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Cancer is a class of diseases characterized by out-of-control cell growth.

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Cancer is a class of diseases characterized by out-of-control cell growth.

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Scientific classification:

Domain: Bacteria
Kingdom:Eubacteria
Phylum:Proteobacteria
Class:Gammaproteobacteria
Order:Enterobacteriales
Family:Enterobacteriaceae
Genus:Salmonella
Species:S. enterica

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Cancer is a disease that have abnormal cell growth that can spread to the entire part of the body. There are more than 100 type of cancer. The name of the cancer is based on the organ or tissue that the cancer form.

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NDV is a contagious disease that affecting many avian species. A type strain for avian paramyxoviruses. Members of this family have single stranded,linear,RNA, with an elliptical symmetry.NDV use as an anticancer agent. In 2011, Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center researchers found that NDV modified with the viral protein NS1 had a higher specificity for cancer cells that overexpressed the antiapoptotic factor Bcl-xL. The researchers suggested in cells that resist the normal inducement of apoptosis when infected will give NDV more time to incubate in cell and spread. Many cancer cells will overexpress antiapoptotic factors as part of tumor development.
This mechanism of delaying apoptosis in abnormal cells gives NDV the specificity it needs to be an efficient cancer fighting oncolytic virus
[Oncolytic Newcastle Disease Virus for cancer therapy: old challenges and new directions] -->>>
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4241685/

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This is by using bacteria or their products to stimulate beneficial host immume response to inhibit and suppress cancer developement and growth.The oxygen-starved and necotic cores of tumors are attractive environments for anaerobic bacteria such as Salmonella, Clostridium,and Listeria, and an infection can lead to tumor colonization by these bugs. As the bacteria busily multiply, they can directly kill the cancer cells, but also attract attention of the body's immune system which is generally suppressed within tumors, leading to further tumor destruction.

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An innovative new cancer therapy hijacks bacteria to fight tumors

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An innovative new cancer therapy hijacks bacteria to fight tumors

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New immunotherapy in which a bioengineered strain of Salmonella is converted into a biological version of the fabled Trojam Horse. Once inside an unsuspecting tumor, the modified bacteria transmit a signal that triggers nearby immune cells into launching an attack on the malignant cells.

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Bacteria called magnetococcus marinus or MC-1 are potential bacteria that could aid in destruction of the tumor.

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Newcastle disease is an infection of domestic poultry and other bird species with virulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV). It is a worldwide problem that presents primarily as anacute respiratory disease, but depression, nervous manifestations, or diarrhea may be the predominant clinical form.

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New Salmonella Strain Helps Fights Cancer

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A new strain of salmonella developed by the Cancer Research Center in Missouri targets cancer cells in tumors. CBS2's Dr. Max Gomez reports.

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Salmonella is a microbe that can survive without oxygen and readily accumulates in tumors. Previous studies have looked at using bacteria like salmonella to carry anti-cancer drugs into tumours. Scientists have engineered a safe form of salmonella which is one million times less potent that the strain which causes food poisoning, but is still recognized by the immune system. The bacterial strain, which specifically targeting tumours, are approximately 1 million fold attenuated in virulence. In other words, they are very safe. strain does not seem to cause any systemic inflammation or toxicity in internal organs.

These bacterias are deficient in a crucial enzyme called purine and Tumors just so happen to be an excellent source of purine, which causes the bacteria to target the tumor cells. These genetically engineered bacteria produces two compounds called Azurin and p53 that instruct cells to commit suicide but only in the presence of low levels of oxygen. And since cancerous cells are multiplying so energetically, the environment around and within tumors has unusually low oxygen. Therefore, Salmonella bacteria triggers the body immune system to fight a tumour.
REFERENCES : - https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/01/170111102942.htm
https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2016/07/a-probiotic-with-a-built-in-timer/492116/
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/02/18/salmonella-flags-cancer-immune-system-injected-tumours-scientists/

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Gut bacteria are the microbes that lives in our intestine. It seems like these bacteria influence in the shrinking of tumour during cancer therapy. Those that responded to therapy tended to have a richer, more diverse microbiome than those that did not. It does not work in every patient, but in some cases it can clear even terminal cancer.
REFERENCES : http://www.bbc.com/news/health-41848461

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Examples of bacteria that 'boost' cancer therapy 

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Examples of bacteria that 'boost' cancer therapy 

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-Akkermansia muciniphila
-Faecalibacterium
-Clostridialesm

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An advantage of using bacteria to treat cancer is that these bacteria can be modified relatively easily, such as by equipping them with other therapeutic agents, or make them less toxic. Another good thing about using bacteria as a therapeutic agent is that once they're infecting the tumor, they can induce a strong immune response against tumor cells themselves whereby the bacteria release enzymes that destroy the tumor cells, and eat the shreds.
REFERENCES : https://www.nature.com/scitable/blog/microbe-matters/curing_cancer_why_not_use

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-Harmless strain of E.coli , injected / orally
-produce a molecules called hemolysin , destroy tumor , damaging cell membranes
-produces a drug , induces cell undergo programmed suicide
-stimulate body`s immune system to attack the tumor

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Combination therapy ,colon cancer in mice

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Combination therapy ,colon cancer in mice

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reduced tumor growth slighty , with the chemotherapy drug 5-fluoruoracil

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Gut bacteria 'boost' cancer therapy

By James Gallagher, BBC News.

Bacteria living in the murky depths of the digestive system seem to influence whether tumours shrink during cancer therapy, say French and US researchers.

They tested the microbiome - the collection of microscopic species that live in us - in cancer patients.

Two studies, in the journal Science, linked specific species and the overall diversity of the microbiome to the effectiveness of immunotherapy drugs.

Experts said the results were fascinating and held a lot of promise.

Our bodies are home to trillions of micro-organisms and the relationship between "us" and "them" goes far beyond infectious diseases.

The microbiome is involved in digestion, protection from infection and regulating the immune system.

Both studies were on patients receiving immunotherapy, which boosts the body's own defences to fight tumours.

It does not work in every patient, but in some cases it can clear even terminal cancer.

Survival

One study, at the Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus in Paris, looked at 249 patients with lung or kidney cancer.

They showed those who had taken antibiotics, such as for dental infection, damaged their microbiome and were more likely to see tumours grow  while on immunotherapy.

One species of bacteria in particular,Akkermansia muciniphila , was in 69% of patients that did respond compared with just a third of those who did not.

Boosting levels of A. muciniphila in mice seemed to also boost their response to immunotherapy.

Meanwhile, at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 112 patients with advanced melanoma had their specific microbiome analysed.

Those that responded to therapy tended to have a richer, more diverse microbiome than those that did not.

And they had different bacteria too. High levels of Faecalibacterium and Clostridiales appeared to be beneficial, while Bacteroidales species were bad news in the study.

'Game-changing'

Tissues samples showed there were more cancer-killing immune cells in the tumour of people with the beneficial bacteria.

The team then performed a trans-poo-sion, a transplant of faecal matter, from people to mice with melanoma.

Mice given bacteria from patients with the "good" mix of bacteria had slower-growing tumours than mice given "bad" bacteria.

Dr Jennifer Wargo, from Texas, told the BBC: "If you disrupt a patient's microbiome you may impair their ability to respond to cancer treatment."

She is planning clinical trials aimed at altering the microbiome in tandem with cancer treatment.

She said: "Our hypothesis is if we change to a more favourable microbiome, you just may be able to make patients respond better.

"The microbiome is game-changing, not just cancer but for overall health, it's definitely going to be a major player."

Promising

Mark Fielder, president of the Society for Applied Microbiology and professor of medical biology at Kingston University, said the study showed the importance of understanding the micro-organisms that call our bodies home.

He told the BBC: "It's really interesting and holds a lot of promise, we need to do more work but there are exciting glimmers here in treating some difficult diseases.

"Some claim the microbiome is the answer to everything, I don't think that's the case.

"But once we understand more, it could be that microbiome manipulation is important in changing people's health."

Dr Emma Smith from Cancer Research UK, said: "It's fascinating.

"One of the big challenges for using immunotherapies to treat cancer is understanding which patients will respond, and this research is a step towards helping doctors to identify these people."

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http://news.mit.edu/2016/cancer-fighting-bacteria-0720