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Tablets contain many technological features that cannot be found in print textbooks. (Amy)

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Tablets contain many technological features that cannot be found in print textbooks. (Amy)

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Tablets give users the ability to highlight and edit text and write notes without ruining a textbook for the next user. Tablets have a search function, a backlighting option to read in low light, and a built-in dictionary. Interactive diagrams and videos increase student creativity, motivation, attentiveness, and engagement with classroom materials.

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Tablets are unnecessary because print textbooks that are not brand new still convey relevant information to K-12 students. (Amy)

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Tablets are unnecessary because print textbooks that are not brand new still convey relevant information to K-12 students. (Amy)

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A K-12 student learning from an older print textbook still learns the basics of anatomy, physics, algebra, geometry, and the US government.

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Tablets may be too difficult for less technologically savvy teachers to use. (Dylan)

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Tablets may be too difficult for less technologically savvy teachers to use. (Dylan)

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Despite the proliferation of digital learning, the US Department of Education’s National Education Technology Plan found that “teacher preparation and professional development programs are failing to prepare teachers to use technology effectively in the classroom.” In a survey of current K-12 teachers by Deloitte, 41% of respondents said that lack of teacher-training in the use of educational technology was one of the biggest barriers to incorporating digital learning in the classroom. A survey by Schoology found that only about half of K-12 schools worldwide provide their staff with professional development resources to aid the use of technology in classrooms.

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Tablets shift the focus of learning from the teacher to the technology. (Bob)

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Tablets shift the focus of learning from the teacher to the technology. (Bob)

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This change marginalizes decades of learned wisdom in the teaching profession in favor of an unproven technology. According to education reformer Mike Schmoker, until the core elements of literacy and critical thinking are learned by every student, “it makes little sense to adopt or learn new programs, technology, or any other innovations.” Technology gets in the way and makes learning and teaching more burdensome.

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Tablets increase the number of excuses available for students not doing their schoolwork. (Chloe)

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Tablets increase the number of excuses available for students not doing their schoolwork. (Chloe)

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Students have newly available excuses, including: “my computer/tablet crashed,” “the internet was down so I could not do any research,” and “I forgot my charger.”

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E-textbooks on tablets cost less than print textbooks. (Chloe)

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E-textbooks on tablets cost less than print textbooks. (Chloe)

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According to the School Library Journal, the average price of a K-12 print textbook is approximately $70 compared with $45-$55 for a 6-year subscription to a digital textbook. E-textbook prices continue to drop with VitalSource reporting, on average, a 31% drop in price between 2016 and 2018. Tablet prices also continue to drop, making them increasingly affordable. Tablets cost on average $489 in 2011 compared with $299 in 2018.

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The average battery life of a tablet is 7.26 hours, shorter than the length of a school day (Dylan).

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The average battery life of a tablet is 7.26 hours, shorter than the length of a school day (Dylan).

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Tablets constantly need charging, increasing electricity demands on schools and the need for new electrical outlets.

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High-level education officials support tablets over textbooks. (Bob)

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High-level education officials support tablets over textbooks. (Bob)

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Secretary of Education Arne Duncan and Federal Communications Commission chair Julius Genachowski said on Feb. 1, 2012, that schools and publishers should “switch to digital textbooks within five years to foster interactive education, save money on books, and ensure classrooms in the US use up-to-date content.” The federal government, in collaboration with several tech organizations, released a 70-page guide for schools called the “Digital Textbook Playbook,” a “roadmap for educators to accelerate the transition to digital textbooks.”

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Tablets are more likely to be lost or stolen than print textbooks. (Bob)

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Tablets are more likely to be lost or stolen than print textbooks. (Bob)

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According to research by the tech company Kensington, 70 million smartphones are lost each year, and every 53 seconds, a laptop is stolen. In San Francisco, New York, and Los Angeles, robberies related to internet-enabled handheld devices (including tablets) have accounted for 50, 40, and 25 percent respectively of all robberies in one year. Stolen and lost internet-enabled handheld devices have cost Americans more than $30 billion annually.

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Print textbooks cannot crash, freeze, or get hacked. (Amy)

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Print textbooks cannot crash, freeze, or get hacked. (Amy)

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Unlike tablets, there is no chance of getting malware, spyware, or having personal information stolen from a print textbook.

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Tablets enable students to cut corners or cheat on schoolwork. (Amy)

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Tablets enable students to cut corners or cheat on schoolwork. (Amy)

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Students can easily avoid reading and analyzing texts on their own because they can quickly look up passages in an e-textbook and search for answers on the internet.

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Students who own tablets purchase and read more books than those who read print books alone. (Amy)

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Students who own tablets purchase and read more books than those who read print books alone. (Amy)

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The average tablet-owning US student reads 24 books per year on a tablet compared with 15 in print for those who do not own a tablet. According to a survey by the Pew Internet and American Life Project, 30% of e-content readers (including 40% of those under age 30) say that they now spend more time reading than they used to due to the availability of e-content.

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The higher cost of tablets marginalizes poorer school districts and increases the “digital divide.” (Amy)

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The higher cost of tablets marginalizes poorer school districts and increases the “digital divide.” (Amy)

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Rich school districts can afford to implement e-textbooks on tablets, while poor school districts cannot. Low-income schools are less likely to implement teacher training programs on how to use digital learning in the classroom.

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Tablets allow teachers to better customize student learning. (Bob)

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Tablets allow teachers to better customize student learning. (Bob)

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There are thousands of education and tutoring applications on tablets, so teachers can tailor student learning to an individual style/personality instead of a one-size-fits-all approach. There are more than 20,000 education apps available for the iPad alone.

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Tablets lower the amount of paper teachers have to print for handouts and assignments, helping to save the environment and money. (Dylan)

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Tablets lower the amount of paper teachers have to print for handouts and assignments, helping to save the environment and money. (Dylan)

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A school with 100 teachers uses on average 250,000 pieces of paper annually. A school of 1,000 students on average spends between $3,000-4,000 a month on paper, ink, and toner, not counting printer wear and tear or technical support costs.

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Tablets lower the amount of paper teachers have to print for handouts and assignments, helping to save the environment and money. (Bob)

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Tablets lower the amount of paper teachers have to print for handouts and assignments, helping to save the environment and money. (Bob)

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A school with 100 teachers uses on average 250,000 pieces of paper annually. A school of 1,000 students on average spends between $3,000-4,000 a month on paper, ink, and toner, not counting printer wear and tear or technical support costs.

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Tablets contain many technological features that cannot be found in print textbooks. (Amy)

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Tablets contain many technological features that cannot be found in print textbooks. (Amy)

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Tablets give users the ability to highlight and edit text and write notes without ruining a textbook for the next user. Tablets have a search function, a backlighting option to read in low light, and a built-in dictionary. Interactive diagrams and videos increase student creativity, motivation, attentiveness, and engagement with classroom materials.

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Manufacturing tablets is environmentally destructive and dangerous to human health. (Bob)

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Manufacturing tablets is environmentally destructive and dangerous to human health. (Bob)

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According to the New York Times, the “adverse health impacts from making one e-reader are estimated to be 70 times greater than those from making a single book.” One tablet requires the extraction of 33 pounds of minerals, 79 gallons of water, and 100-kilowatt hours of fossil fuels resulting in 66 pounds of carbon dioxide. Print books produce 100 times fewer greenhouse gases. Two gallons of water are required to make the pulp slurry that is pressed and heat-dried to make paper, and only two-kilowatt hours are required to form and dry the sheets of paper.

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A broken tablet requires an experienced technician to fix, which can be costly and time-consuming. (Bob)

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A broken tablet requires an experienced technician to fix, which can be costly and time-consuming. (Bob)

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Textbooks can usually be repaired with basic supplies such as glue or tape.

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Print textbooks are heavy and cause injuries, while a tablet only weighs 1-2 pounds. (Amy)

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Print textbooks are heavy and cause injuries, while a tablet only weighs 1-2 pounds. (Amy)

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Pediatricians and chiropractors recommend that students carry less than 15% of their body weight in a backpack, but the combined average weight of textbooks in History, Mathematics, Science, and Reading/Language Arts exceeds this percentage at nearly all grade levels from 1-12. According to the US Consumer Product Safety Commission, during the 2011-12 school year more than 13,700 kids, aged 5 to 18, were treated for backpack-related injuries. The rate dropped to 6,300 in 2016 – a 54% decrease – thanks in part to the increasing use of tablets.

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Many students do not have sufficient home internet bandwidth to use tablets. (Chloe)

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Many students do not have sufficient home internet bandwidth to use tablets. (Chloe)

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Students “need home broadband to access digital content and to complete Internet-based homework,” according to former FCC Chairman Julius Genachowski and Secretary of Education Arne Duncan, but about five million, predominantly low-income, families, do not have broadband internet at home.

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Tablets help to improve student achievement on standardized tests. (Bob)

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Tablets help to improve student achievement on standardized tests. (Bob)

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Publisher Houghton Mifflin Harcourt tested an interactive, digital version of an Algebra 1 textbook for Apple’s iPad in California’s Riverside Unified School District. Students who used the iPad version scored 20 percent higher on standardized tests versus students who learned with traditional textbooks.

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Tablets can hold hundreds of textbooks on one device, plus homework, quizzes, and other files, eliminating the need for physical storage of books and classroom materials. (Chloe)

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Tablets can hold hundreds of textbooks on one device, plus homework, quizzes, and other files, eliminating the need for physical storage of books and classroom materials. (Chloe)

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The average tablet contains anywhere from 8 to 64 gigabytes (GB) of storage space. On the Amazon Kindle Fire, for instance, 1,000 books take up one GB of space.

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Handheld technological devices including tablets are associated with a range of health problems. (Chloe)

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Handheld technological devices including tablets are associated with a range of health problems. (Chloe)

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Handhelds contribute to Computer Vision Syndrome, which causes eyestrain, headaches, blurred vision, and dry eyes, according to the American Optometric Association. People who use mobile devices more often have a higher incidence of musculoskeletal disorders associated with repetitive strain on muscles, including carpal tunnel syndrome, neck pain (“text neck”), shoulder pain, and fibromyalgia.

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Tablets have too many distractions for classroom use. (Dylan)

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Tablets have too many distractions for classroom use. (Dylan)

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Students may pay attention to apps, email, games, and websites instead of their teachers. 87% of K-12 teachers believe that “today’s digital technologies are creating an easily distracted generation with short attention spans.” Four-fifths of students aged 8 – 18 multitask while using digital media.

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Using tablets is more expensive than using print textbooks. (Dylan)

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Using tablets is more expensive than using print textbooks. (Dylan)

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Implementing tablets in K-12 schools requires purchasing hardware (the tablet) and software (the textbooks), building new wi-fi infrastructure, and training teachers and administrators how to use the technology. Implementation costs for e-textbooks on iPad tablets are 552% higher than new print textbooks in an average high school. Lee Wilson, a prominent education marketing expert, estimated the annual cost per student per class with tablets to be $71.55 vs. $14.26 for print textbooks.

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81% of K-12 teachers believe that “tablets enrich classroom education.” (Bob)

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81% of K-12 teachers believe that “tablets enrich classroom education.” (Bob)

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The survey of technology in the classroom by the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) also concluded that 77% of teachers found technology to “increase student motivation to learn.”

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Tablets help students better prepare for a world immersed in technology. (Chloe)

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Tablets help students better prepare for a world immersed in technology. (Chloe)

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Students that learn technology skills early in life will be better prepared to pursue relevant careers later in life. The fastest growing and highest paying jobs in the United States are technology-intensive. Employment in “computer and information systems” is expected to grow by 18% between 2010-20, according to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics.

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People who read print text comprehend more, remember more, and learn more than those who read digital text. (Chloe)

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People who read print text comprehend more, remember more, and learn more than those who read digital text. (Chloe)

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The brain interprets printed and digital text in different ways, and people generally read digital text 20-30% slower than print. According to Pulitzer Prize-winning technology writer Nicholas Carr, peer-reviewed studies show that reading hyperlinked text may increase the brain’s “cognitive load,” lowering the ability to process, store, and retain information, or “translate the new material into conceptual knowledge.” In addition, students who type lecture notes instead of writing their notes by hand tended to write more, process less, and perform worse on recall tests.

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On a tablet, e-textbooks can be updated instantly to get new editions or information. (Bob)

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On a tablet, e-textbooks can be updated instantly to get new editions or information. (Bob)

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Schools will not have to constantly purchase new hardware, software, or new physical copies of textbooks. Speaking at Mooresville Middle School, NC, President Obama said, “I want to see more apps that can be instantly updated with academic content the day it’s available, so you don’t have old, outdated textbooks with student names still in them from years ago. These are the tools that our children deserve.” Tablets are especially beneficial for subjects that constantly change, such as biology or computer science.

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Files on one tablet can be downloaded onto any other tablet, increasing flexibility and convenience for teachers and students. (Chloe)

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Files on one tablet can be downloaded onto any other tablet, increasing flexibility and convenience for teachers and students. (Chloe)

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E-textbooks and other files can be stored on “cloud” servers and accessed on any equivalent device. Users can sign into an account on a different device and access all of their information.

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Tablets help students learn more material faster. (Amy)

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Tablets help students learn more material faster. (Amy)

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Technology-based instruction can reduce the time students take to reach a learning objective by 30-80%, according to the US Department of Education and studies by the National Training and Simulation Association.