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Periodic Table and Emission Spectra of the Elements

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Periodic Table and Emission Spectra of the Elements

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https://www.astronomy.ohio-state.edu/pogge.1/TeachRes/HandSpec/atoms.html

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Periodic table showing each element’s unique emission spectra that shows up when its light passes through a prism. It is often referred to as their “fingerprint” due to no 2 having the same one. This is how we detect different elements in our Sun and other star systems. : Damnthatsinteresting

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For the most interesting things on the internet.

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The first time I watched Carl Sagan’s TV Show “Cosmos” I had a kind of “science” epiphany, an enormous wave of curiosity was born inside me that day. It was almost 45 years ago and it has been kept as strong as ever, that’s why this image has an special meaning for me, It represents, in a very personal way those times of realization about how much our civilization has achieved but how much we haven’t yet, it’s a manifest of not just about the infinite curiosity of humankind but about our hope as well, the hope we are not alone in this Universe, and that there is someone else out there and the certainty that we will find them, curiosity and hope has been always essential in the history of Science.

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Not simple right or wrong answers but try and error and constant development. What is top of the art today may be outdated tomorrow

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Mary was a Scottish mathematician and astronomer who became the first 'Scientist' as opposed to 'Man of Science'. Mary was self-taught and struggled against the disapproval of her family for wanting to gain an education.

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Mary Tharp on the shoulders of Wegener

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The Astronomical Sextant in 'Astronomiae Institutae Mechanicia' by Tycho Brahe (1546 - 1601), Wandsbeck

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Tycho Brahe was the world's greatest pre-telescope astronomer and is noted for his extremely accurate astronomical observations for which he developed an underground observatory and multiple instruments. He disproved the Aristotelian belief in an unchanging celestial realm with the discovery of a new star. He was primarily an empiricist who made detailed observations, which he kept in notebooks and he developed many new instruments which helped in his observations and discoveries.

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Gocentric Model of Earth in our Solar System

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Gocentric Model of Earth in our Solar System

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Religious beliefs gave people the idea that the sun, stars, other planets all moved around the Earth (the centre of everything!). Scientific observations and calculations were needed to eventually convince some other scientists that the Sun was at the centre. It took quite some time.

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Replica of the painting from the Chauvet-Pont-d’Arc Cave in southern France

https://smarthistory.org/paleolithic-art-an-introduction/

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Astrolabe by Muhammed Muqim al-Yazdi, Persian, 1647/8

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Astrolabe by Muhammed Muqim al-Yazdi, Persian, 1647/8

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From the collections of the History of Science Museum, Oxford, UK.

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Science brought about a dance with Mephistopheles not because of the discoveries, but the human need to call the tune with little ethical melody.

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The accumulation of knowledge through cultures

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The accumulation of knowledge through cultures

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The secret disciplines and knowledge lost in time or maybe not... accumulates and derivated that is awesome to think through centuries and kilometers

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The Four Elements and Temperaments from an Album of Prints after Maerten de Vos 

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We should not part to understand sciences by only the modern times; we must see to the past and understand the initial point: mystic and myth. The first purpose of science is to convert the myth in a synthetic language, but we also have to see hermetics illustrations like this and think: what is the scientific spirit here? The four elements, it is evident, but is not that easy...

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The Four Elements and Temperaments from an Album of Prints after Maerten de Vos (ca_ 1583)

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For me, the history of science is about moving forward, developing. This includes trials and errors as well, theories that were later proven wrong, because either way, they provided ideas and so on. It has been a long journey for humanity to know what we know of science today, and there is still a lot of knowledge to gain, a lot of room to further develop.

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This kind of image has always held importance for me - our effort in science (and knowledge generally) to explore beyond our regular world.  

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Some years back I read a book written by Tracy Chevalier about Mary Anning and her Marvelous Creatures.
It was inspirational.

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A combination of science, art, and philosophy.

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Table of Contents

School of Athens, fresco (1508-11) painted by artist Raphael, in the Stanza della Segnatura, a room in Pope Julius II's private apartments in the Vatican. It is perhaps the most famous of all of Raphael's paintings and one of the most significant artworks of the Renaissance.

Raphael was called to Rome toward the end of 1508 by Julius II at the suggestion of the architect Donato Bramante. At this time Raphael was little known in Rome, but the young man soon made a deep impression on the volatile Julius and the papal court, and his authority as a master grew day by day. His first task in the city was to paint a cycle of frescoes in a suite of medium-sized rooms (later called the Stanze di Raffaello [Raphael's Rooms]) in the Vatican papal apartments in which Julius lived and worked. The Stanza della Segnatura (1508-11) and Stanza d'Eliodoro (1512-14) were decorated practically entirely by Raphael himself; the frescoes in the Stanza dell'Incendio (1514-17) and the Sala di Costantino (1517-25), though designed by Raphael, were largely executed by his numerous assistants and pupils.

The theme of the frescoes in the Stanza della Segnatura, the most famous room, was the historical justification of the power of the Roman Catholic Church through Neoplatonic philosophy. The School of Athens and the Disputa are on the larger walls and the Parnassus and Cardinal Virtues on the smaller walls. The two most important of these frescoes are the School of Athens and the Disputa. The Disputa shows a celestial vision of God and his prophets and apostles above a gathering of representatives, past and present, of the Roman Catholic Church and equates through its iconography the triumph of the church and the triumph of truth. The School of Athens is a complex allegory of secular knowledge, or philosophy, showing Plato and Aristotle surrounded by philosophers, past and present, in a splendid architectural setting; it illustrates the historical continuity of Platonic thought. Here Raphael fills an ordered and stable space with figures in a rich variety of poses and gestures, which he controls in order to make one group of figures lead to the next in an interweaving and interlocking pattern, bringing the eye to the central figures of Plato and Aristotle at the converging point of the perspectival space. The space in which the philosophers congregate is defined by the pilasters and barrel vaults of a great basilica that is said to be based on Bramante's design for the new St. Peter's in Rome. The general effect of the fresco is one of majestic calm, clarity, and equilibrium.

At the centre of the School of Athens are Plato and Aristotle. The two men had different pursuits, Plato being engaged with such spiritual ideas as truth, beauty, and justice and Aristotle being concerned with worldly reality. These differences are evident in the painting. Plato, on the left, points skyward while holding a copy of Timaeus, and Aristotle gestures to the ground and props up a copy of his Ethics. Pythagoras, who believed that the world was conducted by mathematical laws, sits below, sketching geometry, and the arch pessimist Heraclitus-thought to be a portrait of Michelangelo, who was then at work on the Sistine ceiling-is passively writing on a bench of marble. Euclid is patiently teaching the next generation of students on the lower left, and Ptolemy, on the lower right, is prominently featured with his celestial spheres. Next to Ptolemy, Raphael included a portrait of himself, wearing a black beret and looking out at the viewers. The overall theme of the painting, and the whole room, is the synthesis and celebration of worldly (Greek) and spiritual (Christian) thinking.

Steven Pulimood The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica

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School of Athens | Raphael, Painting, People, History, & Facts

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School of Athens, fresco (1508-11) painted by artist Raphael, in the Stanza della Segnatura, a room in Pope Julius II's private apartments in the Vatican. It is perhaps the most famous of all of Raphael's paintings and one of the most significant artworks of the Renaissance.

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These two branches of physics have completely changed our view of the Universe. In Classical physics matter consisted of solid particles where complete knowledge of the past allowed the future to be predicted. In quantum physics matter is both particle and wave and the future can only be predicted as probabilities.

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Beauty is in the eye of the beholder.

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One of father of neuroscience Santiago Ramón y Cajal's beautiful drawings of neurons. 

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One of father of neuroscience Santiago Ramón y Cajal's beautiful drawings of neurons. 

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I find these images both beautiful artistically and remarkable scientifically, not least because he made his discoveries with the limited instruments and techniques available to him at the time (the late 18th century) and drew his pictures by hand - a very gifted hand! What's more, the idea of the brain looking in at itself in an attempt to understand itself is fascinating.

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Nikolai Vavilov, Russian botanist and geneticist

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The origination of a "New Person"- inquisitive researcher, who is ready to invest money to education.

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The origination of a "New Person"- inquisitive researcher, who is ready to invest money to education.

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Isn't He awsome?)

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The Sleepwalkers by Arthur Koestler introduced me to the world of Tycho Brahe, Kepler, Copernicus, Galileo who dared to think outside of the box 

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https://www.britannica.comhttps://www.britannica.com/biography/Euclid-Greek-mathematician/biography/Euclid-Greek-mathematician

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Sources and contents of the Elements

Euclid compiled his Elements from a number of works of earlier men. Among these are Hippocrates of Chios (flourished c. 440 bce), not to be confused with the physician Hippocrates of Cos (c. 460-375 bce). The latest compiler before Euclid was Theudius, whose textbook was used in the Academy and was probably the one used by Aristotle (384-322 bce). The older elements were at once superseded by Euclid's and then forgotten. For his subject matter Euclid doubtless drew upon all his predecessors, but it is clear that the whole design of his work was his own, culminating in the construction of the five regular solids, now known as the Platonic solids.

A brief survey of the Elements belies a common belief that it concerns only geometry. This misconception may be caused by reading no further than Books I through IV, which cover elementary plane geometry. Euclid understood that building a logical and rigorous geometry (and mathematics) depends on the foundation-a foundation that Euclid began in Book I with 23 definitions (such as "a point is that which has no part" and "a line is a length without breadth"), five unproved assumptions that Euclid called postulates (now known as axioms), and five further unproved assumptions that he called common notions. ( See the table of Euclid's 10 initial assumptions.) Book I then proves elementary theorems about triangles and parallelograms and ends with the Pythagorean theorem. (For Euclid's proof of the theorem, see Sidebar: Euclid's Windmill Proof.)

The subject of Book II has been called geometric algebra because it states algebraic identities as theorems about equivalent geometric figures. Book II contains a construction of "the section," the division of a line into two parts such that the ratio of the larger to the smaller segment is equal to the ratio of the original line to the larger segment. (This division was renamed the golden section in the Renaissance after artists and architects rediscovered its pleasing proportions.) Book II also generalizes the Pythagorean theorem to arbitrary triangles, a result that is equivalent to the law of cosines ( see plane trigonometry). Book III deals with properties of circles and Book IV with the construction of regular polygons, in particular the pentagon.

Book V shifts from plane geometry to expound a general theory of ratios and proportions that is attributed by Proclus (along with Book XII) to Eudoxus of Cnidus (c. 395/390-342/337 bce). While Book V can be read independently of the rest of the Elements, its solution to the problem of incommensurables ( irrational numbers) is essential to later books. In addition, it formed the foundation for a geometric theory of numbers until an analytic theory developed in the late 19th century. Book VI applies this theory of ratios to plane geometry, mainly triangles and parallelograms, culminating in the "application of areas," a procedure for solving quadratic problems by geometric means.

Books VII-IX contain elements of number theory, where number ( arithmos) means positive integers greater than 1. Beginning with 22 new definitions-such as unity, even, odd, and prime-these books develop various properties of the positive integers. For instance, Book VII describes a method, antanaresis (now known as the Euclidean algorithm), for finding the greatest common divisor of two or more numbers; Book VIII examines numbers in continued proportions, now known as geometric sequences (such as a x, a x ², a x ³, a x ⁴...); and Book IX proves that there are an infinite number of primes.

According to Proclus, Books X and XIII incorporate the work of the Pythagorean Theaetetus (c. 417-369 bce). Book X, which comprises roughly one-fourth of the Elements, seems disproportionate to the importance of its classification of incommensurable lines and areas (although study of this book would inspire Johannes Kepler [1571-1630] in his search for a cosmological model).

Books XI-XIII examine three-dimensional figures, in Greek stereometria. Book XI concerns the intersections of planes, lines, and parallelepipeds (solids with parallel parallelograms as opposite faces). Book XII applies Eudoxus's method of exhaustion to prove that the areas of circles are to one another as the squares of their diameters and that the volumes of spheres are to one another as the cubes of their diameters. Book XIII culminates with the construction of the five regular Platonic solids (pyramid, cube, octahedron, dodecahedron, icosahedron) in a given sphere, as displayed in the animation.

The unevenness of the several books and the varied mathematical levels may give the impression that Euclid was but an editor of treatises written by other mathematicians. To some extent this is certainly true, although it is probably impossible to figure out which parts are his own and which were adaptations from his predecessors. Euclid's contemporaries considered his work final and authoritative; if more was to be said, it had to be as commentaries to the Elements.

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Euclid | Biography, Contributions, Geometry, & Facts

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Euclid, the most prominent mathematician of Greco-Roman antiquity, best known for his geometry book, the Elements. It is sometimes said that, other than the Bible, the Elements is the most translated, published, and studied of all the books produced in the Western world.

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Hans Lippershey, telescope inventor, 1608.

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Hans Lippershey, telescope inventor, 1608.

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Most people think of Galileo Galilei when a telescope is mentioned. However, Hans Lippershey, a lensmaker, is credited with the invention in 1608.

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These are historical items from an old pharmacy where I was working. They demonstrates how formulating medicine has changed from compounding in a pharmacy to genomic sequencing in vaccine development today.

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science developed through the exchange of thoughts in letters and was boosted by the invention of the printing press

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A celestial map from the 17th century used for navigation.

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Charles Darwin analytically explained the evolution of plant and animals and causes behind the extinction of many species from the earth.This led to arise scientific intervestigation in my early childhood and always tinkering my mind the cause and effect relationship of natural phenomenon.

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I'm an amateur astronomer and a lover of maths, so my most inspiring scientist of the 16th century has to be Tycho Brahe. He was a very strong empirical astronomer and his huge number of (for their time) precise observations of the planets and the stars, at his observatory Uraniborg on the island of Hven (Sweden) allowed Johannes Kepler, years later, to develop the planetary laws of motion. Kepler's work provided the basis for Isaac Newton's theory of gravitation. For me, Tycho Brahe is where the sciences of astronomy and cosmology started.

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In my opinion, it's one of the beginnings of science.

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This is my favourite image, drawn by William Herschel in the 18C, showing stars in different regions of the night sky and producing the first drawing of the Milky Way.

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The scientific revolution an the european imperises

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The scientific revolution an the european imperises

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I interest in the science and technology's history, the implications in the human civilization and the history of european imperies.

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He is regarded by most modern physicists as the scientist of the 19th century who had the greatest influence on 20th-century physics.

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Mary Anning's discovery of the first complete Ichthyosaur skeleton challenged the Genesis theory of creation nearly 50 years before Darwin published On the Origin of Species

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I am fascinated by the discoveries and breakthroughs he and others were able to make.

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William Harvey (1578-1657) was an English physician who challenged  Galen's received ideas about the circulation of blood in humans. He was an international figure, studying at Cambridge and Padua universities and publishing his controversial book, De Motu Cordae in Frankfurt in 1628. He personifies the nature of modern scientific discourse and communication of ideas, confronting and challenging previous theory.

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I have always loved Vermeer's paintings, and here are two of the finest (though rather dark reproductions). One called The Astronomer, the other The Geographer - but which is which? And surely the same man posed for both, possibly the physicist Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek, a DelftAlderman.

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I loved reading her enthusiasm for maths and defence of her work.

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It opened my mind to Sciences, and the history of sciences

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In 1978, BBC aired a 10-part series entitled Connections, in which science historian James Burke made a compelling case for what’s essentially our founding philosophy: That ideas and innovation don’t occur in isolation, and that creativity is a combinatorial force. (Something more recently echoed by Paula Scher, Nina Paley and Steven Johnson.) True to the program’s subtitle, An Alternative View of Change, Burke debunks the myth of historical progress as a linear force and instead explores the interplay and interconnectedness of events and motives as the origin of modernity’s gestalt.

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Heliocentrism

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Antoni van Leeuwenhoek was a Dutch scientist who was one of the pioneers of microbiology, and who made many new discoveries with use of his invention called the microscope. One of his discoveries was the sperm cell.

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Pottery - the fusing of earth, air, fire and water and the use in society.  

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Pottery - the fusing of earth, air, fire and water and the use in society.  

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Is this the birth of technology?

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https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Herschel
I visited William Herschel's house in bath which showed where he conducted experiments and instruments that he invented.

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Isaac Newton - study of sunlight using prism.

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Leonardo da Vinci. A great innovator in the History of Science

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Leonardo da Vinci. A great innovator in the History of Science

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He also contributed to different arts with scientific view.

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The Enlightenment Gallery, British Museum London UK - one of my favourite museums, I have always found this a particularly fascinating space, bringing together a snapshot of scientific development.

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The science of shapes

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Mendeleev and his periodic table

As a chemist the early origins of the periodic table fascinate me and the fact that Mandeleev gets all the credit whilst others had very similar ideas

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José Celestino Mutis (1732-1808). While in Europe the Scientific Revolution consolidated a new knowledge, a new world, throughout from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in the Americas colonialism suffocated any new idea. Mutis introduced the ideas of Copernicus, Kepler Galileo, Newton and Linnaeus, and guided by an almost Baconian spirit he investigated the enormous diversity of flora, seeking to expand the practice of medicine, and the exploration of new plants for trade and industrial exploitation. Ideals that are clearly assigned to Science.

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English polymath, inventor,
mathematician, philosopher,
mechanical engineer.Origin of
modern,analytical computer,
invented principle of the
analytical engine, forerunner
of modern electronic
computer.

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Thomas Henry Flewett was an eminent virologist in the 20thC.  His PhD was in whether bacteria had nuclei. He researched into major smallpox, HIV, Rubella in pregnancy and Rotavirus (which he named), giving advice on the requirements needed to produce a working vaccine for Rotavirus shortly before his death in 2006

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It is a force seen and felt everywhere. A force inside everything.  Measuring, controlling, using and being awed by electricity has helped us to develop the  sort of lifestyle we now enjoy.  I have studied and worked with this energy over many years. But, do I really know what it is?
Murray

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This is so relevant now, with scientists working hard to develop vaccines for Covid-19. I am so grateful to them for their efforts, building on the work of their predecessors over the centuries. But the biggest thing has been the improvement in child health, so that - in many, although not all parts of the world - children no longer die young from treatable diseases. Vaccination is key to this, but so are low-tech solutions like rehydration kits. This is truly an example of where the history of science is also the history of progress.

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An English mathematician

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Hugh Miller was a stonemason by trade and developed interest in geology, living in an area rich in fossilized forms of life.  Self-taught, his name was even given to this creature. The history of science is based on many, many individual observations made by interested humans, curious about their environment.

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Hugh Miller was a stonemason by trade and developed interest in geology, living in an area rich in fossilized forms of life.  Self-taught, his name was even given to this creature. The history of science is based on many, many individual observations made by interested humans, curious about their environment.

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I could not find exactly the picture I was looking for with a free licence, but here is a schematic diagram. The reason why I think this represents the history of science is that a) various discoveries over time led to our current understanding, and b) it represents three major divisions that have developed in science (physics, chemistry and biology).
(picture attribution: At09kg, Wattcle, NefronusAt09kg: original Wattcle: vector graphics Nefronus: redoing the vector graphics, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons)

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Rosalind Franklin, from the structure of coal to the structure of DNA

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Rosalind Franklin, from the structure of coal to the structure of DNA

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Franklin started her career as a physical chemist in coal research during WW2. Her expertise in microstructures gained there led her to her famous work at Cambridge which uncovered the structure of DNA's double helix. Her work was famously 'stolen' or hidden (according to your perspective) by Crick & co.

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Puerperal fever in women after childbirth 

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Puerperal fever in women after childbirth 

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Ignace Philippe Semmelweis was born in 1818 in Buda, which is now part of Budapest.  This Hungarian obstetrician demonstrated the usefulness of washing hands after dissecting a corpse, before giving birth.  He also demonstrated that hand washing reduced the number of deaths caused by the dreaded puerperal fever in women after childbirth.  Until then, midwife doctors tried in vain to understand where puerperal fevers came from by performing numerous autopsies.  It was a terrible blow to those who were finally convinced by Semmelweis's ideas: they turned out to be unwittingly transmitting the disease.  It was only after Semmelweis' death that the theory of microbial diseases was developed.  He is now considered to be a pioneer in antisepsis measures and the prevention of nosocomial infections.
The tragic fate of this visionary doctor will be taken as the subject of the medical thesis defended in 1924 by Louis Destouches, who will become the famous French writer Louis-Ferdinand Céline.

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Space - our understanding of our place in Space - discovery of Jupiter's moons and what that meant to the theory that all celestial bodies went around the Earth. Kepler's laws, Newton's law of gravity etc

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As others have commented, the driving force behind all scientific advances is human curiosity, the capacity to imagine new explanations.
I think.

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The invention of microscopes opened the scientific community to a whole new world of organisms, and made a major contribution to our understanding of disease.

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Frances Willughby, "the man who pulled the study of birds out of the dark ages and formed the foundations of modern ornithology." Willughby's books set a standard for the way birds--and indeed the whole of natural history--should be studied, and laid the foundations of modern field biology.

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Zircon in a meteorite opens the door on Mars' past

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The expected discovery of zircons in a meteorite from Mars reveals new information about the planet's past.

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was an Italian astrophysicist and scientific disseminator. The asteroid 8558 Hack, discovered in 1995, was named in her honour.
via wikipedia

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Maybe 'science' was born when our ancestors looked up and began recording what they saw in some way. We realized observing that which happens repeatedly and predictably can give us power to understand and improve our lives. Bruce Robertson

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I think it all started when we looked up and over time realized we could profit from observation - predictions, etc. I suppose there's a finer line between science and magic than we're comfortable with ... Vermeer's painting speaks to me about the ascendancy of science (and geography too) as a kind of celebrated thing. It's beautiful too :)

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From experiment to artefact.
Production of points & spearheads from a flint stone core, Levallois technique, Mousterian Culture, Tabun Cave, 250,000-50,000 BP (detail)
Gary Todd, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons

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Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) used observation to derive a mathematical theory of planetary motion.

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Development of compass, sextant en glasses made possible better localization en navigation and description of the globe.

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Development of compass, sextant en glasses made possible better localization en navigation and description of the globe.

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James Clerk Maxwell FRS FRSE (13 June 1831 – 5 November 1879) was a Scottish[2][3] scientist in the field of mathematical physics.[4] His most notable achievement was to formulate the classical theory of electromagnetic radiation, bringing together for the first time electricity, magnetism, and light as different manifestations of the same phenomenon. Maxwell's equations for electromagnetism have been called the "second great unification in physics" [5] after the first one realised by Isaac Newton.

With the publication of "A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field" in 1865, Maxwell demonstrated that electric and magnetic fields travel through space as waves moving at the speed of light.[6] He proposed that light is an undulation in the same medium that is the cause of electric and magnetic phenomena.[7] The unification of light and electrical phenomena led his prediction of the existence of radio waves. Maxwell is also regarded as a founder of the modern field of electrical engineering.[8]

He helped develop the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution, a statistical means of describing aspects of the kinetic theory of gases. He is also known for presenting the first durable colour photograph in 1861 and for his foundational work on analysing the rigidity of rod-and-joint frameworks (trusses) like those in many bridges.

His discoveries helped usher in the era of modern physics, laying the foundation for such fields as special relativity and quantum mechanics. Many physicists regard Maxwell as the 19th-century scientist having the greatest influence on 20th-century physics. His contributions to the science are considered by many to be of the same magnitude as those of Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein.[9] In the millennium poll—a survey of the 100 most prominent physicists—Maxwell was voted the third greatest physicist of all time, behind only Newton and Einstein.[10] On the centenary of Maxwell's birthday, Einstein described Maxwell's work as the "most profound and the most fruitful that physics has experienced since the time of Newton".[11] Einstein, when he visited the University of Cambridge in 1922, was told by his host that he had done great things because he stood on Newton's shoulders; Einstein replied: "No I don't. I stand on the shoulders of Maxwell"

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Early Telescopes            Early telescopes only had available small, poor quality glass discs from which to grind lenses. These lenses suffered from chromatic aberration – different colours focussed at different distances - and spherical aberration – distortion inherent to lenses with spherical surfaces. It was found that these problems decreased if the surfaces were less curved  - the  telescope was made longer. As the picture shows, this was taken to ridiculous lengths. Nonetheless these telescopes were made to function. Objects such as planets were found and held in the tiny, wobbly field  of view , and important discoveries were made. Eventually Isaac Newton cut the Gordian knot by devising the reflecting telescope – mirrors treat all colours equally. The picture shows a 48m long telescope built by Johannes Hevelius  

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Early Telescopes            Early telescopes only had available small, poor quality glass discs from which to grind lenses. These lenses suffered from chromatic aberration – different colours focussed at different distances - and spherical aberration – distortion inherent to lenses with spherical surfaces. It was found that these problems decreased if the surfaces were less curved  - the  telescope was made longer. As the picture shows, this was taken to ridiculous lengths. Nonetheless these telescopes were made to function. Objects such as planets were found and held in the tiny, wobbly field  of view , and important discoveries were made. Eventually Isaac Newton cut the Gordian knot by devising the reflecting telescope – mirrors treat all colours equally. The picture shows a 48m long telescope built by Johannes Hevelius  

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Galileo is one of the scientist that captured my interest, especially because he is the one who invented the telescope. I think , I may be wrong. My very first history assignment was about him.

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On 13 August 2014, Mirzakhani was honored with the Fields Medal, the most prestigious award in mathematics. Thus, she became both the first, and to date, the only woman and the first Iranian to be honored with the award. The award committee cited her work in the dynamics and geometry of Riemann surfaces and their moduli spaces.

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Marie Curie was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize in two different categories - physics and chemistry - and the first woman to obtain a PhD degree from a French University.

In a Victorian era where academic opportunities for women were very limited, Marie Curie actually studied in secret, as it was nearly impossible to be accepted in an academic world that belonged to men.

Along with her husband, Pierre Curie, who was also a great scientist, Curie discovered polonium and radium. After her husband's death, she continued their research, which led to the further development of X-rays and the establishment of the field of radiation therapy for cancer.

Due to the permanent exposure to radiation, Marie Curie contracted leukemia and died in 1934, but she remains a role model and an inspiration for women in the scientific field.

Here are 14 Marie Curie quotes that will inspire you to strive for continuous self-improvement.

Nothing in life is to be feared, it is only to be understood. Now is the time to understand more, so that we may fear less.

Be less curious about people and more curious about ideas.

Have no fear of perfection; you'll never reach it.

We must have perseverance and above all confidence in ourselves. We must believe that we are gifted for something and that this thing must be attained.

You cannot hope to build a better world without improving the individuals. To that end, each of us must work for our own improvement.

I am one of those who think, like Nobel, that humanity will draw more good than evil from new discoveries.

I was taught that the way of progress is neither swift nor easy.

The older one gets, the more one feels that the present moment must be enjoyed, comparable to a state of grace.

One never notices what has been done; one can only see what remains to be done.

There are sadistic scientists who hurry to hunt down errors instead of establishing the truth.

I have frequently been questioned, especially by women, of how I could reconcile family life with a scientific career. Well, it has not been easy.

First principle: never to let one's self be beaten down by persons or by events.

Humanity needs practical men, who get the most out of their work, and, without forgetting the general good, safeguard their own interests. But humanity also needs dreamers, for whom the disinterested development of an enterprise is so captivating that it becomes impossible for them to devote their care to their own material profit.

All my life through, the new sights of Nature made me rejoice like a child.

RELATED: Top 12 Most Inspiring Malala Yousafzai Quotes

Flavia Medrut is a freelance writer, researcher and part-time psychologist. She believes music, long walks and a good sense of humor are imperative in keeping one's sanity. Kindness and kittens make her heart melt.

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14 Inspiring Marie Curie Quotes on Self-Improvement

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Marie Curie was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize, and a true role-model. Here are 14 of her most inspiring quotes -- they are still as relevant as ever and will inspire you to strive for continuous self-improvement.

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Marie Curie

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Uzbekistan astronomer who studied astronomy and supported the education of women opening up the study of the world to women. His advanced ideas led to to his assassination by his son, though I expect the thought of taking over the country played a part in that too.

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This statue and wall in St Petersburg illustrate for me both the persistence and ingenuity of the scientific mind

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Having four young grandchildren allows me to look at our world in a different perspective. The two year old encountering a slater. The seven year old wanting to know about the stars and planets. The nine year old examining flowers and the five year old wanting to know how the world was made. Hopefully they will always be interested in the world around them.

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When i was young I fell in love with science when reading a book called The Science of Life by Gordon Rattray Taylor. It was full of early discoveries in Biology. My favourite: Robert Hooke's Flea.

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This photo shows Yukultji Napananka, one of the last Aboriginal Australians to make contact with the non-Aboriginal people, in 1984. Her hunting and tracking skills are extraordinary and she is now educating people throughout Australia in hunting feral cats, which are the major cause of extinctions in Australia.

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“There is grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed by the Creator into a few forms or into one; and that, whilst this planet has gone cycling on according to the fixed law of gravity, from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been and are being evolved.”

― Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species

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Mariam al-Asturlabiyy, was a 10th-century Muslim female astronomer and maker of astrolabes in Aleppo, in what is now northern Syria.

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The spread of printing among different nations, societies, and  countries

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The spread of printing among different nations, societies, and  countries

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Printed book invention had a great influence on spreading ideas and knowledge among ordinary people. That brings a great change in the life of small nations as well, promoting a secularization and development of societies.

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վենետիկ, պարզաբանություն դավիդ մարգարեի

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the ideas that laid the basis for modern science. His 

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Russian novelist Alexey Tolstoy published his sci-fi novel in 1927. The book in fact spoke about the device which would be invented 40 years later - laser. Noteworthy is that the novel describes the structure of the mechanismus.