# data[].attributes.body
https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-Dopamine.aspx

Course materials: U2 ANS Part 1, U2 ANS Part 2

Hinter text, chapter 5

# data[].attributes.body
nadolol (Corgard®)

propanolol (Inderal®)
timolol (Blocadren®)

Uses for all three: hypertension, arrhythmias, angina, tachycardia, migraines, glaucoma, heart failure

# data[].attributes.headline
Non-selective Beta Blocking Blocking Drugs

# data[].attributes.subject
Non-selective Beta Blocking Blocking Drugs

# data[].attributes.body
MOA

beta-1 receptors are blocked (affects heart)

beta-2 receptors are blocked (affects lungs)

negative inotropic, decreases cardiac output

negative chronotropic (decreases HR)

negative dromotrophic (decreases conduction)

decrease in BP due to decrease in cardiac output

non-therapeutic bronchoconstriction

# data[].attributes.body
atenolol (Tenormin®)

metoprolol (Lopressor®)

Use for both: hypertension, angina, arrhythmias, tachycardia, migraine, glaucoma, heart failure

# data[].attributes.body
MOA

beta-1 receptor is blocked

antagonizes beta-1 effects of NE and EPI

negative inotropic, decreases cardiac output

negative chronotropic (decreases HR)

negative dromotrophic (decreases conduction)

decrease in BP due to decrease in cardiac output

# data[].attributes.body
albuterol (Proventil®, Ventolin®)

Use: bronchodilator

terbutaline (Brethine®)

Use: bronchodilator, uterine relaxant

formorterol (Foradil®)

Use: bronchodilator

salmeterol (Serevent®)

Use: bronchodilator

# data[].attributes.body
MOA

stimulates beta-2 receptors

relaxation of smooth muscle of lungs; bronchodilation

relaxation of smooth muscles of uterus

# data[].attributes.body
dobutamine

Use: treatment of shock, increase BP, increase heart function

# data[].attributes.body
MOA

low dose: stimulates dopaminergic (d-1) receptors in kidneys; causes vasodilation and increased renal blood flow

moderate dose: stimulates beta-1 receptors on heart; increases cardiac output and force of contraction

high dose: stimulates alpha-1 receptors; causes vasoconstriction and increase in BP

# data[].attributes.body
prazosin (Minipress®)

Use: hypertension

terazosin (Hytrun®)

Use: hypertension, benign prostatic hyperplasia

doxazosin (Cardura®)

Use: hypertension, benign prostatic hyperplasia

# data[].attributes.body
MOA

binds to alpha-1 receptors and blocks them

smooth muscle relaxation

vasodilation of blood vessels

decreases BP

relaxes smooth muscle of ureters

increases urine flow

# data[].attributes.body
epinephrine (Adrenalin®)

Use: anaphylaxis, shock, cardiac arrhythmias

# data[].attributes.body
MOA

stimulates all alpha and beta receptors

vasopressor-vasoconstriction, increases BP via alpha-1 receptor

cardiac stimulant, via beta-1 receptors

bronchodilator, via beta-2 receptors

# data[].attributes.body
ephedrine

Use: increase BP

phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine®)

Use: increase BP, nasal decongestant

# data[].attributes.body
MOA

stimulates alpha-1 receptors

smooth muscle contraction

constricts blood vessels

increases BP

Clinical uses:

increase vital organ circulation

increase BP

promote decongestion

# data[].attributes.body
drugs that work against the sympathetic system

antagonists

adrenergic blocking

inhibitors

blockers

# data[].attributes.body
drugs that mimic the sympathetic system

agonists

adrenergics

# data[].attributes.body
atropine

Uses: increases HR, decreases vagus nerve activity, slows digestion and urination, mydriasis

dicyclomine (Bentyl®)

Use: decreases GI motility and secretions

ipratropium bromide (Atrovent®)

Use: bronchodilation

# data[].attributes.body
Not an organ, but greatly affected!

Cholinergic stimulation

decrease in HR

bronchoconstriction

increase in GI activity

decrease in BP

# data[].attributes.body
neostigmine (Prostigmine®)

Uses: urinary retention, intestinal stasis, reversal of rocuronium (Zemuron®), treat myasthenia gravis

physostigmine (Eserine®)

Use: antidote to overuse of anticholinergics

# data[].attributes.body
Receptors

acts directly on acetylcholinesterase

MOA

inhibits acetylcholinerase

increases acetylcholine (ACH)

# data[].attributes.body
acetylcholine

MOA: pupil constriction

pilocarpine (Pilocar®)

MOA: pupil constriction, decreases fluid in eye, decreases intraocular pressure

bethanechol (Urecholine ®)

MOA: stimulates muscarinic receptors of bladder and GI tract, prevents constipation and urinary retention

# data[].attributes.body
MOA

directly binds to muscarinic receptors

mimics acetylcholine (ACH)

# data[].attributes.body
drugs that work against the parasympathetic system

antagonists

anticholinergics

MOA

binds to cholinergic receptor

competitive antagonism, blocking drugs

# data[].attributes.body
drugs that mimic the parasympathetic system

agonists

cholinergics

# data[].attributes.body
Cholinergic stimulation

contraction of bladder

relaxation of sphincter

increase in urination

# data[].attributes.body
Cholinergic stimulation

decrease in HR

decrease in AV conduction

slight decrease in contractility

# data[].attributes.body
Cholinergic stimulation

increase in motility

increase in secretions

increase in defecation

# data[].attributes.body
Cholinergic stimulation

few arteries have parasympathetic nerves

no significant change in blood pressure

# data[].attributes.body
Cholinergic stimulation

constriction (miosis)

# data[].attributes.body
Cholinergic stimulation

release of acetylcholine (ACH)

# data[].attributes.body
Cholinergic stimulation

no parasympathetic stimulation

# data[].attributes.body
Cholinergic stimulation

bronchoconstriction in lower passages

# data[].attributes.body
Adrenergic stimulation

release of norepinephrine (NE)

# data[].attributes.body
Adrenergic stimulation

releases epinephrine (EPI)

# data[].attributes.body
Adrenergic stimulation

vasoconstriction, except...

vasodilation of coronary arteries

vasodilation of arteries to skeletal muscle

# data[].attributes.body
Adrenergic stimulation

relaxation of bladder

contraction of urinary sphincter

decrease in urination

# data[].attributes.body
Adrenergic stimulation

bronchodilation in lower passages

# data[].attributes.body
Adrenergic stimulation

dilation (mydriasis)

# data[].attributes.body
Adrenergic stimulation

decrease in motility

decrease in secretions

decrease in defecation

# data[].attributes.body
Adrenergic stimulation

increase in HR

increase in AV conduction

increase in contractility

# data[].attributes.headline
Neurotransmitters: Where do they come from, where do they go?

# data[].attributes.subject
Neurotransmitters: Where do they come from, where do they go?

# data[].attributes.body
acetylcholine (ACH) - cholinergic

released at the ganglia by preganglionic nerve fibers

goes to the Nn, nicotinic 1 receptor at ganglia of both parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves

norepinephrine (NE) - adrenergic

released at postganglionic nerve fibers

goes to alpha-1 and beta-1 receptors on individual organs

goes to alpha-2 receptors as part of negative feedback system to maintain homeostasis

synthesized by dopamine (DA)

also released by adrenal medulla and neurons

epinephrine (EPI) - adrenergic

released by the adrenal medulla

goes to alpha-1, beta-1, and beta-2 receptors on individual organs

dopamine (DA) - sympathetic and CNS neurotransmitter

released by the hypothalamus

multiple receptors

# data[].attributes.headline
Neurotransmitters: Where do they come from, where do they go?

# data[].attributes.subject
Neurotransmitters: Where do they come from, where do they go?

# data[].attributes.body
acetylcholine (ACH) - cholinergic

released at the ganglia

goes to the Nn, nicotinic 1 receptor at ganglia of both parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves

released at postganglionic nerve fibers

goes to the muscarinic receptors at parasympathetic postganglionic nerve endings

on cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands

also goes to the Nm receptors in the somatic nervous system

# data[].attributes.body
Also called the thoracolumbar or adrenergic division, this is the subdivision of the autonomic nervous system responsible for the four F's: fight, flight, fornicate, and freeze. When our bodies respond to stress it is our sympathetic nervous system in charge.

# data[].attributes.body
Also called the craniosacral or cholinergic division, this is the subdivision of the autonomic nervous system in charge of resting and digesting; when we are not responding to stress this is the part of our autonomic nervous system in charge.

# data[].attributes.body
From the nervous system, to the peripheral nervous system, to the autonomic nervous system.