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1. All measurements should be made with flexible yet inelastic tape
2. tape placed on skin without compressing subcutaneous adipose tissue
3. Using Gulick, the handle should be extended with each trial.
4. Take duplicate measures at each site and retest if duplicate measurement not within 5mm
5. Rotate through measurement sites allow time for skin to regain to normal.

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GSL CSQ AWLN TPY LHL
Definition:
Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is a commonly used method for estimating body composition, particularly body fat.

There are 2 methods of the BIA

1.      Standing on a special scale with footpads. A harmless amount of electrical current is sent through the body, and then the percentage of body fat is calculated.
2.      Electrodes placed on a wrist and an ankle and on the back of the right hand and on the top of the foot. The change in voltage between electrodes is measured. The person's body fat percentage is then calculated from the results of the BIA.

How does it work?
This non-invasive test simply involves the placement of 4 electrodes on the person's  hands and feet.
A low level, imperceptible electrical current is sent through the body. The flow of the current is affected by the amount of water in the body. The device measures how this signal is impeded through different types of tissue.
Tissues that contain large amounts of fluid and electrolytes, such as blood, have high conductivity, but fat and bone slow the signal down.
BIA determines the resistance to flow of the current as it passes through the body, it provides estimates of body water from which body fat is calculated using selected equations.

Precautions:
1. Don't eat 4 hours before the test.
2. Don't exercise 12 hours before the test.
3. Don't consume alcohol 24 hours before the test.
4. Don't drink caffeine on the day of your test.
5. Don't wear pantyhose.
6. Don't apply lotion on hands or legs.
7. Drink at least one quart of water 1 hour before the test.

Advantages:
1. Lightweight & portable devices
2. Ideal for unisex.
3. Safe, non-invasive, fast, and inexpensive.
4. Measure fat-free mass and calculate fat mass.
5. Some models include measurement or calculation of total body water, intracellular water extracellular water.
6. Excellent consistency for repeated measurements, which results shown is in total percentages.
7. It is a skin moisture treatment device through displaying skin moisture and oils simultaneously, as well as detecting the hydration and dehydration levels of skin.
8. Helps in maintaining overall structure and appearance of skin.
9. Balances pH of skin layers and cells.
10. Reduces anti-aging marks and lines.
11. Suitable for domestic and professional treatments.

Disadvantages:
1. Cannot be used in injured or        broken skins.
2. People with pacemakers and allergens of skin should avoid using BIA
3. Inaccurate readings
-It works fast but not very accurate.
-Other than fats, impedance measure also will be affected by food, hydration level in body and body temperature which will influence the response time.
-Requires well controlled conditions to get accurate and reliable measurements.
Eg: If a person gets dehydrated, amount of fat will be overestimated.
Eg: Test after meal, very inaccurate body fat analysis.
4. Not reliable to obese individuals
-Obese people have relatively high amount of extracellular water & total body water which may overestimate fat-free mass and underestimate percentage of body fat (fat mass).

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Bod pod

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A device used to measure the resistance of body tissues to the flow of a small electric current.

The device should not be in contact with any non-conducting surface.

The person's legs and arms should be apart.

There are two types of device.
Some device requires the person to stand on two foot plates.
Other device uses 2 pairs of electrodes.  1 pair of electrodes is placed on the hahds and wrist. While the second pair is placed on the ankle and foot.

The proportion of body fat can be calculated as the current flows more easily through the parts of the body that are composed mostly of water (such as blood, urine & muscle) than it does through bone, fat or air.
It is possible to predict how much body fat a person has by combining the bioelectric impedance measure with other factors such as height, weight, gender, fitness level and age.

The impedance measure is affected by body hydration status, body temperature, time of day, and therefore requires well controlled conditions to get accurate and reliable measurements. If a person is dehydrated, the amount of fat will likely be overestimated.

People with pacemakers should not use Bioelectrical Impedance for body composition analysis.

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Ultrasoj

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Hydrostatic weighing, also referred to as "underwater weighing," "hydrostaticbody composition analysis," and "hydrodensitometry," is a technique for measuring the mass per unit volume of a living person's body.
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procedure: The dry weight of the subject is first determined. The subject, in minimal clothing, then sits on a specialized seat, expels all the air from their lungs, and is lowered into the tank until all body parts are emerged. The person must remain motionless underwater while the underwater weight is recorded. This procedure is repeated several times to get a dependable underwater weight measure.
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Advantage & disadvantage #

advantages: Underwater weighing is the most widely used test of body density and in the past was the criterion measure for other indirect measures.

disadvantages: The equipment required to do underwater weighing is expensive. The tanks are mostly located at university or other research institutions, and there is generally not easy access for the general population.

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The BOD POD is an Air Displacement Plethysmograph (ADP) that uses whole body densitometry to determine body composition (fat vs. lean).

How it works:
-During the body volume measurement, the subject breathes normally, known as relaxed tidal breathing
-Thus, the relevant measurement of lung volume for the BOD POD is not residual volume, but the average lung volume during normal tidal breathing (average thoracic gas volume). This is a much easier measurement to obtain and no difficult maneuvers are required.
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Advantages: It is relatively accurate and very reliable when performed on populations who are average to above average body fat.  The calculations can easily be performed.

Disadvantages: It does not work well on lean individuals and it lacks high tech appeal. Measuring girths can be a fairly embarrassing form of testing for some clients.

As a general risk factor there are girth measurements that are used as a guideline to show an increased risk of heart disease.

Waist girth greater than 102 cm (men) and greater than 88 cm (women)

Waist to hip ratio greater than 0.95 (men) and greater than 0.86 (women)

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Bod Pod(Air Displacement)

Advantages

Does not require getting wet

Not difficult to operate

Measurement time is short

Well suited for special populations (children, obese, elderly, and disabled persons)

can track exactly how much fat you’re losing and how much muscle you’re gaining.

Disadvantages

Very expensive ($30,000 - $40,000)

Only a few facilities have the Bod Pod

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how it works: Bioelectrical impedance measures the resistance of body tissues to the flow of a small, harmless electrical signal. The proportion of body fat can be calculated as the current flows more easily through the parts of the body that are composed mostly of water (such as blood, urine & muscle) than it does through bone, fat or air

# data[].attributes.headline
advantages: Skinfold measurements are widely utilized to assess body composition. It is a lot simpler than hydrostatic weighing and many of the other body composition techniques. After the original outlay for calipers, the daily tests costs are minimal.other considerations: some subjects may feel uncomfortable stripping down in front of the tester, therefore every effect should be made to make them feel comfortable. For legal reasons, it is wise to have another person present, and to have females testers for female subjects. The right side measurement is standard, though in some situations you may need to test someone on the left side. If so, you must record this and endeavor to always test on the same side for that person. Reasons for testing on the left side may include injuries, amputation, deformities, or other medical conditions.

# data[].attributes.subject
advantages: Skinfold measurements are widely utilized to assess body composition. It is a lot simpler than hydrostatic weighing and many of the other body composition techniques. After the original outlay for calipers, the daily tests costs are minimal.other considerations: some subjects may feel uncomfortable stripping down in front of the tester, therefore every effect should be made to make them feel comfortable. For legal reasons, it is wise to have another person present, and to have females testers for female subjects. The right side measurement is standard, though in some situations you may need to test someone on the left side. If so, you must record this and endeavor to always test on the same side for that person. Reasons for testing on the left side may include injuries, amputation, deformities, or other medical conditions.

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Guess what is this

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Advantages and disadvantages of bioelectrical impedence

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Advantages and disadvantages of bioelectrical impedence

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advantages: this method of body composition analysis is very simple and quick to perform, and if you have the right equipment can be done at home.

disadvantages: The equipment is relatively expensive (units on the low end of the scale are available for about $100), with prices ranging up to thousands of dollars.

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The most common girth measurements are taken around the midsection (waist and hip) and used to determine fat gain/loss and/or predict the risk for developing heart disease. The science behind these girth measurements is based on the fact that fat tends to accumulate around the midsection.  Consequently, if your circumference measurements increase, you are increasing your body fat. In other words, you can now correlate "centimetres gained" to fat kilograms gained and “centimetres lost" to fat lost.  There is also a greater risk of developing heart disease when fat accumulates higher up on the body i.e. around the waist as opposed to the hips).

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Advantages and disadvantages of skinfold measurement

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Advantages and disadvantages of skinfold measurement

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1. Place the calipers about 1 cm to the side of your fingers. Use the pictures below for examples.

2. Press on the serrated thumb pad next to the word "press" until the two arrows line up.

3. Note the measurement on the little scale to the right of the arrows. The hashes are in increments of two. That means one mark lower than 20 is 18.

4. Release the pinch and repeat all of these steps several times for all three sites. Take the average of your pinches and plug it into the calculator tool below.