity to light. ASA is a scale created by the American Standards Association, but it is no longer widely used. Now, most film is labeled by ISO, which was created in 1987 by the International Organization for Standardization.

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Graininess refers to the amount of grain found in a photograph. Grain is a film photography term, and its digital counterpart is “noise,” though the two terms are sometimes used interchangeably in digital photography.Grain appears as tiny flecks throughout a film photograph.

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An image sensor is an electronic device that converts an optical image into an electronic signal. It is used in digital cameras and imaging devices to convert the light received on the camera or imaging device lens into a digital image.

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denoting or relating to a camera that combines the optics and mechanisms of a single-lens reflex camera with a digital imaging sensor, rather than photographic film.

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is "data that provides information about other data". In short, it's data about data. Many distinct types of metadata exist, including descriptive metadata, structural metadata, administrative metadata, reference metadata and statistical metadata.

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A thumbnail image is a small image that represents a larger one. Thumbnails are often used to provide snapshots of several images in a single space. They are commonly used by digital photo organization programs as well as visual search engines. Digital thumbnails are usually between 75x75 and 200x200 pixels in size.

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SOOC is an abbreviation of the photography term “Straight Out Of Camera”, simply meaning that an image can be good enough to print straight from the camera without further processing.

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Vibration Reduction (VR) is an image stabilization technology that minimizes blur caused by camera shake. Nikon VR originates in the lens, not in the image sensor, which means that algorithms optimized to an individual lens are applied.

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A camera setting corresponding to a particular f-number. The f-number of an optical system is the ratio of the system's focal length to the diameter of the entrance pupil. It is a dimensionless number that is a quantitative measure of lens speed, and an important concept in photography. It is also known as the focal ratio, f-ratio, or f-stop

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In optics, an aperture is a hole or an opening through which light travels. More specifically, the aperture and focal length of an optical system determine the cone angle of a bundle of rays that come to a focus in the image plane. An optical system typically has many openings or structures that limit the ray bundles.

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The visual quality of the out-of-focus areas of a photographic image, especially as rendered by a particular lens. In photography, bokeh is the aesthetic quality of the blur produced in the out-of-focus parts of an image produced by a lens. Bokeh has been defined as "the way the lens renders out-of-focus points of light".

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For many cameras, depth of field is the distance between the nearest and the farthest objects that are in acceptably sharp focus in an image. The depth of field can be calculated based on focal length, distance to subject, the acceptable circle of confusion size, and aperture.

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The focal length of the lens is the distance between the lens and the image sensor when the subject is in focus, usually stated in millimeters (e.g., 28 mm, 50 mm, or 100 mm). In the case of zoom lenses, both the minimum and maximum focal lengths are stated, for example 18–55 mm. The focal length of an optical system is a measure of how strongly the system converges or diverges light; it is the inverse of the system's optical power. A positive focal length indicates that a system converges light, while a negative focal length indicates that the system diverges light

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In photography, shutter speed or exposure time is the length of time when the film or digital sensor inside the camera is exposed to light, also when a camera's shutter is open when taking a photograph. The amount of light that reaches the film or image sensor is proportional to the exposure time.

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Bulb mode is simply a shutter speed option that you can select in Manual mode on your camera. It allows your shutter speed to be any length you choose: one second, one minute, 17 minutes, or anything else.

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In photography Camera Shake is the blur effect that a Photographer does see / experience in their final photograph because they are unable to hold their cameras perfectly still in their hands during the recording process with long / slow shutter speeds.

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Motion blur is the apparent streaking of moving objects in a photograph or a sequence of frames, such as a film or animation. It results when the image being recorded changes during the recording of a single exposure, due to rapid movement or long exposure.

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A monopod is a single pole that is used to support a camera and on the other hand a tripod is a three-legged frame that is used to stabilize a camera. There are several differences between a monopod and a tripod likemonopod supports the camera and tripod Stabilizes the camera.

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White balance is the process that the camera uses to remove color casts produced by these different color temperatures and helps your camera emulate what your eyes do naturally when dealing with white. Auto White Balance sometimes give very close results to what you see with your eyes.

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The natural light of the day

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Comparative darkness and coolness caused by shelter from direct sunlight.

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(of the sky or weather) covered with or characterized by clouds; overcast.

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In photography, Tungsten light refers to an artificial lighting source (like a lamp or ceiling fixture) that emits heat and produce a “warmer” or reddish colour. It is distinguished from fluorescent lighting (which generates much lower heat), and strobe lighting.

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This chemical reaction involves gases and mercury vapor interacting, which produces an invisible UV light. That invisible UV light illuminates the phosphor powder coating the inside of the glass tube, emitting white "fluorescent"light

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(of a light or something that reflects light) shine in a bright but brief, sudden, or intermittent way.

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Custom white balance allows you to take a picture of a known gray reference under the same lighting, and then set that as the white balance for future photos. With "Kelvin" you can set the color temperature over a broad range.

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A dark area or shape produced by a body coming between rays of light and a surface.

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Midtones represent the surface area between the Highlights and the Shadows and they represent an area of surface that simply has less light than the Highlights. However, Midtones are close to the 50% range. Shadows are the absence of light.

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A highlight is a bright spot in a photograph. Normally it is assumed to be one of the brightest points in the image. Highlights are normally created by a bright or intense illumination or by various forms of diffusion or reflection. Highlights are created by any bright light source.

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Put simply, sepia is a form of photographic print toning – a tone added to a black and white photograph in the darkroom to “warm” up the tones (though since it is still a monochromatic image it is still considered black and white).

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Post processing is process of editing the data captured by camera while taking the photo to enhance the image. There are more and more camera which have come into market which can capture RAW files. Raw files has much more data at pixel level which and help in post processing and enhancing the image.

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Long-exposure, time-exposure, or slow-shutter photography involves using a long-duration shutter speed to sharply capture the stationary elements of images while blurring, smearing, or obscuring the moving elements

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Denoting the photographic technique of taking a sequence of frames at set intervals to record changes that take place slowly over time. When the frames are shown at normal speed, or in quick succession, the action seems much faster.