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Oedipus complex is a term used in the psychosexual stages of development theory by Sigmund Freud. The concept, first proposed by Freud in 1899 and not formally used until 1910, refers to a male child’s attraction to their parent of the opposite sex (mother) and jealousy of their parent of the same sex (father). Possess unconscious thoughts, feelings, desires, and memories.

Essentially, a boy feels that he is competing with his father for possession of his mother, while a girl feels that she is competing with her mother for her father's affections. According to Freud, children view their same-sex parent as a rival for the opposite-sex parent's attention and affections.

According to Freud’s theory, the psychosexual development in childhood happens in stages. Each stage represents the fixation of libido on a different part of the body. Freud believed that as you grow physically, certain parts of your body become sources of pleasure, frustration, or both.

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Sigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis. In his book "The Interpretation of Dreams," Sigmund Freud suggested that the content of dreams is related to wish fulfillment. Freud believed that the manifest content of a dream, or the actual imagery and events of the dream, served to disguise the latent content or the unconscious wishes of the dreamer.

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- Hysteria is a term used to describe a condition in which a person's physical symptoms are accompanied by a psychological explanation. A person can experience shortness of breath, anxiety, fainting, nervousness, insomnia, sexual forwardness, irritability, and agitation.

- When someone responds in a way that seems disproportionately emotional for the situation, they are often described as hysterical

- The term hysteria stems from the Greek hysteria, which means "uterus."

- Studies on Hysteria (1895) was a joint publication by Doctor Sigmund Freud and Breuer which gives exceptional insight in methods used to treat mental century, specifically hysteria.

- Hysteria is a result from one's environment, education, and interactions as a child with adults or other children's worlds.

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Sigmund Freud
- Viennese analyst that altered the concept of child development.
- He thought that humans go through five stages of psychosexual development; Children who do not effectively navigate through each stage can have sexual or emotional issues as adults.

5 STAGES:

Oral stage (early 18 months)
The oral stage is the stage where we need to satisfy the needs of the mouth which includes sucking and eating. Being unable to satisfy and fulfill the child's needs in this stage can result in problems with drinking, eating, smoking, or nail-biting.

🤬 stage (18 months - 3 years old)
The 🤬 stage is the stage where we need to focus on the child's bowel movements. Toilet training is a huge factor because it is the stage where the independence and accomplishment will be developed. An 🤬-expulsive personality could develop in which the individual has a messy, wasteful, or destructive personality.

Phallic stage (age 3-6)
The phallic stage is the third stage of psychosexual development, spanning the ages of three to six years, wherein the infant's libido (desire) centers upon their genitalia as the erogenous zone. The phallic stage of development is primarily focused on identifying with the same-sex parent.
Freud suggested that fixations at this point could lead to adult personalities that are overly vain, exhibitionistic, and sexually aggressive.
At this stage, boys may develop what Freud referred to as an Oedip.

Latency stage ( age 6 - puberty)
The latent period is a time of exploration in which the sexual energy repressed or dormant. This energy is still present, but it is sublimated into other areas such as intellectual pursuits and social interactions. This stage is important in the development of social and communication skills and self-confidence.

Genital stage (puberty onwards)
From puberty onwards this stage of psychosexual development begins at the start of puberty when sexual urges are once again awakened.
In the early stages adolescence focus their sexual urges towards the opposite sex peers with the pleasure centered on the genitals.

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Psychoanalysis is a technique for investigating and treating psychic experiences and emotional illnesses.

Psychoanalysis sought to bring unconscious information into conscious awareness in order to bring about catharsis. This catharsis was an emotional release that could bring about relief from psychological distress.

The process of psychoanalytic treatment includes self-examination, which can assist people in achieving long-term growth and improvement.

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Lamarckism
A theory of evolution based on the principle that physical changes in organisms during their lifetime—such as greater development of an organ or a part through increased use—could be transmitted to their offspring

How did the giraffe get such a long neck?
Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution:

He believed that all creatures were linked by a ‘fountain of life’

And animals inherited acquired characteristics

The characteristics that help that organism to survive are passed to their offspring

So if your parents are bodybuilders then you are born that way

Why was Lamarck's theory rejected?
Lamarck's theory cannot account for all the observations made about life on Earth. For instance, his theory implies that all organisms would gradually become complex, and simple organisms disappear.

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Charles Darwin was a British naturalist, geologist and biologist. He is also known as the most influential contributor to thoughts about evolution (gradual change in species over time) as he presented evidence for changes in species through Natural Selection. He proposed his Theory of Evolution, one of the most revolutionary ideas and most solid theories in science.

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* Our environment changes
*The theory of evolution is all species are related and gradually change over time.
* Only those with desirable traits would be able to survive in the struggle for survival. -Adaptation
* Evolution happens by natural selection.

Example:
- Not all giraffes have an equally long neck but overtime more giraffes came to have long necks
-Apelike ancestors vs modern human

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This man does not need an introduction since he is the one of the most popular astronomers in the history of mankind. Galileo di Vincenzo Bonaiuti de' Galilei, as his full name, is the "father" of observational astronomy, modern physics and science and, the scientific method.

Also a natural philosopher, especially when it comes to heaviness. He said that bodies move upward not because they have a natural lightness, but because they are displaced by other heavier bodies moving downward.

Is often incorrectly credited with the creation of a telescope, since he is not the one that created it but the first one to point a telescope skyward and discovered the rings of Saturn, sunspots and four of Jupiter's moons and many more.

His discoveries regarding the four largest moons of the Jupiter, and the place of the sun is really the center of the solar system and not the Earth which explains and proves further that Copernicus’ theory was right which is Heliocentrism.

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-Heliocentrism is the belief that the Sun is at the center of the solar system.
-The word "helios" in Greek means "sun"
-Nicolaus Copernicus, in the 16th century, made great advances on the heliocentric planetary model.

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BIOGRAPHY
-Nicolaus Copernicus was a mathematician, scientist, and astronomer born in February 19, 1473 in the Crown of Kingdom of Poland. He was the youngest of four children. He never married a woman

EDUCATION
- He studied liberal arts, astronomy, and astrology at the University of Cracow.
- He continued his studies at the University of Bologna.
- He studied medicine at the University of Padua.

WORK
- As a church canon, he worked for a bishopric in Poland.
- Collected rents
- Secured military defenses, medical needs, and chapter finances
- Managed a bakery, brewery, and mills

DISCOVERIES
- He shared his findings in the Commentariolus. His second book on the topic, De revolutionibus orbium coelestium
- He proposed a heliocentric solar system
- Gresham's law

- Quantity theory of money

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Father of Modern Astronomy: Nicolaus Copernicus

Definition of Astronomy: Astronomy is the study of everything in the universe beyond Earth's atmosphere. That includes objects we can see with our naked eyes, like the Sun , the Moon , the planets, and the stars . It also includes objects we can only see with telescopes or other instruments, like faraway galaxies and tiny particles.

Copernicus is considered the founder of modern astronomy. Though he spent the major part of his life performing church duties and practicing medicine, Copernicus had developed an early interest in astronomy and throughout his life he performed astronomical observations and calculations.

Copernicus proposed a model of a spherical universe, in which both the Earth and the planets and stars revolved around the Sun. This contribution of Copernicus to science is perhaps the most revolutionary in the history of mankind, A paradigm shift for the sciences.

And it is that from that moment, the science began to be based on observations and mathematical measurements, and is not beliefs and simple theoretical affirmations.

Though astronomy is the oldest of the natural sciences, its development during the scientific revolution entirely transformed societal views about nature by moving from geocentrism to heliocentrism.

Major Contribution in Scientific Revoulution:
epicycles: The geometric model used to explain the variations in speed and direction of the apparent motion of the moon, sun, and planets in the Ptolemaic system of astronomy.

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The scientific revolution  was the emergence of modern science during the early modern period, when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology (including human anatomy), and chemistry transformed societal views about nature.

The Scientific Revolution took place in Europe towards the end of the Renaissance period and continued through the late 18th century, influencing the intellectual social movement known as the Enlightenment. While its dates are debated, the publication in 1543 of Nicolaus Copernicus' De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres) is often cited as marking the beginning of the Scientific Revolution.

A revolution in human understanding and knowledge about the physical universe

Beginning of modern science

Scientific method depends upon logic observation, and reason rather than faith

Created the technologies and techniques that built the modern world.

Early Founders of Scientific Revolution

Nicolaus Copernicus

Galileo Galilei

Johannes Kepler

Rene Descartes

Isaac Newton.

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#ScientificRevolution https://www.britannica.com/science/Scientific-Revolution

#heliocentrism #theoryofevolution #psychoanalysis #Copernicus
#GalileoGalilei #CharlesDarwin #hysteria #stagesofdevelopmentFreud #naturalselection #astronomy #InterpretationofDreams #OedipusComplex

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Natural selection is the process through which populations of living organisms adapt and change. Individuals in a population are naturally variable, meaning that they are all different in some ways. This variation means that some individuals have traits better suited to the environment than others.

Natural selection can lead to speciation, where one species gives rise to a new and distinctly different species. It is one of the processes that drives evolution and helps to explain the diversity of life on Earth.