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The job of the Nervous System is to control the body and the communication throughout the body parts. In the Nervous System is the brain, spinal cord, sensory organs, and the nerves. The brain and the spinal cord make the Central Nervous System which is basically the control center. The control center evaluates information and makes decisions.

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The brain is what controls everything you do. From blinking to remembering where you live. As you can see in this diagram the brain is made up of the cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem, spinal cord, etc. The brain is also split into lobes: temporal lobe, occipital lobe, frontal lobe, and parietal lobe. The temporal lobe is very important so you are able to hear, recognise language, and have memories. The occipital lobe recieves information from the eyes so you can interpret depth, distance, location, and more of objects.In the frontal lobe is where emotion regulation, problem solving, planning, and reasoning occur. And finally the parietal lobe is where the sensory information occurs. For example, touch, temperature, pain, and pressure. The skull is what protects the brain from the outside world.

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The main job of the Integumentary system is to protect the body and  hold water and other valuable molecules in the body. It also keeps things out of your body. The skin is what holds us all together, without it we would die from bacteria and the water and heat from our body would all be lost.

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The skin is a protective layer that surrounds the body. There are three layers of the skin. The Epidermis, the Dermis, and the hypodermis. The Epidermis is the outside layer of skin that you see everyday. It creates a waterproof barrier to the outside world. The Dermis blood capillaries, nerve endings, hair follicles, sweat glands, etc. The hypodermis is made up of connective tissue and fat, it also stores fat.

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The main purpose of hair is to protect us and to insulate us.Though now we have heaters, blankets, etc. to insulate us. We have hair all over our bodies for these purposes. At the end of the hair is the hair follicle which goes into the Dermis and sometimes the hypodermis of the skin.

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The exocrine glands release their secretions into the skin through ducts. There are two types of exocrine glands. The first one is the Sebaceous glands also known as the oil glands. The ducts on these glands empty out into the hair follicle. These can be found all over the body except for the palms and heels. These glands produce sebum which is very important to the body. Sebum keeps the body waterproof, it protects against bacterial and fungal infections, and it also moisturizes the skin. The second gland is the Sweat glands also known as the Sudoriferous glands. The sweat glands regulate the body’s temperature. There are over 2.5 million sweat glands in the body. There are two types of sweat glands: the eccrine glands and apocrine glands. The difference is that the eccrine glands produce sweat and the secretion in the eccrine glands is mostly water and a little bit of salt. The apocrine glands function with hormones which is why they are active during puberty and they secrete fatty acid and proteins.

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Digestive System and Integumentary System

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Digestive System and Integumentary System

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The skin holds in the organs in the digestive system. This enables us to digest food, intake vitamin D, and more. It also works the other way around. The Digestive system provides nutrients that are needed for the skin. For example, say you eat a fruit or a vegetable that has Vitamin C or E it it. It will go to the Digestive System while providing these vitamin to the skin and body.

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Skeletal System and the Integumentary System

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Skeletal System and the Integumentary System

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Another body system the integumentary system connects with is the skeletal system. The skin the in integumentary system protects the bones and the bones provide support for the body.

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Acne: This isn’t necessarily a disease but, it is a struggle that I and many other teenagers deal with. I’m sure everyone has heard of the pores in your skin well the pores connect with the glands in the skin which produce sebum. Inside the pores are also small hairs. From time to time the hair and sebum will form a plug inside the skin. Inside this plug is sebum(oily substance) and skin cells. Bacteria will start to form in these plugs which cause swelling. Eventually the plug with start to break down and this causes acne to form. Any person can get acne but, it is more common in teenagers because they are going through puberty and they skin is a lot more oily. Acne breakouts can even go into the 20s. There are no cures for acne but, you can treat it by washing your face.

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(referenced above)

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Alopecia Areata: Alopecia Areata is a disease where people experience hair falling off their head, normally in patches. This happens because the body attacks its own hair follicles and the hair falls out. Sadly, there is no cure and there is very little treatement to help with this disease. But, your hair can grow back, you just don’t know if it will fall out again. There is no pain that comes with it and it does not threaten your life. Anyone can get this disease but, if one of your family members gets it you are more likley to have it.

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The Integumentary system in the Frog and the Human are very similar. They act as a barrier to the bodies and they hold the organs in. The main difference is that the Frog's use their skin to breathe and humans don’t. Frogs skin also allows water to pass through, our skin is waterproof. In our skin, we have 3 layers. Epidermis, Dermis, and the Hypodermis. The Frog only has two: Epidermis and Dermis. The last difference is that Frogs use their skin for camoflage, to blend into the environment, to protect themselves  from predators.

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The Spinal Cord connects a very large part of the peripheral nervous system, which is the other part of the Nervous System, to the brain. How the Spinal Cord works with the brain is the sensory information from the body travels and reaches the spinal cord, in the form of nerve impulses, by sensory neurons. Then they are transmitted to the brain. The spinal cord is made up of 31 pairs of spinal nerves and nervous tissue. The Spinal Cord goes from the medulla oblongata to the brainstem. The spine surronds the Spinal Cord and protects it.

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The Sensory Organs are the eyes, ears, skin, tongue, and nose. Obviously, they are very important because we use them in our everyday life. In the sensory organs are receptors, which pass information from the sensory neurons to the Nervous System. There are two types of receptors: General and Special. The General receptors are all throughout the body, like in the skin, organs in the abdominal cavity, muscles, and joints. The Special Receptors are chemical receptors found in the mouth, nose, light receptors in the eyes, etc.

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Nerves transmit messages from one part of the body to another. Nerves, also known as nerve cells, have three different types. The Autonomic, Sensory, and Motor. The Autonomic Nerves control blood pressure, digestion, heart rate, and temperature regulation. As you can see, most of these are involuntary or partially voluntary. The Motor Nerves control movement and actions. They do this by transporting information from your brain and spinal cord to your muscles. The last type of nerve is the Sensory Nerve. These are the nerves that let you experience pain. It works by passing information from the skin and muscles to the spinal cord and brain. So, overall the nerves pass information to and from the brain and spinal cord.

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The Nervous system connects with every other system in the body. For example, the Endocrine system. This system is made up of glands that produce hormones and secrete them. Hormones are important because they regulate the body’s metabolism, growth, and sexual development. The Nervous System controls the making of the hormones used the in the Endocrine System. Another example is the Muscular System. The job of the Muscular System is to stabalize joints, maintain posture, generate heat, and the obvious one: move. As mentioned before, our body has receptors. The receptors in our muscles send information about our movement to the brain.

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Alzheimer's is a disease that is very well known throughout the world. This disease affects the Brain's memory, functions, and behavior. There are stages in this disease. It will start off where the person will forget little things here and there. As it progresses the person will start to forget there family members and who they are. Towards the end they will start to forget how to do daily tasks.

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Cerebral Palsy affects your ability to move, maintain posture and balance. This is caused by abnormal development in the Brain while the child is in the womb. This is a motor disability found in many children. There are around 200,000 cases per year. Sadly, this disease cannot be cured but, if you go see a doctor they can prescribe you medication to help.

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The Nervous System of the Human is split up into 2 parts: Central Nervous System and the Peripheral System. The Frog's System is split into 3 parts: Central Nervous Sytem, Peripheral System, and the Autonomic Nervous System. The Frogs Nervous System is made up of two main parts. The Brain and the Spinal Cord whereas the Human’s Nervous System is made up of the spinal cord, sensory organs, nerves, and brain.

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Organismal Biology is an active-learning class where you will explore the evolutionary history of all life on Earth through the lenses of development and reproduction, signaling and communication, and physiology and organ systems. As we explore the diversity of life on Earth, you'll be able to identify biological patterns and explain how you are both similar to and different to the breadth of diversity of life on Earth.

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The main function of the Cardiovascular system is to transport nutrients, hormones, and oxygen throughout the body. There are three main body parts in the Cardiovascular System. The Heart, Blood, and Blood Vessels. It all starts in the heart. The Blood is pumped out of the heart and enters the arteries. Depending on which part of the body the blood is going to will depend on the artery it goes to. Once it is in the arteries, it enters the Capillary system. There it releases oxygen, nutrients, and more to the tissues. Then it picks up waste. The Blood is now low on oxygen so, it travels back up the body to the right side of the heart.

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The Blood Vessels are in every area of the body and they transport blood throughout the body. There are 3 types of Blood Vessels: arteries, capillaries, and veins.

Arteries and Capillaries take blood away from the Heart and Veins bring it back. The largest Artery in the body is the Aorta. It is connected to the Heart and eventually it will branch out to a Capillary which is the smallest Blood Vessel. The largest Vein in the body is the Vena Cava. We have two in our bodies: Inferior Vena Cava and Superior Vena Cava. The Inferior Vena Cava carries blood from the lower part of the body to the heart and the Superior carries blood from the upper body, including the head and arms to the heart.

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The Heart pumps blood throughtout the body. While doing this it supplies oxygen and nutrients to the tissues in the body. The Heart has 4 chambers: two Atria and two Ventricles.The right side of the Heart reiceves blood from the veins. The left side of the Heart pumps the blood out of the Heart into the Aorta. Fun fact, our Heart beats 100,000 per day while pumping 5,000 gallons of blood throughout the body.

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The Blood travels from the main artery to larger and smaller arteries. From there it enters the Capillary Network. Once the Blood is in the Capillary Network, it drops off the helpful substances like oxygen and nutrients and then picks up the waste products.

Inside the Blood are red blood cells, white blood cells, and paltelets. There are 150 billion red blood cells in a single ounce of blood. That’s crazy! There are many types of blood, O positive being the most common and AB negative being the least positive. Fun fact, our blood makes up 7% of our body weight.

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One of the diseases associated with this system has to do with the Arteries. Since the walls of the Arteries are stronger than the walls of say the veins, they can have plaque grow on them. The plaques that grow can become fragile and can possibly rupture. This can lead to Heart Attacks. Heart Attacks are commonly know, in fact there are approximately 1.5 million Heart Attacks that happen every year in the United States. Out of that number 800,000 people die, sadly that ratio is 1:3.  One of my Grandpas had a Heart Attack and he had to have Open Heart Surgery immediately after that.

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Another disease is High Blood Pressure. This occurs when the pressure of the blood against the walls of the Artery is too high. If you have High Blood Pressure it puts a strain on your Heart. The more strain you put on your Heart the more likely you are to have a Heart Attack or a Stroke. There are many ways to handle high blood pressure. You can exercise regularly, eat less salt, don’t drink a lot of alcohol, lose weight if needed, etc. My Grandpa has High Blood Pressure so, when he needs to bring it down he will take a walk for about 30 minutes and then he feels a lot better.

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The Frog and Human both have Hearts that serve the same purpose, to supply the body with oxygen, nutrients, etc. Both the Frog and the Human have the heart and the blood vessels as two of the main organs of their Cardiovascualr system. The heart of the Human has 4 chambers, two atria and two ventricles. The Heart of the Frog has 3 chambers, two Atria and only one Ventricle. Like said above, the Frog and the Human have two of the main parts of the Cardiovascular System but, the third one for the Frog is the Spleen. The Spleen stores and recycles the old red blood cells.

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