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The Mayans actually built an "observatory." Certain window placements in the El Caracol observatory suggest that the Mayans even tracked Venus's movements across the night sky.

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Ancient Mayan society (and ancient mesoamerican societies in general) are so mysterious simply because there isn't much remaining evidence of their once grand civilizations. Especially so for the Mayans. The Incas and the Aztecs were both conquered by Spanish and Portuguese colonists, but the Mayans kind of just disappeared, and nobody knows why.  The Mayans were incredibly advanced when it came to keeping track of time, and with agriculture. This achievement can be attributed to their incredibly advanced understanding of the heavens.

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The ancient Mayan civilization created a calendar. Actually, they created hundreds of calendars, some short count, and some long count. The calendar in the image below is called the Haab calendar, and it's quite similar in structure to the modern Gregorian calendar minus a few differences.