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Maryam Essa, Sara Al Shehhi, Hind Ahli, Alia Khalid, Roudha Rashid

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A theme is a central idea or message in a work of literature. It is the unifying element of the story, and it conveys a moral or lesson to the audience. The themes of a work of literature often reflect the beliefs and values of the author and can be used to convey a message or evoke an emotion from the reader.

The theme of a work of literature has a direct effect on the plot. It can influence the characters’ decisions and motivations, as well as the overall tone and pacing of the story. The theme adds meaning to the work and can help readers connect with the characters and the story.

Common themes in literature include love, loss, justice, coming of age, loyalty, and identity. However, there are no limits to the types of themes present in literature. Authors can explore a wide range of topics, from the personal to the political, when crafting their stories.

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(Shaikha / Rafia / Hessa / Ayesha)
Simile: comparing two things using like or as.
Metaphor: comparing things without using like or as.
Hyperbole: exaggerated statements that are not meant to be taken literally.
Personification: give human qualities to non living things.
Foreshadowing: hinting that something is going to happen.
Onomatopoeia: refers to a word that is formed from a sound
Alliteration: starting with the same letter or having the same sounds.

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Setting, tone, and mood (by Rahma, Haya Nabil, Fatima Salem, Fatma Sultan, Reem Ahli)

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Setting, tone, and mood (by Rahma, Haya Nabil, Fatima Salem, Fatma Sultan, Reem Ahli)

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The setting is the time and physical location of the story, and it can heavily inform a story's mood.

The mood is the atmosphere of the story, and the tone is the author's attitude towards the topic.

The tone is the attitude that a character or narrator or author takes towards a given subject.

The mood is affected by the setting choice.

Example: the setting being at night would create a gloomy mood.

The tone also affects the writing because it helps in exposing the author’s intentions and opinions.

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Abeer Jassim, Meera Khalid, Ghalia Yousef, Amal Fuad, Maryam Ahmed, Amna Abdullah.

The plot is the story, and more specifically, how the story develops, unfolds, and moves in time. Plots are typically made up of five main elements:

1. Exposition: At the beginning of the story, characters, setting, and the main conflict are typically introduced.

2. Rising Action: The main character is in crisis and events leading up to facing the conflict begin to unfold. The story becomes complicated.

3. Climax: At the peak of the story, a major event occurs in which the main character faces a major conflict. The most action, drama, change, and excitement occurs here.

4. Falling Action: The story begins to slow down and work towards its end, tying up loose ends.

5. Resolution: Also known as the denouement, the resolution is like a concluding paragraph that resolves any remaining issues and ends the story.

The importance of using the plot:

The plot is what makes a story a story. It gives the story character development, suspense, energy, and emotional release. It allows an author to develop themes and most importantly, conflict that makes a story emotionally engaging.

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Characters (Meera, Reem, Maryam, Sara, Afra) 

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Characters (Meera, Reem, Maryam, Sara, Afra) 

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In literature, a character is a person, animal, or thing/object that is being presented as a person, in a narrative. Characters could be either the main or secondary.

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Conflict (by: Asma Rashed, Hamda Obaid, Roudha Hashim, Shahed Tarek, Sharifa Al Maazmi).

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Conflict (by: Asma Rashed, Hamda Obaid, Roudha Hashim, Shahed Tarek, Sharifa Al Maazmi).

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In literature, a conflict is a literary device characterized by a struggle between two opposing forces. Conflict provides crucial tension in any story and is used to drive the narrative forward. It is often used to reveal a deeper meaning in a narrative while highlighting characters’ motivations, values, and weaknesses.

Conflict in a story is a struggle between opposing forces. Characters must act to confront those forces and there is where conflict is born. If there is nothing to overcome, there is no story. Conflict in a story creates and drives the plot forward.

All conflict falls into two categories: internal and external. Internal conflict is when a character struggles with their own opposing desires or beliefs. It happens within them, and it drives their development as a character. External conflict sets a character against something or someone beyond their control.