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Haiti was home to more slaves than any place except Brazil. Being a slave in a sugar-production colony was exceptionally brutal, as well. Slaves made up of about 90% of the Haiti population, and most were born in Haiti due to the cruel conditions. Due to the Haitian society, white slave owners were at the top of the social pyramid and slaves were at the very bottom. In 1791, National Assembly gave full French citizenship to all men of color. A fight broke out between the newly free French people of color and the poor white people, resulting in a slave revolt.

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Haitian Revolutions: Crash Course World History #30

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Led by the former slave Toussaint l'Overture, the enslaved would act first, rebelling against the planation owners. Toussaint then goes on to conquer the rest of island, as well as fighting off both French and British forces. French Troops ended up capturing Toussaint, resulting in him dying in prison. Jean-Jacques Dessalines, one of l’Overture’s generals and himself a former slave, led the revolutionaries that led to Haiti's independence in 1804.

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During the Napoleonic Wars at the beginning of the 19th century, Napoleon created the Confederation of the Rhine out of his conquests in Germany as the war progressed German speakers began to feel a sense of unity. And eventually when Napoleon was on the retreat Germans from all states, particularly students in the Lutzer Corps, began to volunteer to fight for the Prussians against France in the wake of the Napoleonic Wars. A German Confederation was formed, however, it was ineffective at stopping the rivalry between Prussia and Austria and calls for the unification began to grow stronger.

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Impressionism Painting from Germany 1871

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Impressionism Painting from Germany 1871

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The German Confederation was the loose association of 39 states created in 1815 to coordinate the economies of separate German-speaking countries. In the 1860s, Otto von Bismarck, then Minister President of Prussia, provoked three short, decisive wars against Denmark, Austria, and France, aligning the smaller German states behind Prussia in its defeat of France. In 1871 he unified Germany into a nation-state, forming the German Empire.

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The first, original, and truly natural boundaries of states are beyond doubt their internal boundaries. Those who speak the same language are joined to each other by a multitude of invisible bonds by nature herself, long before any human art begins; they understand each other and have the power of continuing to make themselves understood more and more clearly; they belong together and are by nature one and an inseparable whole.

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Brazil's independence differed from the rest of Latin America in that it was: declared and led by the Portuguese regent in Brazil, who became emperor. Leaders of Latin American independence revolts were generally: moderates, who wanted some democratic institutions but feared the masses.

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Brazilian Independence | 3 Minute History

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Brazil entered nationhood with considerably less bloodshed than any of the other Spanish-speaking nations of the New World; however, the transition was not entirely peaceful. The Portuguese prince regent Dom Joao, who was later king, decided to take refuge in Brazil, making it the only colony to serve as the seat of government for its mother country. In 1820, King Joao became preoccupied with a situation when radical revolts erupted in Lisbon and Oporto. On April 22, 1821, he appointed his son Dom Pedro regent and two days later sailed for Lisbon. Dom Pedro convoked a legislative and constituent assembly, and on September 7, he proclaimed the independence of Brazil; he was crowned emperor on December 1.