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Definition: Perception is the process of attaining awareness or understanding of sensory information.

Errors: Individuals mostly perceive things differently, depending on what they perceive and how they organize and interpret the things perceived. To try to "correct" these errors would prevent us from perceiving at all. Everyone will see thins from their own perception.

Ex. The spots on a leopard, viewing shapes in the clouds, color perception test.

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Motor patterns re stored in our long-term memory which is why someone can go 6 months without playing basketball and still essentially have the same technique.

Pre-Performance Goals:
1.) stabilizes the motor pattern
2.) Adds Consistency
3.) Establishes a rhythm

Shooting/performance will change as you age.

However, to access our motor patterns we have to move them to our short term memory.

Once stored in working memory the skill will only be there for about 20-30s. This is why a lot of athletes (like Steve Nash) do practice motor skill shots before shooting a free throw, instead of trying to take a cold shot.

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Robert Singer developed a five-step Performance Model for closed skill (self-paced) performance. His five steps were:

1. Readying

2. Imaging

3. Focusing

4. Executing

5. Evaluating

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Motor Learning In Basketball (measured improvement)

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Motor Learning In Basketball (measured improvement)

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Motor learning in terms of skill acquisition is concerned with two primary concepts: Retention and transfer. Retention is the ability to retain the skill performance after a period of no practice. In sports, we look at day to day for retention

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Definition:physical suffering or discomfort caused by illness or injury.
Physical PainEmotional Pain

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Motor Skill Performance-The ability to engage the body in precise movements in order to perform an act. Lack of experience when performing a skill will effect the performance whether it be coordination or gauging how to move  the body in the proper way of completing a task.

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Motor Skill Performance-The ability to engage the body in precise movements in order to perform an act. Lack of experience when performing a skill will effect the performance whether it be coordination or gauging how to move  the body in the proper way of completing a task.

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is important because it will tell you how long it will take someone to respond to a stimuli, it can predict the reaction time by analyzing, by using S-R possibilities

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Stability of the environment-- open v. closed loop.
Open loop = changing/unpredictable
Closed loop= stable/predictable

Examples of closed environment: archery, weightlifting, synchronized swimming

Examples of open environment: ground stroke in tennis, tackling a player in soccer, making a play in football with only 6 seconds to go

Other environmental constraints to consider: surface, lighting, visual flow, weather

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Fine and Gross Motor skills make up each and every movement we need or use. While babies and children develop, they get a better understanding of these two concepts subconsciously. At first though, they struggle as they might try to walk and then turn in one direction very quickly, which leads them to falling. A simple misuse or overuse of the fine and gross motors skills is what lead to this error. Fine motor skills would be necessary to control their balance, while gross motor skills would emphasis proper foot placement.

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the degree of intensity of heat in an environment or object.

Measuring a  baseball player's ability to throw can have errors affected by the temperature.

Heat will expand and move matter faster in an environment, while cold temperatures will slow and contract matter.

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Immediate responses that are enabled through our senses. An example may be one person viewing an image one way and another person perceiving the same image in a different way. This is shown in the figure below and how it can be perceived as either two faces or a vase.

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:Todja Lacadre
The action or process of making decisions  Decision Making is regarded as the cognitive process resulting in the selection of a belief or a course of action among several alternative possibilities.

- # of response choices
- increases number of choices increases time to decision
- Anticipation explains how Visual & Auditory cues can affect your ability to make a decision

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- the special sense by which the qualities of an object (such as color, luminosity, shape, and size) appearance are perceived through a process.

- intrinsic feedback

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Sensory Errors involve several different types of errors dealing with our senses.
Examples:
vision-too dark/improper lighting
hearing
taste
smell
equilibrium
somatosensory
temperature
pain
itch
proprioception-poor balance
-All examples deal with a sense in the body, and how these specific systems can create error in the way we perceive something.

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-Definition- convey (an intentional or unconscious message), especially with facial expression or body language.
-Example: a tiny movement of the arm telegraphed  intention to strike"
-"Telegraphing" always refers to a reflexive physical action rather than a protracted or intellectual give-away. For example, a boxer rotating his shoulders to throw a hook would be telegraphing

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Definition: a limitation or restriction
Errors occur when weather is bad, availability of equipment, developmental level, and fear.
Bad Weather

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- Equilibrium is a state of rest or balance due to the equal action of opposing forces.

-An equilibrium is created when opposing forces essentially cancel each other out.

-Errors can occur in regards to equilibrium when the balance of equal forces shifts in one direction or the other.

-Example: Two people on a seesaw create an equilibrium when there is a center of balance between the two.

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The faculty or power of perceiving odors or scents by means of the organs in the nose. Humans detect smells by inhaling air that contains odor molecules, which bind to receptors inside the nose, relaying messages to the brain.

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The unconscious perception of movement and spatial orientation arising from stimuli within the body itself.

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-Degree or measurement of heat present in or on a object.

-Errors in temperature happen when the instrument used to measure temperature is not placed at a optimal spot.

-Use thermometers to measure temperature
-digital
-Mercury

-The instrument is exposed to sun or placed near a building it will receive extra heat.

-Image shows how if you measure the temperature at different spots the temperature will be different

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-Taste is one of the 5 senses we have and is the sensation of flavor perceived in the mouth and throat on contact with a substance

-We have ability to distinguish between 6 different qualities: sweet, sour, salty, bitter, pungent and astringent

~Sweet: Builds tissue and calms nerves (fruit, grains, natural sugars, and milk)
~Sour: Cleanses tissues and increases absorption of minerals (sour food, yogurt, and fermented foods)
~Salty: Improves taste to food, lubricates tissues and stimulates digestion (natural salts, sea vegetables)
~Bitter: Detoxifies and lightens tissues (dark leafy greens, herbs and spices)
~Pungent: Stimulates digestion and metabolism (chili peppers, garlic, herbs and spices)
~Astringent: Absorbs water, tightens tissues and dries fats (legumes, raw fruits and vegetables, herbs)

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Definition - the faculty of perceiving sounds

Conductive hearing loss - a decrease in sound in the outer or middle ear

Sensorineural hearing loss - a problem located in the inner ear or along the nerve pathway between the inner ear and the brain

Mixed hearing loss - conductive and sensorineural loss

Causes -
1. build up of ear wax
2. Ear infection and abnormal bone growths or tumors
3. ruptured eardrum
4. damage to the inner ear

Psychological effects -
depression, anxiety,  shame, guilt, lack of concentration,

Hearing Loss (continued)
·      Conductive hearing losses usually affect all frequencies of hearing evenly and do not result in severe losses

·      A person with a conductive hearing loss usually is able to use a hearing aid well or can be helped medically or surgically

·      Sensorineural hearing losses result from damage to the delicate sensory hair cells of the inner ear or the nerves which supply it

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- the action or capability of understanding something.
- Work on this by asking question, making sure you are doing what the task is.
-- ex. running a post route when you were supposed to run a slant would indicate a error in comprehension.

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Hicks law describes the time it takes for a person to make a decision as a result of the possible choices he or she has: increasing the number of choices will increase the decision time logarithmically.

The Hick law assesses cognitive information capacity in choice reaction experiments.

In Hyman’s experiment, he had eight different lights arranged in a 6x6 matrix. Each of these different lights was given a name, so the participant was timed in the time it took to say the name of the light after it was lit.

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Liv DeHaan and Jessica Gibson
Definition-
The unconscious trained response of a muscle to a signal regarding dynamic joint stability.

-This is needed to make purposeful movements and perform any daily activity. You can train the system through repetition.

-Transmission through afferent pathways

-Elements are through proprioception and kinesthesia training.
> these restore   Neurosensory                properties.

-  This system of neurological messages (sometimes referred to as “muscle memory”)
is a complex interacting system connecting different aspects of muscle actions (static, dynamic, reactive),
muscle contractions, coordination, stabilization, body posture and balance.

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Graph of itch patterns

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-Successful performance of motor skills depends on how quickly and accurately the performer assesses the situation and decides on a response.
-delays in selecting a response influences the timing and quality of the response leading to error.

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Definition
Recall- bring (a fact, event, or situation) back into one's mind, especially so as to recount it to others; remember.
-Recalling information from your selection, perception, and decision to bring back a fact or event.

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- task constraints include speed/accuracy, moving, seated, standing, number of task.
- Cause of error can occur through rushing through the task too many instructions for the task
- Changing task constraints can lead to changes in new individual performance characteristics.

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-The Person
Previous skill learning • Level of motivation • Age/development readiness • Psychological characteristics • Fitness level • Body constraints on movement

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Definition:  physical suffering or discomfort caused by illness or injury.