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Belonging Design Principles. A resource guide for building belonging.

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Belonging Design Principles. A resource guide for building belonging.

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Toolkit For Self – Organizing according to Movement NetLab

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Toolkit For Self – Organizing according to Movement NetLab

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Description

Movement NetLab, a Think and Do Collective, formed after Occupy Wall Street and Occupy Sandy with the idea of sharing the lessons learned from those innovations in decentralized organizing. Four of the group discovered the NW Handbook and the concept of self-organizing and arrived in Athens Ohio in the winter of 2013 for a several day work session to further develop our understanding of self-organizing.

This creative group - Allen Kwabena Frimpong, Tammy Shapiro, Gan Golan, Pablo Benson, Sam Corbin, Kei Williams and June Holley - went on to develop a set of materials on self-organizing that we are now offering in our Resources Section. Gan Golan provided the excellent graphics that make the work so accessible and useful.

This video From Protest to Power gives a good introduction to the theory and practice.

Included in our Resources Packet are:

1. Chart - The Stages of Self-organizing

2. Video - Decentralized Organizing: An Overview

3. Worksheet - Making Waves, Riding the Cycle: The Movement Cycle

4. Chart - What are networks, good and bad as compared to other organizing structures

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Movement NetLab, a Think and Do Collective, formed after Occupy Wall Street and Occupy Sandy with the idea of sharing the lessons learned from those innovations in decentralized organizing. Four of the group discovered the NW Handbook and the concept of self-organizing and arrived in Athens Ohio in the winter of 2013 for a several day work session to further develop our understanding of self-organizing.

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Embracing Failure In Systems Change - webinar

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Embracing Failure In Systems Change - webinar

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A webinar, slide-deck and thinking tool designed to deepen the shared understanding of productive failure, why it is important to systems change and the key mindsets that need to be challenged to d…

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We all want power. The power to attract what we want, such as love. The power to avoid what we don't want, like harm. The power to create what we want to see in the world, for example beauty. But what is power and how do we get it?

Power is enacted -it is brought to life by our actions. Power is not about the rule of law, institutions, society, or the state. These are simply the dead forms, or artifacts, of past power-laden interactions. And power is never absolute; where there is power, there is resistance.

In the research I did for my book, The Power Manual, I met Max.
Max was one of the first Black students admitted into elite private schools on the east coast of the United States. While his parents sent him to these schools to receive a quality education, to make it through Max also learned to navigate difficult, social dynamics. He recalls that when he was in eighth grade, there was a white student who was always making fun of him. As one of the few Black students, Max had been picked on a lot. There are two types of power-supremacist power and liberatory power. 2 "A Black kid is someone who is clearly different on the outside," Max told me. Eventually, Max decided he wasn't going to give this student any more attention. This annoyed the student, who tried different ways to regain the upper hand. He eventually began to be nice to Max, in hopes of getting his attention again, to no avail. Their peers noticed this shift in attention-in power-and the white student lost their esteem. Max was learning how to perceive and shift power dynamics. As a parent, I have plenty of opportunity to explore the differences between supremacist power and liberatory power. For example, I have a teenage son, and a few years ago he became interested in making music and asked for things, like a special microphone, for Christmas and such. And in short time he had a nascent home studio. I didn't pay much attention to the music he was making. After all, we sit down to dinner every day and have in-depth conversations about our experiences in the world, with lots of power analysis and reflection. We're a thoughtful, connected family, everything should be ok.
Supremacist power is the ability to dominate, or control, people and things. It is a crude form of power, related to scarcity consciousness, or the belief that the world holds limited supplies of the things we want-such as love, power, and recognition.
A few days later, I was cleaning up there and, as I worked around his desk and computer, I decided to listen. I was horrified. It was a replica of the worst misogynistic rap. I flipped. I took his equipment. I yelled at him. And I punished him. All things I don't believe in and try not to do. But I was shocked that my son would write songs like this. After I calmed down-a few weeks later-I talked to him. I learned what it's like for him to grow up in a feminist household, and how sometimes the women appear to be the ones in power because, while there is language around patriarchy as a problematic, there isn't comparable language for matriarchy. The message then is-men are bad, women are good. All of which leaves him feeling disadvantaged and wondering how to construct a powerful identity as a boy. He didn't think it was fair.
Liberatory power is the ability to create what we want. It is real power, related to abundance consciousness, the creative force of life. Liberatory power is about expanding our set of choices and fine-tuning our consciousness so that we can recognize decision points and choose intentionally.
There are at least three levels at which we enact power-the personal, the social, and the systemic.
A mother shared this personal story with me.

One day, my daughter-who was home from college at the time and whose room is next to my son's-says to me, with a concerned look, "Mom, have you heard the songs he's been making?" I admitted I hadn't. (He was also apparently turning them off every time he heard me coming up the stairs to the floor his room is on.) My daughter responds,'"I think you should."

Take a minute and think about a moment in which you enacted supremacist power.
There are at least two aspects about my upbringing that shaped my power identity. One is that I come from a family of artists, the Ayalas, who are keepers of Black Puerto Rican culture on the island-and they spoke about being Black as a wonderful thing. My maternal grandfather created the vejigante mask, which is one of the two national masks of Puerto Rico, and thus was considered a national artist. Famous salsa singers came to visit my mother's cousin Samuel Lind, a sculptor and painter and an archivist of Black Puerto Rican history and lore. It wasn't until I was in high school-when my friends started sharing stories of their parents not wanting them to date people of color, even when they themselves were people of color-that I realized how unusual it probably was to grow up amidst the guarding and celebration of Blackness. As a result, I didn't internalize anti-Blackness. I was proud of who I was. It never crossed my mind to feel otherwise. Another aspect that shaped my power identity is that I did well in school and scored high on IQ tests, which I didn't know I was taking. I found out when my fourth grade teacher called my mother in and explained this to her, urging her to make sure I got a good education because I could "be anything I wanted to be." This impacted how my family treated me. They expected me to be "successful." I grew up with a strong sense that I can get what I want in the world, in spite of any challenges.
Now think of a moment in which you enacted liberatory power.

Was it easier to think of one or another? It can be easier to think of examples of supremacist power. Many of us do not even know that there is such a thing as liberatory power because supremacist power has become synonymous with power-to the extent that many people, especially social change practitioners, have a conflicted relationship with power.

At the personal level, power is developmental. Our personal story about power is learned in childhood, through our interactions with our caretakers, during which we learn that we either get what we want, or not. There are two goals we seek in these interactions, which have to be balanced and are often in conflict: control over our reality and affectionate connection with others. We leave childhood with a power identity developed from the abilities we have formed through our experiences balancing control and connection.

Erik Erikson, Stages of Development 3

At the personal level, power shows up as identity. There are two essential power identities-powerless and powerful. We are powerless when we internalize the idea of power as dominance and engage in practices of domination-seeking to control and subordinate others. We are powerful when we refuse domination-to dominate or be dominated-and focus our attention on creating what we want.

What is your power identity?

How did you develop it?

At the interpersonal level, power shows up in interactions. Power is relational. 4 The liberatory goal is effective interactions. These are interactions that disrupt dominating behavior, or the taking of more than one's share, and generate mutuality, changing as a result of our interactions with others. We can build our capacity for effective interactions, which we practice in everyday interactions, either contributing to unequal power dynamics or interrupting them.

There are patterns of domination that help us understand how supremacist power shows up. 5 They are behaviors to avoid when our goal is effective interaction. Everyone has work to do when it comes to shifting from relationships of inequality to effective interactions. In an interaction, the work of the dominant-those who have an inordinate capacity to shape the choices of others-is to make room for the other and not invite them to play a powerless identity. The main liberatory task is to disrupt these patterns, whether they arise in ourselves or the other.

Patterns of Domination

Tolerance

Small doses of difference are allowed

Objectification

Removes history from the interaction

Assimilation

Incapable of seeing difference

Authority

Rationality is hidden

Objectivity

Ignores power laden realities

Accumulation

Quantity stands in for quality

Certainty

Asserting one's reality as if there is no other

For the subordinate, the work is to resist any powerless identity on offer, look for where they do have power, and construct their identity as powerful by choosing a direction that expands choice. As there are patterns of domination, there are also patterns of resistance. 6

Patterns of Resistance

Sign Reading

The power to see signs of patterns of domination

Deconstruction

The power to understand the relationships between the signs of patterns of domination

Reconstruction

The power to use signs to tell a different, more mutual story

What is the work for you in enacting effective interactions?

At the systemic level, power shows up as positionality, how we are placed vis-vis others. We also tend to have a preference, or a habit, for how we position ourselves in our interactions with others. There are at least four positionality patterns: privilege, subordination, marginality, and engagement.

Privilege is, simply put, the possession of special rights. It is an advantageous position in relation to valued resources. It reflects an imbalance of rights and responsibilities. This position is valued in Western societies.

Subordination is being the object of obligations. It is being constrained at every turn.

It is having one's boundaries and meaning making defined by others. This position is not valued in Western societies.
Notes
Marginality is separation from others. Marginalized people do not impose their will on and avoid the will of others, relatively speaking. When marginality is forced, as with minoritarian groups, the position is not valued. When it is chosen, as with the rebel, it is valued.

Finally, engagement is being fully engaged in interactions. It is the balancing of rights and responsibilities, of self and others. To be engaged is to participate in challenges that we find worthy. This position is the most effective for human relationships. It promotes joy, defined as expanding the self through meeting others.

Positionality in Systems

Privilege

An imbalance of rights and responsibilities

Subordination

Having one's boundaries and meaning making defined by others

Marginality

Separation from others; not imposing one's will on others and avoiding the will of others, relatively speaking

Engagement

A balancing rights and responsibilities, of self and others

How are you positioned in society?
What position(s) do you enact in society?
What positions do you offer others?

In any situation, we have at least three levels from which to engage power. They all require expanding our set of choices. At the personal level, we identify where our power lies and how to expand it-to use it for the good of all. At the interpersonal level, we expand our repertoire of effective interactions. At the systemic level, we choose how we want to position ourselves in a system and explore ways of doing so; and we are careful about how we position others.

1. Suarez, Cyndi. The Power Manual: How to Master Complex Power Dynamics. Canada: New Society Publishers, 2018.

2. hooks, bell. "Changing Perspectives on Power," Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center. Cambridge, MA: South End Press Classics, 2000 (1984).

3. Erikson, Erik H. Childhood and Society. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1950.

4. Foucault, Michel. "Method," History of Sexuality, Volume 1. New York, NY: Random House, 1978. Page numbers?

5. Based on the work Roland Barthes, as presented in Chela Sandoval's "The Rhetoric of Supremacism as Revealed by the Ethical Technology: Democratics," in Methodology of the Oppressed. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota, 2000. Page numbers?

6. Based on the work of Frantz Fanon, as presented in Sandoval, Ibid.

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Introduction to Power - Non Profit News | Nonprofit Quarterly

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We all want power. The power to attract what we want, such as love. The power to avoid what we don't want, like harm. The power to create what we want to see in the world, for example beauty. But what is power and how do we get it?

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Clear expectations: Guidelines For Institutions, Galleries And Curators Working With Trans,  Non-Binary And Gender Diverse Artists

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Clear expectations: Guidelines For Institutions, Galleries And Curators Working With Trans,  Non-Binary And Gender Diverse Artists

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AU, 2019

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Bridging: Towards A Society Built on Belonging

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You use sociocracy? That's awesome!

This quiz allows you to review how well things are going in all the essential areas of your governance system. The quiz only takes 5 minutes to take and will allow you to identify strengths and weaknesses of your own system - an excellent opportunity to self-assess your system.

Find out:

How good are your meetings?

How effective is your decision-making?

How well is your structure working for you?

How good is your information flow?

Do people trust each other?

Choose the right 5 minute quiz for you:

You need to have pop-ups enabled to view the health check. If you have trouble viewing the health check, please disable any pop-up or ad blocker you're using.

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Sociocratic Organization Health Check - Sociocracy For All

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You use sociocracy? That's awesome! This quiz allows you to review how well things are going in all the essential areas of your governance system. The quiz only takes 5 minutes to take and will allow you to identify strengths and weaknesses of your own system - an excellent opportunity to self-assess your system.

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In the Summer of 2020, the American lecturer Robin DiAngelo's book White Fragility became the number one best-selling book on Amazon, ahead of even The Hunger Games. DiAngelo's way of viewing race relations has variously been hailed as a powerful road-map for fighting racism and criticized as a catch-22 that makes it impossible for people to disagree with her claims.

This test tries to remain impartial by giving people a neutral and objective way to determine whether they agree with DiAngelo.

How much do you agree with DiAngelo and the claims she makes in White Fragility? For each of the following statements, indicate your level of agreement below.
The IDRlabs White Fragility Test (IDR-WFT) was developed by IDRlabs. The book is based on the public statements of Robin DiAngelo, the claims in her book White Fragility, and the major media coverage of, and interviews with, Robin DiAngelo and White Fragility.
The test was developed on the basis of the following sources: DiAngelo, Robin (2018): White Fragility: Why It's So Hard for White People to Talk About Racism. Beacon Press. Iqbal, Nosheen (2019): Academic Robin DiAngelo: 'We have to stop thinking about racism as someone who says the N-word.' The Guardian. Shapiro, Ari (2020): 'Interrupt The Systems': Robin DiAngelo On 'White Fragility' And Anti-Racism. NPR. Valk and Malley (2019): What's My Complicity? Talking White Fragility With Robin DiAngelo. Teaching Tolerance. Tolerance.org.

The authors of the White Fragility Test on this page are certified in the use of numerous personality tests and have worked professionally with psychometrics, polling, and personality testing. Prior to using our free White Fragility quiz, please note that while some of the results provided may be compatible with the results of other tests and training materials, this test should not be confused with official publications to which others own the copyright, such as the sources mentioned above. The reproduced quotes are presented in accordance with the Fair Use doctrine. The results of the White Fragility Test are provided "as-is", for free, and should not be construed as providing professional or certified advice of any kind. For more, please consult our Terms of Service.

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In the Summer of 2020, the American lecturer Robin DiAngelo's book White Fragility became the number one best-selling book on Amazon, ahead of even The Hunger Games.

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"Honestly, I feel as though no statement I write could be quite effusive enough to express my gratitude not only for being a part of the initial run, but that something of this nature even exists and is accessible in a tangible way. When I applied, I wasn't sure whether it'd actually come to fruition and it happening was a uniquely lovely surprise."

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"Honestly, I feel as though no statement I write could be quite effusive enough to express my gratitude not only for being a part of the initial run, but that something of this nature even exists and is accessible in a tangible way.

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These days, you can read about "self-care" almost anywhere. Advertisers are always offering to help us achieve it. Office newsletters keep warning us about the healthcare costs associated with not doing it and photos of Mani/Pedis fill our Instagram pages with it as a hashtag. Yet, despite the concept's growing popularity, most people still struggle with learning to put themselves first.

The biggest impediment to our own self-care: we don't feel worthy. You see, self-care is largely about self-worth. You can't practice the former without feeling the latter. It's not simply about the how's and why's, it's about truly believing that you deserve it. Otherwise, you can know how to do it and understand why you need it, but never fully engage in it. It's only when you truly believe that you are worth it, that it stops being a goal and finally becomes a practice.

In my years of counseling and coaching clients, I have worked with many who struggle building and maintaining consistent self-care routines. When I ask why they don't prioritize their own needs and desires, the answers are almost always the same: I don't have the time; I don't have the money; I don't have the energy. "Understandable", you might think. Suggesting cheap, easy and quick tips, however, makes no difference. For instance, take a 30 minute massages at a massage school once a month; a 15 minute, app-directed yoga break after lunch; ten minutes of gratitude listing before going to bed - all cheap, quick and/or easy. Yet, nine out of ten people will still refuse, "forget", or fail to get around to it. That is, until we start to work on their self-esteem, self-image and feelings of self-worth. Then self-care gets easy.

Why? Because the truth is that it was never an issue of wallet, watch or winding down. It was always an issue of worth; self-worth. When you change your beliefs about yourself - when you get clear about your significance and magnificence - then you make the time, find the money and muster the energy, to put you first!

It can be done, but you have to be willing to challenge some of what you have been taught: that self-care is selfish and that altruism, generosity and selflessness are the virtues of a "good person"; that putting the needs and wants of others before your own, is what makes you a good parent, son/daughter, employee, spouse and patron? Yes, it is important to be compassionate, kind and considerate, but how often do we do it at the expense of our own well-being? How often do we tell ourselves, "what I need is not important right now," "I'm not any better than anyone else that's struggling,"? Sound familiar?

We convince ourselves that our needs and our joy don't matter. All the while, by the way, sending that very same message to others. Then when they follow our cue and disregard our needs, we get mad. We just knew that they would take care of us if we just took care of them. But, why didn't we use our time, energy and money to take care of ourselves?... Not to the exclusion of kindness to others, but as a set priority in our lives. Why didn't we believe ourselves worthy of our own attention? That is the question to ask and the thought pattern to change.

If you struggle with taking the time, spending the money or finding the energy to put yourself first, ask yourself:

1.What negative thoughts about who I am, am I holding onto?

2.What thoughts of scarcity do I believe in my core?

3.Who taught me that my needs weren't important?

4.What am I so afraid of?

Dig deep for the answers. Fight the tendency to believe old stories and search for the truth inside of you. Then start to challenge your beliefs. Ask yourself:

5.What positive thoughts about myself can I focus on?

6.What thoughts of abundance can I adopt?

7.How do I know that I am important?

8.How do I know I'm safe?

Sorting through these thoughts, feelings and beliefs is the first step. Every answer to every question will bring you ever so much closer to the self-care that you deserve.

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Get Serious About Self-Care: 8 Questions You Must Ask Yourself!

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These days, you can read about "self-care" almost anywhere. Advertisers are always offering to help us achieve it. Office newsletters keep warning us about the healthcare costs associated with not doing it and photos of Mani/Pedis fill our Instagram pages with it as a hashtag.

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BEAM is a national training, movement building, and grant making institution that is dedicated to the healing, wellness, and liberation of Black and marginalized communities. Our Mission Our mission is to remove the barriers that Black people experience getting access to or staying connected with emotional health care and healing through education, training, advocacy, and [...]

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Self-care is the actions individuals take to improve their physical, mental, and emotional health. It is important for students to practice self-care in order for them to maintain healthy relationships with themselves and those around them. Therefore, by teaching students about self-care, educators will give students the tools they need to manage stress, boost their confidence, and more.
Resources
There are many resources available online for teaching students about self-care. Self-care is important in everyday life, but during times of immense stress and uncertainty, practicing self-care is even more necessary. Utilizing the resources below will help you to teach students all they need to know about self-care!
Lesson Plans

Self-Care 101: This lesson plan from gsafe includes a few different tips for taking care of yourself, such as nurturing your social support system, honoring your emotional needs, managing stress, loving yourself, coming up with a self-care plan, or getting counseling. In addition, a worksheet is attached which will provide students with a place to build the mind, body, and spirit aspects of their own self-care plans. Students will even be able to list the important people in their lives and what they wish to accomplish in the near future.
Articles

How to Make 'Self-Care' Actually Feel Like Self-Care: The New York Times has published an article on how to make "self-care" actually feel like self-care. In this piece, Tim Herrera explains the brief history behind the term "self-care" and breaks down self-care into four different categories: physical, mental, social, and spiritual. Self-care is a lifestyle choice. Building habits is no easy feat, but if you are able to incorporate self-care into your normal daily routine, practicing it will become second nature. Sharing this article with your students is the first step to teaching them about how to make their physical and mental health a first priority.

Practicing Self-Care Is Important - 10 Easy Habits To Get You Started: Forbes provides ten habits to help students practice self-care. Most individuals don't put much thought into self-care, but it is very important to our physical, emotional, and mental well-beings. The author of this piece recommends that people should not dismiss self-care because it helps them to know their self worth, create a healthy work-life balance, manage stress, start living and stop existing, and maintain a better physical health. This article will give both students and educators various ideas on how to take their self-care practices to the next level.

Get Serious About Self-Care - 8 Questions You Must Ask Yourself!: This article from the Huffington Post offers readers eight questions related to self-care that they should ask themselves. Students who struggle with self-care will be asked what negative thoughts about themselves they are holding onto, who taught them their needs weren't important, what they are so afraid of, what positive thoughts about themself that they can focus on, etc. Some students may be surprised by what their answers to these questions reveal, and most importantly, they will be made aware of the areas of self-care which they should focus on.

Informational Sites

11 Self-Care Tips for Teens and Young Adults: Psychology Today offers eleven self-care tips for teens to help them cope with the ever-changing world we live in. These tools for self-care include carving out time daily for self-care, practicing mindful meditation, participating in yoga, exercising, getting some sleep, choosing a creative outlet, playing with a pet, meeting with friends, appreciating nature, turning off cell phones, and doing something for someone else.

Self-Care Is Important - Why Is It So Hard to Practice?: This article from Psychology Today explains why self-care is so important and why it is so hard to practice. Oftentimes, self-care is difficult to practice due to the issue of time, but many other factors are involved. F. Diane Barth explains that self-compassion comes in various forms and is a key part of self-care because in order for students to improve their own health, they need to learn how to be kind to themselves. Educators may also be interested in the advice that this article has to offer!

Conclusion
Teaching students about self-care is not an easy task, especially because it is hard for people of all ages to practice self-care. However, it is so important for students to practice self-care, and the resources above will help you to teach them how important self-care is.
Additional Resources

TED - The Importance of Self-Care: TED offers a playlist of videos related to self-care. Students will watch videos on the power of vulnerability, why we all need to practice emotional first aid, how to make stress your friend, and more. "These talks offer simple ways to stay healthy - both emotionally and physically."

Do You Think You're Practicing Good Self-Care?: loveisrespect.org provides students with a self-care quiz which will answer the question of whether they are practicing good self-care. After taking the twenty-question quiz, students will find out where they stand on the self-care scale and learn how they can improve their self-care habits if needed.

4 Self-Care Strategies to Support Students: Harvard Business Publishing Education has published a brief article for educators on four self-care strategies to support students. These strategies include making yourself available to students, pausing class for mental breaks, allowing moments for self-reflection, and equalizing class participation.

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Teaching About Self-Care - Educators 4 Social Change

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Introduction Self-care is the actions individuals take to improve their physical, mental, and emotional health. It is important for students to practice self-care in order for them to maintain healthy relationships with themselves and those around them. Therefore, by teaching students about self-care, educators will give students the tools they...

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Tips and case studies for inclusive and accessible events and activities

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Breaking through the binary: Gender explained using continuums

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Breaking through the binary: Gender explained using continuums

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Gender is something everyone thinks they understand, but most people really don't. Here, it's broken into three categories: identity, expression, and sex. It's less "this or that" and more "this and that."

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Update: View my newest version of the Genderbread Person, version 4 here. It's a heckuvalot better and just as free to use however you'd like! And here is the Genderbread Person page with downloads and all versions.

Gender is a tough subject to tackle. There are a lot of facets to consider, a lot of pressures at play, and we have all been conditioned in such a way that our first instinct is almost unanimously wrong. But we're going to tackle it. No, we're going to tackle the snot out of it. Coming to our aid, I would like to present to you: The Genderbread Person!

I was first introduced to the Genderbread Person through Tumblr, a fun, and sometimes informative, microblogging platform. Then I saw another version (pictured right) somewhere else on the web. There are also a few other versions floating around, but they all have their issues. I wanted to create a new and improved Genderbread Person, so I did.

Now let's talk about it.

The Genderbread Person

As you'll see above, we have four elements. I will break those down, but first I want to talk in generalities. First of all, if you noticed that the first three categories all pertain to gender, while the fourth pertains to sexuality, great job. Skip ahead to the next paragraph. For everyone else: if that doesn't make sense to you, or you're unsure of how all four interrelate, worry not. By the end of this post it'll all make sense or you can have your money back. And if you never gave me money, give me money.

I publish new Social Justice, Gender, & Sexuality Resources.
Get the Email.
Whenever I talk to groups about gender, a common problem arises: people tend to assume that someone has to be on either the left half or the right half of all the continuums above, and when I explain that many people zig zag through the list, they give me blank stares. I'm about to say something that will likely freak you out, but be cool, because it'll all make sense soon. Gender identity, gender expression, biological sex, and sexual orientation are independent of one another (i.e., they are not connected). With that said (I'm going to say it again later), let's move on.

Gender Identity: Who You Think You Are
On the left we have "woman" and on the right we have "man," two terms you are likely already familiar with. In the middle, we have the term "genderqueer," which, you guessed it, is used for an identity that is somewhere between woman and man. Another term for genderqueer that is accepted within the community is "genderfuck," but that's a bit racy for my taste. It's also important to note that many people consider their identity to fall outside of the traditional (and limited) woman to man spectrum. These identities can be called genderqueer, agender, third-gender, bigender, and more.
Gender identity is all about how you, in your head, think about yourself. It's about how you internally interpret the chemistry that composes you (e.g., hormone levels). As you know it, do you think you fit better into the societal role of "woman," or "man," or do neither ring particularly true for you? That is, are you somewhere in-between the two? Or do you consider your gender to fall outside of the spectrum completely? The answer is your gender identity.

It has been accepted that we form our gender identities around the age of three, and after that age it is incredibly difficult to change them. Formation of identity is affected by hormones and environment just as much as it is by biological sex. Oftentimes, problems arise when someone is assigned a gender based on their sex at birth that doesn't align with how they come to identify. We'll talk about that more later.

Gender Expression: How You Demonstrate Who You Are
On the left we have "feminine" and on the right we have "masculine," the two expressive terms related to "woman" and "man." In the middle, we have a new term "androgynous," which describes an ambiguous or mixed form of expressing gender.
Gender expression is all about how you demonstrate your gender through the ways you act, dress, behave, and interact-whether that is intentional or unintended. Gender expression is interpreted by others perceiving your gender based on traditional gender roles (e.g., men wear pants, women wear dresses). Gender expression is something that often changes from day to day, outfit to outfit, event or setting to event or setting. It's about how the way you express yourself aligns or doesn't with traditional ways of gendered expression. And like gender identity, there is a lot of room for flexibility here. It is likely that you slide around on this continuum throughout the week without even thinking about it. How about an example?

You wake up and you're wearing baggy grey sweatpants and a tshirt. As you walk into your kitchen to prepare breakfast, you're expressing an adrogynous-to-slightly-masculine gender. However, you see your partner in the kitchen and you prowl in like Halle Berry from Catwoman, then you are expressing much more femininely, so now you're back on the left half of the continuum. You pour a bowl of cereal, wrap your fist around a spoon like a viking, and start shoveling Fruit Loops into your face, and all-of-a-sudden you're sliding back onto the right side of the continuum. After breakfast, you skip back into your bedroom and playfully place varying outfits in front of you, pleading your partner help you decide what to wear. You're feminine again.

I assume this entire time you were imagining it was you, with your gender identity, acting out that example. Now go through the whole thing, but imagine someone with the a different gender identity from you going through the motions. Now you are starting to understand how these concepts interrelate, but don't interconnect.

Biological Sex: The Equipment Under the Hood
On the left we have "female" and on the right we have "male," the two biological sexes we all grew up knowing about. In the middle, we have a new term "intersex," which describes someone whose sexual organs are not strictly male or female. The term "hermaphrodite," which you've likely heard used to describe an intersex individual, is frowned upon as "hermaphrodite" is a stigmatizing word that means someone who is entirely male and female, a biological impossibility. P.S. How did you feel about me expressing my masculinity in the heading of this section?
Biological sex refers to the objectively measurable organs, hormones, and chromosomes you possess. Being female means having a vagina, ovaries, two X chromosomes, predominant estrogen, and you can grow a baby in your stomach area. Being male means having testes, a penis, an XY chromosome configuration, predominant testosterone, and you can put a baby in a female's stomach area. Being intersex can be any combination of what I just described.

For example, someone can be born with the appearance of being male (penis, scrotum, etc.), but have a functional female reproductive system inside. There are many examples of how intersex can present itself, and below you can see some statistics from the Intersex Society of North America that describe the frequency of intersex births. (check out the stat I bolded, but be prepared to be shocked)

Not XX and not XY

one in 1,666 births

Klinefelter (XXY)

one in 1,000 births

Androgen insensitivity syndrome

one in 13,000 births

Partial androgen insensitivity syndrome

one in 130,000 births

Classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia

one in 13,000 births

Late onset adrenal hyperplasia

one in 66 individuals

Vaginal agenesis

one in 6,000 births

Ovotestes

one in 83,000 births

Idiopathic (no discernable medical cause)

one in 110,000 births

Iatrogenic (caused by medical treatment, for instance progestin administered to pregnant mother)

no estimate

5 alpha reductase deficiency

no estimate

Mixed gonadal dysgenesis

no estimate

Complete gonadal dysgenesis

one in 150,000 births

Hypospadias (urethral opening in perineum or along penile shaft)

one in 2,000 births

Hypospadias (urethral opening between corona and tip of glans penis)

one in 770 births

Total number of people whose bodies differ from standard male or female

one in 100 births

Total number of people receiving surgery to "normalize" genital appearance

one or two in 1,000 births

Sexual Orientation: Who You Are Attracted To
On the left we have "heterosexual," meaning attracted to people of the opposite sex, or being straight. On the right we have "homosexual," meaning attracted to people of the same sex, or being gay or lesbian. And in the middle we have bisexual, meaning attracted to people of both sexes. Note: there is no place on the scale for "asexual", which is the lack of sexual attraction to others, as it doesn't fit into this continuum.
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Sexual orientation is all about who you are physically, spiritually, and emotionally attracted to. If you are male and you're attracted to females, you're straight. If you're a male who is attracted to males and females, you're bisexual. And if you're a male who is attracted to males, you're gay. This is the one most of us know the most about. We hear the most about it, it's salient in our lives, and we understand where we stand best. It's pretty cut and dry, right? Maybe.

Interestingly enough, pioneering research conducted by Dr. Alfred Kinsey in the mid-20th century uncovered that most people aren't absolutely straight or gay/lesbian. Instead of just asking "do you like dudes or chicks?" (very sciency, I know), he asked people to report their fantasies, dreams, thoughts, emotional investments in others, and frequency of sexual contact. Based on his findings, he broke sexuality down into a seven point scale (see below), and reported that most people who identify as straight are actually somewhere between 1 - 3 on the scale, and most people who identify as lesbian/gay are 3-5, meaning most of us are a little bi-.

0 - Exclusively Heterosexual 1 - Predominantly heterosexual, incidentally homosexual 2 - Predominantly heterosexual, but more than incidentally homosexual 3 - Equally heterosexual and homosexual 4 - Predominantly homosexual, but more than incidentally heterosexual 5 - Predominantly homosexual, incidentally heterosexual 6 - Exclusively Homosexual

Putting it all together.

Wow, that was a lot of information all at once, can we agree? The crazy part: I held back. I plan to write individual write-ups on each of the sections above, because there is still so much to say. But you don't need to worry about that right now. We need to make this all make sense-synthesize some knowledge up in your brain.

Interrelation versus Interconnection

Remember earlier when I said that thing, then I said I would say it again? It's on the right, in case you forgot. This me saying that again: though the four things I presented above are certainly interrelated, they are not interconnected. What do I mean by that?

Gender identity, gender expression, biological sex, and sexual orientation are independent of one another (i.e., they are not connected).People's sexual orientation doesn't determine their gender expression. And their gender expression isn't determined by their gender identity. And their gender identity isn't determined by their biological sex. And also every other mismatch of A isn't determined by B combination you can dream up from those inputs. Those things certainly _affect_ one another (i.e., they are related to one another) but they do not determine one another.

If someone is born with male reproductive organs and genitalia, he is very likely to be raised as a boy, identify as a man, and express himself masculinely. We call this identity "cisgender" (when your biological sex aligns with how you identify) and it grants a lot of privilege (read some of them in this list of cisgender privileges). It's something most of us who have it don't appreciate nearly as much as we should.

Questions, Concerns, or Thoughts?

Take some time to mull all of this over, particularly if it's the first time you're learning about this super-complex, super-hard-to-swallow subject. There's a lot of information to process, and most of it goes against a lot of what you might have been learned growin' up.

Also, feel free to use the comments on this post to discuss, ask questions, or provide different insights to what you read above. Heck! That's what they're there for!

And as always, get in touch if you have any questions you'd rather not ask in an open forum. I'm always willing to help, if I can.

Heads up: A ton (ton) of people have written me over the years asking what the origin of the genderbread/gumby model is. I really wish I knew, but I don't. It existed before Google 🙂 But if you know, let me know.

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Breaking through the binary: Gender explained using continuums - ❤ It's Pronounced Metrosexual

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Update: View my newest version of the Genderbread Person, version 4 here. It's a heckuvalot better and just as free to use however you'd like! And here is the Genderbread Person page with downloads and all versions. Gender is a tough subject to tackle.

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Heads up! I wrote a book all about gender that provides tools for standing up against gender-based oppression (like the things below) and working toward a socially justice society. If you appreciate all that jazz, you'll love this book.

Following is a list of cisgender identity privileges. If you are cisgender, listed below are benefits that result from your alignment of identity and perceived identity.

If cisgender is a new term to you, here's how I define it in my list of LGBTQ+ vocabulary:

cisgender /"siss-jendur"/ - adj. : a gender description for when someone's sex assigned at birth and gender identity correspond in the expected way (e.g., someone who was assigned male at birth, and identifies as a man). A simple way to think about it is if a person is not transgender, they are cisgender. The word cisgender can also be shortened to "cis."

If you are cisgender, there's a good chance you've never thought about these things (or even your cisgender identity).

Try and be more cognizant and you'll start to realize how much work we have to do in order to make things better for the transgender folks who don't have access to these privileges.

You can use public restrooms without fear of verbal abuse, physical intimidation, or arrest.

You can use public facilities such as gym locker rooms and store changing rooms without stares, fear, or anxiety.

Strangers don't assume they can ask you what your genitals look like and how you have sex.

Your validity as a man/woman/human is not based on how much surgery you've had or how well you "pass" as non-transgender.

You can walk through the world and generally blend in, not being constantly stared or gawked at, whispered about, pointed at, or laughed at because of your gender expression.

You can access gender-exclusive spaces (e.g., a space or activity for women), and not be excluded due to your trans status.

Strangers call you by the name you provide and don't ask what your "real name" (birth name) is and then assume that they have a right to call you by that name.

You can reasonably assume that your ability to acquire a job, rent an apartment, or secure a loan will not be denied on the basis of your gender identity/expression.

You can flirt, engage in courtship, or form a relationship and not fear that your biological status may be cause for rejection or attack, nor will it cause your partner to question their sexual orientation.

If you end up in the emergency room, you do not have to worry that your gender will keep you from receiving appropriate treatment or that all of your medical issues will be seen as a result of your gender.

Your identity was not formally (until 2013) considered a mental pathology ("gender identity disorder" in the DSM IV) by the psychological and medical establishments, and still pathologized by the public.

You don't need to worry about being placed in a sex-segregated detention center, holding facility, jail, or prison that is incongruent with your identity.

You don't have to worry ab out being profiled on the street as a sex worker because of your gender expression.

You are not required to undergo an extensive psychological evaluation in order to receive basic medical care.

You do not have to defend your right to be a part of "queer" (or the queer community), and gays and lesbians will not try to exclude you from "their" equal rights movement because of your gender identity (or any equality movement, including feminist rights).

If you are murdered (or have any crime committed against you), your gender expression will not be used as a justification for your murder ("gay panic"), nor as a reason to coddle the perpetrators.

You can easily find role models and mentors to emulate who share your identity.

Hollywood accurately depicts people of your gender in films and television, without tokenizing your identity as the focus of a dramatic storyline or the punchline of a joke.

You can assume that everyone you encounter will understand your identity and will not think you're confused, misled, or hell-bound when you reveal it to them.

You can purchase clothes that match your gender identity without being refused service, mocked by staff, or questioned about your genitals.

You can purchase shoes that fit your gender expression without having to order them in special sizes or asking someone to custom-make them.

No stranger checking your identification or driver's license will ever insult or glare at you because your name or sex does not match the sex they believed you to be based on your gender expression.

You can reasonably assume that you will not be denied services at a hospital, bank, or other institution because the staff does not believe the gender marker on your ID card to match your gender identity.

Your gender is an option on a form.

You can tick a box on a form without someone disagreeing and telling you not to lie.

You don't have to fear interactions with police officers due to your gender identity.

You can go places with friends on a whim knowing there will be bathrooms there you can use.

You don't have to convince your parents of your true gender and/or have to earn your parents' and siblings' love and respect all over again because of your gender identity.

You don't have to remind your extended family over and over to use proper gender pronouns (e.g., after transitioning).

You don't have to deal with old photographs that do not reflect who you truly are.

If you're dating someone, you know they aren't just looking to satisfy a curiosity or kink pertaining to your gender identity (e.g., the "novelty" of having sex with a trans person).

You can pretend that anatomy and gender are irrevocably entwined when having the "boy parts and girl parts" talk with children, instead of having to explain the actual complexity of the issue.

Please comment on Facebook or Twitter if you have any additions or revisions to make!
After reading this list, please read and share my article about making a more trans-friendly world and be part of the solution.
Thanks to BGSU's Safe Zone Program for the beginnings of this list.

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30+ Examples of Cisgender Privileges - ❤ It's Pronounced Metrosexual

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If you identify with the gender you were assigned at birth, here are a bunch of unearned benefits you get that many folks do not. Read them and consider them. It's not about shame. It's about understanding.

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to learn about Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer (LGBTQ+) identities. Gender & Sexuality. Allyship & Inclusion.

It gathers safe zone activities, self-guided courses, articles about LGBTQ+ identities and issues, and lots of answers to common questions.

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For Learners Archives " The Safe Zone Project

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Are you looking to learn about Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer (LGBTQ+) identities? Gender & Sexuality? Allyship & Inclusion? You, friend, have come to the right place. The Safe Zone Project has you covered! We have safe zone activities, self-guided courses, articles about LGBTQ+ identities and issues, and lots of answers to common questions.

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LGBTQI+ inclusivity in your organisation

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LGBTQI+ inclusivity in your organisation

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Sadly, social media is rife with anti-LGBTQI+ groups and individuals. It's possible that if your company puts out an inclusive message, you may find yourself being 'trolled' or receiving hateful messages. This resource was designed to help journalists, but the advice can be used by anyone experiencing abuse online because of their work.

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LGBTQI+ inclusivity in your organisation

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Sadly, social media is rife with anti-LGBTQI+ groups and individuals. It's possible that if your company puts out an inclusive message, you may find yourself being 'trolled' or receiving hateful messages. This resource was designed to help journalists, but the advice can be used by anyone experiencing abuse online because of their work.

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Finnish Tool for the assessment of equality

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Finnish Tool for the assessment of equality

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The new Non-Discrimination Act entered into force on 1 January 2015. The purpose of the Act is to foster equality and prevent discrimination, as well as enhancing the legal protection of those who have been discriminated against. The act includes provisions on the obligation of various actors to assess and promote equality with respect to staff and other activities.

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Tool for the assessment of equality

The new Non-Discrimination Act entered into force on 1 January 2015. The purpose of the Act is to foster equality and prevent discrimination, as well as enhancing the legal protection of those who have been discriminated against. The act includes provisions on the obligation of various actors to assess and promote equality with respect to staff and other activities.

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The new Non-Discrimination Act entered into force on 1 January 2015. The purpose of the Act is to foster equality and prevent discrimination, as well as to enhance the legal protection of those who have been discriminated against. The act includes provisions on the obligation of various actors to assess and promote equality with respect to staff and other activities.

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The cultural participation of people with disabilities or impairments: how to create an accessibility plan

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The cultural participation of people with disabilities or impairments: how to create an accessibility plan

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The aim of this manual is to:
• present an integrated vision of what it means to create
access conditions for cultural participation;
• help cultural organisations build their accessibility plans
so that they can respond to the needs of people with
disabilities or impairments, in order to fulfil their mission
and respect those peoples' rights.
Throughout the manual, readers may find guidelines and
general rules relating to any type of cultural venue, such
as theatres, concert halls, cinemas, museums, art galleries,
libraries, and archives.

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Deconstructing Racism and Ableism in the School-to-Prison Pipeline

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Deconstructing Racism and Ableism in the School-to-Prison Pipeline

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The Institute on Disabilities (IOD) at Temple University, Pennsylvania's University Center for Excellence in Developmental Disabilities (UCEDD) in partnership with the Racial Empowerment Collaborative (REC) at the University of Pennsylvania completed an innovative intervention and community training project that brought awareness to and addressed the reality that race and disability are salient factors in the continuation of the school-to-prison pipeline. The school-to-prison pipeline describes the process through which children of color are pathologized, criminalized, and pushed out of their communities and schools into disciplinary schools, detention centers, jails, and prisons.

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College of Education and Human Development, Institute on Disabilities

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Deconstructing Racism and Ableism in the School-to-Prison Pipeline

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The Institute on Disabilities (IOD) at Temple University, Pennsylvania's University Center for Excellence in Developmental Disabilities (UCEDD) in par...

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"Language is *one* tool of an oppressive system. Being aware of language -- for those of us who have the privilege of being able to change our language -- can help us understand how pervasive ableism is. Ableism is systematic, institutional devaluing of bodies and minds deemed deviant, abnormal, defective, subhuman, less than. Ableism is *violence.*"

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guidance on how to avoid stigmatizing vocabulary. Audiovisual materials are provided on the blog’s website as well as a glossary of terms, which is available on request.

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Definition of "Dumb"

1a: lacking intelligence: STUPID

1b: showing a lack of intelligence

1c: requiring no intelligence

2a: lacking the human power of speech

2b of a person, dated, offensive, lacking the ability to speak: MUTE

3: temporarily unable to speak (as from shock or astonishment)

4: not expressed in uttered words

5: SILENT

*All definitions are from the Merriam Webster Dictionary

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Ableist Language Series Archives - The Rolling Explorer

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Definition of "Dumb" 1a: lacking intelligence: STUPID 1b: showing a lack of intelligence 1c: requiring no intelligence 2a: lacking the human power of speech 2b of a person, dated, offensive, lacking the ability to speak: MUTE 3: temporarily unable to speak (as from shock or astonishment) 4: not expressed in uttered words 5: SILENT *All definitions are from the Merriam Webster Dictionary

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Disability in the workplace: Embracing disability diversity

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Disability in the workplace: Embracing disability diversity

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In this first article, we dive into the benefits of recognizing and embracing disability within our definition of workforce diversity. We’ll also set the stage for further discussion by defining key terms and concepts.

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Today, many businesses understand the benefits of diversity in the workplace and are prioritizing initiatives that push the needle on DEI - or at least claiming to do so. Yet, the "diversity" in DEI often excludes the disability community. Research by The Valuable 500 found that out of all the articles discussing diversity published in 2019 and 2020, only three percent referenced disabilities.

"Part of the larger problem, some activists and scholars say, is that disability is often framed as an individual biomedical condition and as a technical problem to be solved rather than as a group identity," explains an Inside Higher Ed article. This bias leads individuals and corporations to inaccurately categorize disability status as an "affliction," rather than a form of natural human diversity - a detrimental approach that affects not only folks with disabilities but also the organizations that misunderstand and exclude them.

This blog is the first of a three-part series based on conversations with two women in the disability community: Ola Ojewumi and Regina Walton. Ola is a double transplant survivor, a wheelchair user, a disability rights advocate, and the Founder and Director of Project Ascend. Regina currently works at in Program Operations, leads the SFTech4Good community, and has lived and worked with Type 1 diabetes for over thirty years.

In these conversations, Ola and Regina shared their thoughts on workplace barriers and what they believe organizations can do to build truly inclusive organizations that support folks with disabilities.

In this first article, we dive into the benefits of recognizing and embracing disability within our definition of workforce diversity. We'll also set the stage for further discussion by defining key terms and concepts.

Disability as diversity: Benefits

Let's get straight to the point - there's a real and powerful case for not just incorporating, but prioritizing disability rights and empowerment into corporate DEI strategies. The Accenture report, "Getting to Equal: The Disability Inclusion Advantage," found that companies that excel at disability employment and inclusion experience:

28% higher revenue

200% higher net income

30% higher economic profit margins

200% increased likelihood of outperforming their peers in total shareholder returns

Moreover, "people with disabilities are the largest and fastest-growing minority group in the world. This untapped talent pool includes more than 750 million individuals," writes Valentini Kalagyrou. Disability inclusion significantly widens the talent pool - a major benefit for today's organizations given the recent talent shortages resulting from The Great Resignation.

Folks in the disability community also often possess multiple social identities, making disability inclusion a key component of intersectionality. For example, both Ola and Regina are Black women living with disabilities, and both developed their disabilities later on in life - a point that individuals currently living without disabilities should consider deeply.

"Being disabled is the one group that you don't have to be born into - you can become disabled at any time," explains Ola. "So my fight for equality and disability justice should be your fight, because you may very well become a person with a disability one day."

Being disabled is the one group that you don't have to be born into - you can become disabled at any time. So my fight for equality and disability justice should be your fight, because you may very well become a person with a disability one day.

- Ola Ojewumi Founder and Director of Project Ascend

Learning the vocabulary around disabilities

For those who do not currently have a disability, and/or have had little interactions with individuals in the disability community, we've compiled a list of relevant terms and definitions to help equip you with the vocabulary you need to understand the experiences and challenges of people with disabilities.

Ableism

defines ableism as "discrimination and social prejudice against people with disabilities or who are perceived to have disabilities. Ableism characterizes persons as defined by their disabilities and as inferior to the non-disabled. On this basis, people are assigned or denied certain perceived abilities, skills, or character orientations."

Here are just a few examples of ableism:

Feeling "sorry" when you see somebody with a disability

Assuming that people with disabilities are inferior or less capable than people without disabilities

Using disability as a punchline, or mocking people with disabilities as a joke

Asking people with disabilities when, or if they will "be fixed"

Accessibility/Accessible

The Office for Civil Rights (OCR) defines something as "accessible" when a person with a disability is afforded the opportunity to acquire the same information, engage in the same interactions, and enjoy the same services as a person without a disability in an equally integrated and equally effective manner, with substantially equivalent ease of use.

For example, a city may be described as accessible if it has Braille signage, audio signals at crosswalks, etc. A computer screen reader serves as an accessibility device for individuals with vision impairments.

Barrier

A barrier refers to an obstacle preventing a person with a disability from living independently, working, traveling, and/or accessing buildings, services, forms, and information. usually fall into one of the following categories: attitudinal, communication, physical, policy, programmatic, social, and transportation.

Examples include stereotyping persons with disabilities, the absence of wheelchair ramps in a building, and inconvenient or inflexible scheduling.

Disability

The definition of disability has historically been contentious. Moreover, the definition varies by country. To be protected by the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) in the United States, a disability must fit the following description: "A physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities, a person who has a history or record of such an impairment, or a person who is perceived by others as having such an impairment."

Under the Equality Act 2010 in the UK, someone is considered as having a disability if they "have a physical or mental impairment that has a 'substantial' and 'long-term' negative effect on [one's] ability to do normal daily activities."

The following are some general categories that disabilities fall into:

Chronic health conditions (e.g. diabetes, cancer)

Sensory impairments (e.g. hearing loss, low vision, mobility limitations)

Mental health and learning disabilities (e.g. depression, anxiety disorders, attention-deficit disorder)

Disabilities are also sometimes divided into the following categories:

Visible disabilities have indicators that others can visibly identify. Examples of indicators include assistive devices (e.g. a wheelchair), a particular set of actions (e.g. Tourette's syndrome), a communication method (e.g. sign language), a physical feature (e.g. quadriplegia), or something else.

Hidden (or non-visible) disabilities are not immediately apparent to others and are typically chronic illnesses and conditions that can affect or impair activities of daily living. Examples include chronic back pain, sleep disorders, ADHD, and autism (which is considered a form of neurodiversity, rather than a disability).

Often, others don't know that someone is living with a hidden disability until that individual chooses to disclose its existence, or "come out" as disabled.

It's also important to know that the line between visible and hidden disabilities is thin and that what may be visible to some is invisible to others. In(visibility) is not a binary, like other aspects of identity. For example, somebody with mobility limitations may be comfortable walking some days but prefer to use a cane or wheelchair on other days.

Similarly, individuals with hidden disabilities can develop visible disabilities later in life, as Ola did when she needed to start using a wheelchair. People can also have multiple disabilities, both visible and invisible.

Taking it one step further

Disability is a form of diversity that is often misunderstood and consequently excluded from the workplace despite the numerous benefits folks with disabilities bring to organizations.

By creating a common ground and language for disability, we hope that individuals will become increasingly open to understanding and genuinely listening to the voices of those living with disabilities, instead of defaulting to stereotypes and biases.

As the conversation around disability, diversity, equity, and inclusion continues to develop, we encourage you to keep Regina's words in mind: "Don't overthink your disability. People aren't perfect, so ask for help when you need it. And if you're on the receiving end of a request for help or accommodation, be open to learning about and helping folks with disabilities when they ask for it."

Don't overthink your disability. People aren't perfect, so ask for help when you need it. And if you're on the receiving end of a request for help or accommodation, be open to learning about and helping folks with disabilities when they ask for it.

- Regina Walton Program Operations at Reforge

In the second part of this series, we'll dive into key challenges and barriers faced by folks with disabilities. You will also hear more from Regina and Ola as they describe their personal experiences living and working as people with disabilities.

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Disability in the workplace: Embracing disability diversity | Culture Amp

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Today, many businesses understand the benefits of diversity in the workplace and are prioritizing initiatives that push the needle on DEI - or at least claiming to do so. Yet, the "diversity" in DEI often excludes the disability community.

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Don’t leave disability equity behind when building your DEI initiatives

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Don’t leave disability equity behind when building your DEI initiatives

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Whether you are showing up to work in-person or virtually, you're not just bringing your professional identity but so much more. Here at YW Boston, we've previously delved into what we consider the "Big 8" social identities: various aspects of ourselves that affect "how people and systems treat us and the opportunities that are available to us." One of these social identities is ability, which is "The diverse array of differences in physical, mental, cognitive, developmental, learning, and/or emotional make-up. It also includes mental health and the impact of social experiences such as trauma and surviving abuse ( Appalachian State University).

Through this blog post we'll explore disability equity and why it's important to incorporate when focusing on diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) in the professional setting. Once you do, you'll be able to create a workplace where everyone feels supported and valued.

An introduction to disability equity

YW Boston recently completed a series of workshops with Partners for Youth with Disabilities, an organization who was integral in informing our understanding of disability as a part of the ability identity. If you're not used to talking about disability as a topic, you might be nervous about accidently saying the wrong thing or might not even know if saying disability is okay. That's understandable and a first step in the process of learning!

First off, get comfortable saying the word disability and know that saying the word disability is not bad. It took the combined effort and dedication of many folx with disabilities to be recognized and get the Americans with Disabilities Act passed which "prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities ( US Department of Labor)." Many people with disabilities identify as disabled and are proud to be a part of the disability community. As a good rule of thumb when working with individuals, notice how they identify and follow their lead.

We also learned about the Social Model of Disability, a key framework for understanding disability equity. With the Social Model of Disability, disability is not a diagnosis, unlike the Medical Model of Disability, but a product of one's social and physical environment. For example, if a person who uses a wheelchair is in their apartment and able to easily access everything they need to, they are not disabled in their physical environment through the Social Model of Disability. However, if that same person were to go to their office with their wheelchair, but could not get around easily due to the layout of their building and office space, they would be disabled by their surroundings, according to the Social Model of Disability.

The Social Model of Disability holds accountable those in charge of our physical and social environments to make necessary, accessible changes. It's important when thinking about disability equity, which helps proactively accommodate the needs of people with disabilities.

Intersectionality is key to disability equity

When thinking about disability equity it's also important to think about how the social identity of disability can intersect with other forms of identity, such as race and gender. Like a house of cards, these social identities can stack on top of one another, "creating overlapping and interdependent systems of discrimination or disadvantage (Oxford Dictionary)." As we discussed previously, this framework of intersectionality is "essential to combatting the interwove prejudices people face in their daily lives."

For example, for a Black woman with a disability, their "[social] identity markers do not exist interdependently... creating a complex convergence of oppression." Not only may a person experience discrimination for their race, for their gender, and for their disability, but those experiences are interwoven. Assumptions made about one of their identities will also impact how they are treated regarding their other identities.

The National Disability Institute found that in 2020, "20 percent of [Americans] with disabilities working in January were out of work in May. Among BIPOC Americans with disabilities, 35 percent lost their jobs [during the COVID-19 Pandemic]."A 2020 report from McKinsey & Company on Women in the Workplacefound that "[women with disabilities] are almost twice as likely as women overall to be uncomfortable sharing the challenges they're facing [during COVID-19] with their teammates or managers and more than twice as likely to be uncomfortable talking about their health at work." This is why organizations implementing diversity, equity, and inclusion efforts should be aware of how their work supports people with overlapping identities.

We must use the pandemic as an opportunity to better understand disability accessibility.

For some people with disabilities, COVID-19 has had benefits when it comes to having an accessible working style. CNN talked to Joanna Hanaka, a disability rights advocate that's highly allergic to fragrances, who found that "Working from home makes it easier to control her environment, and she has much more energy from not being exposed to allergens."

Here at YW Boston, we have become increasingly aware throughout the COVID-19 pandemic that we had work to do around accessibility. We have started to utilize Zoom transcribing tech and are more aware of accommodating different learning styles during our programs. As we plan to have staff reenter our office, we are already thinking about how we can be more accessible. This includes strategies such as adaptable furniture and quiet areas for Zoom calls, for instance. Decisions related to reentering the office should be supported with a diversity, equity, and inclusion lens. Learn more from our recent blog on facilitating an equitable return to the workplace.

Taking the time to think through disability inclusion in the office is an important part of DEI work and something that should be revisited frequently to be sustained. Implementing these strategies will make professional settings feel safe for workers with disabilities and help them feel like they're valued members of the team able to complete their best work.

How do you begin to implement disability inclusion in your workplace?

One way to start implementing disability inclusion in your workspace is to make sure staff have required disability awareness training. As written for the Harvard Business Review by Ted Kennedy, Jr., Chad Jerdee, and Laurie Henneborn, "The primary goals of this training [is] to help people better understand and empathize with the challenges their colleagues may face and reduce the stigma of being disabled." These trainings should be required for both employees with disabilities and those without as it keeps everyone on the same page as far as disability related language and resources to use as a baseline.

Inclusion requires taking action on what you've learned. Next, start implementing disability inclusion is by providing accommodations for your employees with disabilities. The Job Accommodation Network (JAN) submitted a survey among various employers that had contacted them for recommendations on how to go about accommodations for employees with disabilities. Here, 90% of employers felt like the accommodations they utilized "Retained a valued employee," 68% of employers felt like the accommodations they utilized "Increased Their Employee's Productivity," and 57% of employers felt like the accommodations they utilized "Improved interactions with co-workers."

This past year, many organizations have begun to build their diversity, equity, and inclusion plans. Be sure to include disability equity as a key aspect of your plan, and recognize how building a more accessible workplace will support everyone - those with and without disabilities. And as you begin to ensure your workplace is accessible to people with disabilities, make sure you hold space for ideas and feedback. You want to ensure you know - are these the right strategies? Are there any negative impacts on people with intersecting identities? What's next?

Continue to build an understanding of social identities and intersectionality.

Implementing disability inclusion into a workspace is such an important part of diversity, equity, and inclusion work. it is crucial to have an understanding of all forms of social identity, how they show up in the workplace, and how they intersect. Here at YW Boston, we offer DEI Workshops with topics such as Understanding Social Identities and Intersectionality. Our expert facilitators can help you gain a thorough understanding of both concepts and start your journey in understanding how your team can make your workplace more equitable for all.

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About YW Boston
As the first YWCA in the nation, YW Boston has been at the forefront of advancing equity for over 150 years. Through our DE&I services- InclusionBoston and LeadBoston-as well as our advocacy work and F.Y.R.E. Initiative, we help individuals and organizations change policies, practices, attitudes, and behaviors with a goal of creating more inclusive environments where women, people of color, and especially women of color can succeed.

Whether your organization is large or small, you're just starting out with DEI, or are further along on the journey, YW Boston will work with you to find the right solutions. YW Boston offers a variety of DEI Services designed to create lasting change. For more information, please contact Sheera Bornstein at  sheera@ywboston.org.
About InclusionBoston
InclusionBoston advances diversity, equity, and inclusion by partnering with organizations looking for improved results. Using our advanced assessment tool and the latest research on behavioral and organizational change, we partner with organizations to create an action plan and provide them with the resources needed to drive lasting change. Our customized, evidence-based approach builds internal capacity and promotes cultural change while supporting organizations throughout their journey. YW Boston also offers one-day workshops where participants explore frameworks, develop knowledge, and engage in dialogue.

Ready to unlock the power of diversity in the workplace? Click here to learn more about InclusionBoston and request your free consultation.

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Don't leave disability equity behind when building your DEI initiatives

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Whether you are showing up to work in-person or virtually, you're not just bringing your professional identity but so much more. Here at YW Boston, we've previously delved into what we consider the "Big 8" social identities: various aspects of ourselves that affect "how people and systems treat us a

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Creating Meaningful and Inclusive Museum Practices

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Creating Meaningful and Inclusive Museum Practices

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how to engage and collaborate with diverse communities to turn museums into spaces of social inclusion and belonging.

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Meaningful & Inclusive Museum Practices with ICOM - Museum Studies - FutureLearn

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Join this course from the International Council of Museums, to learn how to develop inclusive community museum projects and encourage participatory museum practices.

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Confronting racism is not about the needs and feelings of white people, by Ijeoma Oluo

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Confronting racism is not about the needs and feelings of white people, by Ijeoma Oluo

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“If your anti-racism work prioritizes the ‘growth’ and ‘enlightenment’ of white America over the safety, dignity and humanity of people of color – it’s not anti-racism work. It’s white supremacy.”

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was leaving a corporate office building after a full day of leading workshops on how to talk about race thoughtfully and deliberately. The audience for each session had been similar to the dozens I had faced before. There was an overrepresentation of employees of color, an underrepresentation of white employees. The participants of color tended to make eye contact with me and nod - I even heard a few "Amens" - but were never the first to raise their hands with questions or comments. Meanwhile, there was always a white man eager to share his thoughts on race. In these sessions I typically rely on silent feedback from participants of color to make sure I am on the right track, while trying to moderate the loud centering of whiteness.

In the hallway an Asian American woman locked eyes with me and mouthed: "Thank you." A black man squeezed my shoulder and muttered: "Girl, if you only knew." A black woman stopped me, looked around cautiously to make sure no one was within earshot, and then said: "You spoke the truth. I wish I could have shared my story so you'd know how true. But this was not the place."

This was not the place. Despite the care I take in these sessions to center people of color, to keep them safe, this still was not the place. Once again, what might have been a discussion about the real, quantifiable harm being done to people of color had been subsumed by a discussion about the feelings of white people, the expectations of white people, the needs of white people.

As I stood there, gazing off into the memory of hundreds of stifled conversations about race, I was brought to attention by a white woman. She was not nervously looking around to see who might be listening. She didn't ask if I had time to talk, though I was standing at the door.

"Your session was really nice," she started. "You said a lot of good things that will be useful to a lot of people."

She paused briefly: "But the thing is, nothing you talked about today is going to help me make more black friends."

I was reminded of one of the very first panels on race I had participated in. A black man in Seattle had been pepper-sprayed by a security guard for doing nothing more than walking through a shopping center. It had been caught on camera. A group of black writers and activists, myself included, were onstage in front of a majority-white Seattle audience, talking about the incident. Fellow panelist Charles Mudede, a brilliant writer, film-maker and economic theorist, addressed the economic mechanisms at work: this security guard had been told that his job was to protect his employers' ability to make a profit. He had been told that his job was to keep customers who had money to spend happy and safe. And every day he was fed cultural messages about who had money and who didn't. Who was violent and who wasn't. Charles argued that the security guard had been doing his job. In a white supremacist capitalist system, this is what doing your job looked like.

Just once I want to speak to a room of white people who know they are there because they are the problem

Well, at least he was trying to argue that point. Because halfway through, a white woman stood up and interrupted him.

"Look, I'm sure you know a lot about all this stuff," she said, hands on hips. "But I didn't come here for an economics lesson. I came here because I feel bad about what happened to this man and I want to know what to do."

That room, apparently, wasn't the place either. According to this woman, this talk was not, or should not have been, about the feelings of the man who was pepper-sprayed, or those of the broader black community, which had just been delivered even more evidence of how unsafe we are in our own city. She felt bad and wanted to stop feeling bad. And she expected us to provide that to her.

At a university last month, where I was discussing the whitewashing of publishing and the need for more unfiltered narratives by people of color, a white man insisted that there was no way we were going to be understood by white people if we couldn't make ourselves more accessible. When I asked him if all of the elements of white culture that people of color have to familiarize themselves with just to get through the day are ever modified to suit us, he shrugged and looked down at his notebook. At a workshop I led last week a white woman wondered if perhaps people of color in America are too sensitive about race. How was she going to be able to learn if we were always getting so upset at her questions?

I've experienced similar interruptions and dismissals more times than I can count. Even when my name is on the poster, none of these places seem like the right places in which to talk about what I and so many people of color need to talk about. So often the white attendees have decided for themselves what will be discussed, what they will hear, what they will learn. And it is their space. All spaces are.

One day, in frustration, I posted this social media status:

"If your anti-racism work prioritizes the 'growth' and 'enlightenment' of white America over the safety, dignity and humanity of people of color - it's not anti-racism work. It's white supremacy."

Is a little white supremacy leaked into our anti-racism work better than no anti-racism work at all?

One of the very first responses I received from a white commenter was: "OK, but isn't it better than nothing?"

Is it? Is a little erasure better than a lot of erasure? Is a little white supremacy leaked into our anti-racism work better than no anti-racism work at all? Every time I stand in front of an audience to address racial oppression in America, I know that I am facing a lot of white people who are in the room to feel less bad about racial discrimination and violence in the news, to score points, to let everyone know that they are not like the others, to make black friends. I know that I am speaking to a lot of white people who are certain they are not the problem because they are there.

Just once I want to speak to a room of white people who know they are there because they are the problem. Who know they are there to begin the work of seeing where they have been complicit and harmful so that they can start doing better. Because white supremacy is their construct, a construct they have benefited from, and deconstructing white supremacy is their duty.

Myself and many of the attendees of color often leave these talks feeling tired and disheartened, but I still show up and speak. I show up in the hopes that maybe, possibly, this talk will be the one that finally breaks through, or will bring me a step closer to the one that will. I show up and speak for people of color who can't speak freely, so that they might feel seen and heard. I speak because there are people of color in the room who need to hear that they shouldn't have to carry the burden of racial oppression, while those who benefit from that same oppression expect anti-racism efforts to meet their needs first. After my most recent talk, a black woman slipped me a note in which she had written that she would never be able to speak openly about the ways that racism was impacting her life, not without risking reprisals from white peers. "I will heal at home in silence," she concluded.

Is it better than nothing? Or is the fact that in 2019 I still have to ask myself that question every day most harmful of all?

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Confronting racism is not about the needs and feelings of white people | Ijeoma Oluo

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was leaving a corporate office building after a full day of leading workshops on how to talk about race thoughtfully and deliberately. The audience for each session had been similar to the dozens I had faced before. There was an overrepresentation of employees of color, an underrepresentation of white employees.

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White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack by  Peggy McIntosh

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White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack by  Peggy McIntosh

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"The question is: “Having described white privilege, what will I do to end it?"

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Practicing Safe Social: Social Media And Your Mental Health

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Practicing Safe Social: Social Media And Your Mental Health

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It's not a surprise that since the pandemic, the use of social media has risen dramatically. Facebook and Instagram have seen a 40% increase in usage since the start of the pandemic, while Twitter has 23% more users than it did a year ago. Additionally, in countries most hit by COVID-19, messages across the Facebook, Instagram and WhatsApp platforms have increased by 50%.

It makes sense that we are all using social media more. Since we are not able to connect with many of our family or friends in-person because of physical distancing, social media has become an important tool to keep the lines of communication open. However, social media has also been shown to have a negative impact on our mental health, so it's important to manage our consumption.

We're not saying that all social media use is bad, social media can help keep us informed and connected, alongside many other positives, but it's still important to be mindful of your social media usage. This can help to ensure that it's not negatively impacting your mental health. By reading the tips and tricks in this article, you'll be well on your way to developing a more positive relationship with social media.

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Social Media and Mental Health | CMHA York Region & South Simcoe

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It's not a surprise that since the pandemic, the use of social media has risen dramatically. Facebook and Instagram have seen a 40% increase in usage since the start of the pandemic, while Twitter has 23% more users than it did a year ago.

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When our superpowers hurt us: How to cope with vicarious trauma?

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When our superpowers hurt us: How to cope with vicarious trauma?

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on Vicarious trauma

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When our superpowers hurt us: How to cope with vicarious trauma? - The Activism Joy Studio

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When I was 8 years old I boasted to my best friend’s father that I had superpowers. “I’m telepathic!” I declared, “When other people hurt, I can feel it.” He laughed, gutted me with a shrink-ray of scorn, and said, “There’s no such thing silly, that’s just sympathy.” Over 30 years later and a social…

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How activists and reporters can protect themselves from secondary trauma

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How activists and reporters can protect themselves from secondary trauma

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Peaceful protest has long been a way for ordinary people to take a stand against hate, injustice, and corruption. The contentious issues - and types of repression meted out - may change with the times, but the violence itself remains a constant.

Sweeping crackdowns on protest in Sudan, Zimbabwe, and Venezuela in recent weeks serve as a reminder of the violence people face when they dare to speak out. Governments continue to unleash an arsenal of tools to suppress dissidents, from batons and pipes, to tear gas and even live bullets. As the death tolls in these countries mount, so does a growing sense of anger and fear felt by protesters.

But the violence isn't confined to the arena of protest.

Graphic images and videos of beatings, harassment, and killings spill onto social media, often uploaded by the protesters themselves. Across Facebook and Twitter especially, it's become increasingly common for people to scroll through their feed and see a video of a protester being beaten, or click a hashtag and see a photo of a lifeless body.

This is especially true if you're a human rights activist or journalist, particularly working in breaking news and open source investigations, where part of your job is to follow conflict and crises as they unfold. You'll likely be actively looking for graphic footage posted on YouTube, Twitter and Facebook - not trying to avoid them.

Amnesty International's Crisis Response team knows this well. Part of our worldwide investigative work involves collecting, preserving, and verifying raw eyewitness media depicting serious crimes and human rights abuses.

Seeing images of violence and trauma can take its toll. In response to the recent spate of killings at protests, the Crisis Response team's Evidence Lab have put together tips and advice on how to better care for yourself while working in this environment.

Identifying the issue

It's important to understand what you're at risk of in the first place. In this case, as you'll be viewing content of graphic and violent nature indirectly rather than firsthand, it's referred to as secondary or vicarious trauma.

As Sam Dubberley, Special Advisor to the Evidence Lab and Manager of Amnesty International's Digital Verification Corps, says in this report about secondary trauma: "If you are exposed to distressing experiences, even when you are not physically present, your brain has the capacity to experience symptoms of distress similar to those you would experience if you had been there. Our brains are wired to take steps to protect us from perceived threats to our safety. When we see something unexpected, the brain assesses what it is seeing to decide whether we are safe and secure or need to react quickly."

Common signs of vicarious trauma include experiencing lingering feelings of anger, rage and sadness. In some more extreme cases, intense exposure to such content can lead to anxiety, stress, burnout, and post-traumatic stress disorder.

If you are exposed to distressing experiences, even when you are not physically present, your brain has the capacity to experience symptoms of distress similar to those you would experience if you had been there.
Sam Dubberley, Special Advisor to the Evidence Lab and Manager of Amnesty International's Digital Verification Corps

Identify your own personal warning signs

Images of violence and death are upsetting and harmful. But one thing to help mitigate that harm is to verbally acknowledge the task at hand, and to not take a shortcut in hiding your emotions. You should also identify the specific type of content you're mostly likely to be disturbed by, and then take steps to avoid it when possible.

For example, the most upsetting footage may not be directly depicting death - it could be other related images, such as video of grieving relatives, that trigger the most emotive response.

Something else to consider is if you have a personal connection to the region. For example, if you are Yemeni and you are verifying footage coming out from the country, your background and familiarity with parts of the images may intensify the trauma. "You might have a reaction just from seeing something that reminds you of someone you know," Sam Dubberley says.

It may not be possible to avoid content from your country - but by identifying this as a factor that can cause additional trauma, you can better prepare yourself in taking precautions.

Use tools and tips on social media

On YouTube, Twitter, and Facebook, there are some things you can do right now to help ease any potential triggers for trauma while you're verifying content:

Turn off auto-play. This can be done on all three platforms manually. That way, you won't be surprised by video, and you can choose when you're in the right place to start watching.

If you only need to view one part of a photo or video to verify it, you could try something as simple as covering the rest of the screen with paper or your hand, so you don't see disturbing images or footage that's not needed for your work.

Mute the volume if audio isn't critical to that particular video. Audio, especially cries of pain as shown in footage of bombings and violence at protests, can heighten distress.

Disactivate auto-download on WhatsApp, so any videos or photos sent to you on the app won't automatically save onto your phone. Open WhatsApp and tap the settings button at the bottom-right, and tap on 'data and storage usage.' In this menu, you will see the media auto-download - select the 'never' option.

Take a break

Try wherever possible limit the time you spend handling graphic footage, and take regular breaks. Do what you can to help yourself become more in tune with observing how your body and mind reacts to graphic footage, and note any signs of stress. If you have trouble sleeping, a range of mood swings, or feel low, consider whether your work is having an impact on your physical and mental wellbeing. Stick to a routine and set time blocks.

Always try to maintain a healthy work/life balance. If you think it may help to talk to someone about the ongoing traumatic footage you deal with on a regular basis, seek support from your colleagues and friends. As you work in this arena already, it may be useful to consider trying regular therapy sessions even before you feel any signs of stress.

Remember the importance of switching off and focusing on something else from time to time. Your work is important - but so is your wellbeing.

Open up and talk

Working with graphic footage has the potential to cause great mental distress. One practical way to ensure your wellbeing is a priority is to talk about it with colleagues, who understand the nature of your work, and can speak from their own personal experience.

And it may be useful to talk about the emotional impact with friends and family, too. But rather than bombarding them, it may be useful to prepare the conversation and ask them first if they are able and willing to hear about a difficult topic.

Talking openly about stress isn't a sign of weakness. We all have a responsibility to be honest with ourselves and others about the toll this work can take. By speaking up, we can change attitudes and help others who may also need support.

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How activists and reporters can protect themselves from secondary trauma

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Peaceful protest has long been a way for ordinary people to take a stand against hate, injustice, and corruption. The contentious issues - and types of repression meted out - may change with the times, but the violence itself remains a constant.

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"The suffering is palpable: white nonprofit leaders and rising leaders of color, many of them women, find themselves in relationships full of anguish and confusion. The wounds from these conflicts feel personal, but their source is in structural shifts that are happening across the sector. We are in a moment of seismic change."

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"We wanted change. We planned for change. But not like this," said one nonprofit program director, hired to succeed the founding executive upon retirement. "Is it that she just can't let go? Or is it that she can't let go to someone like me?"

The suffering is palpable: white nonprofit leaders and rising leaders of color, many of them women, find themselves in relationships full of anguish and confusion. The wounds from these conflicts feel personal, but their source is in structural shifts that are happening across the sector. We are in a moment of seismic change. The fault lines are both generational and demographic. And nearly every organization has been hit by collapsing expectations and flying debris.

This dramatic change was long predicted. Since 2002, has been reporting on how the sector has been preparing for founding directors, many of them early boomers, to retire. Nonprofits and funders were abuzz: Where would we find new leaders to keep the sector afloat? How would we help the generation of founding executive directors to depart?

But this change included more than the departure of experienced leaders. While there was once an assumption that generational change would create a leadership vacuum, this notion of a void tuned out to be the inability of the sector to see a whole phalanx of people of color who were trained, able, and ready to lead.

Rising leaders of color often misread the reluctance of white founding executives to depart as arising from a sense of racial entitlement to a long-held job. But there are two forces at work here: First, there is the changing demographic in the field, which turns racism into blinders. Executives tend to mentor new leadership that looks and thinks just like them. White supremacy can make it hard for them to see the competency of someone who isn't white. These executives are sometimes weary and ready to depart but unable to see the successors to whom they can responsibly pass the baton. Meanwhile, able candidates are weary of waiting for their turn to lead.

Secondly, the social sector is experiencing a generational change. Leaders who came of age in the 1970s and 1980s are experiencing a cultural cataclysm similar to the ones they created as young adults, but they are now older adults on the other side of it. Those who were once iconoclasts and innovators are now the dominant holders of power in institutions for social change, and their self-image has often not caught up with that reality.

This history also means that departing leaders are not simply leaving a job. For some executives, leadership succession asks them to step away from work that has been their life's purpose. They toiled at it for 60 or 70 hours a week, and it became the center of their social lives and their deepest political commitment. For these leaders, transitioning out isn't simply leaving a job; it is often leaving a lifelong sense of purpose and community. We take the existence of many nonprofits for granted today. We forget that they are the legacy of social justice movement work that was, for decades, the commitment at the center of some people's lives. And in white-led movements, once you step away from that kind of institutional leadership, there may be no useful place for you to go.

The pain of being caught in these social sector leadership transitions can feel like institutional dysfunction. In navigating the shocks and aftershocks of this leadership shift, it helps if the people involved understand two things: the disadvantage of institutions pursuing racial diversity without inclusion, and the leadership advantage that Black, Indigenous, and other people of color have when they are connected to a social movement culture that includes eldering.

Disadvantage: Leaders Departing from Snowcapped Peaks

A decade of advancing an incomplete "diversity, equity, and inclusion" (DEI) approach to dismantling white supremacy in the nonprofit sector has contributed to this painful moment. Many organizations have succeeded in hiring more racially diverse program and operations staff, then moved quickly toward developing a more diverse constituency of donors, and are looking toward ensuring equitable outcomes for beneficiaries. They tried to skip the cultural transformation of shared power that is the product of inclusion.

This incomplete approach creates "snowcapped" organizations: places where staff of color carry the focus on equity and justice in frontline, mission-related work, while being clustered at the bottom of the institutional hierarchy. They have little voice, inconsistent influence, and lack the power to change the rules about how the organization works. The decision-makers on strategy and resource allocation sit at the top of the organizational hierarchy like the snowcap on a mountain, mostly white and white-haired people over 50.

This snowcap produces predictable cumulative results. I often find myself invited to meetings with nonprofit and philanthropic leaders who want to work on racial equity. But when I arrive, there are seven white folks! And they experience my work with them as tumultuous as an avalanche.

Having skipped the "I" in DEI work leaves these white-led organizations unhabituated to the programmatic strengths that experienced leaders of color bring to executive and governance decision-making. White boards and executives are often unfamiliar with the wide range of priorities, interdependent concerns, and deep relationships of accountability that executives of color routinely include in their work and, therefore, challenge their leadership. Many organizations are familiar with people of color as experts leading DEI training or special populations initiatives, but not as the people who drive decision-making about organizational priorities. This is especially true in nonprofits that have hired for demographic diversity rather than diversity of lived experience and connection to diverse communities and networks.

During leadership successions in snowcapped organizations, boards and outgoing executives often contact me for help when they are blindsided by the consequences of having pursued diversity without inclusion. They are surprised by the need for new paradigms for thinking about their work, and how they do it, and are shocked by how quickly they must adapt in order for their organization to stay relevant and survive. Succession plans that do not consider that hiring a new executive might require racially and culturally diverse board and staff perspectives in decision-making can cause grueling transitions. Overwhelmed board members leave. Previously hopeful staff members lose their patience and insurrect. Unchecked microaggressions abound. The incoming executive may question whether they want to lead an organization so unready to support them. And the departing executive-one foot in, one foot out the door-may wonder if they should stay.

Advantage: Leaders Who Keep Rising

I often coach rising executives of color who are perplexed by their white predecessors' reluctance to depart. They assume the barriers to leaving are financial. It is unimaginable to them that retiring executives are struggling with being unable to envision a future in which they are useful and continue to have esteem and relevance.

There are wide ethnic and social variations among Black, Indigenous, Latinx, and Asian cultures, but one thing they often have in common is a practice of eldering. Unlike white US culture, which associates "elder" with infirmity and marginalization, leaders of color often come from communities and movements where seasoned leaders continue to ascend in value, even after they have left the day-to-day leadership work. When they retire from full-time service, many of these leaders keep rising in recognition and esteem in communities where they become elders.

Movement elders-like the late Grace Lee Boggs, Loretta Ross, Barbara Smith, and Shirley Sherrod-are sought out, consulted with, and provide encouragement to mature movement leaders like Adrienne Maree Brown, Alexis Pauline Gumbs, and Leah Penniman. Elders of color who have retired from full-time leadership return to provide transitional support in moments requiring philanthropic unity; Johnnetta B. Cole and Ruth Simmons both returned from retirement to stabilize economically endangered HBCUs. Legendary foundation executive Handy Lindsey returned to the field to help a family foundation repair harms to the local Black community that helped to produce the donor's wealth. These elders offer more than technical expertise. They have demonstrated a lifetime of skillfully nurturing leaders and institutions that support the well-being of their people and, as such, are offered their community's ongoing deference, preference, and respect.

This culture of movement elders offers significant advantages for nonprofit and philanthropic leaders of color who honor it. They arrive in new leadership positions with connections to wisdom traditions and a kitchen cabinet of experienced advisors that allows them to be both visionary and strong. Connection to movement elders provides the benefits of mentoring and accountability from a predecessor without the expectation of obedience or a struggle for control. This modeling encourages rising leaders to cultivate "bench strength" among emerging leaders in their organization and field. Movement elders provide living links to oft-untold chapters of history, including the multiracial histories of the social movements that seeded and grew into today's nonprofits. Leaders can turn to movement elders to help them design antidotes to the single-issue narratives and single-constituent politics found in racially exclusive, snowcapped organizations.

Sector at a Crossroads: Crisis and Opportunity

Instead of thinking of the current demographic and generational shifts in the nonprofit and philanthropic sector as a crisis-a cataclysm, an avalanche, a void-we can think of our sector as arriving at an important crossroads. A crossroads is a place that asks us to carefully observe the barriers before us and make conscious choices about how and with whom we shall proceed.

If we acknowledge that we have come to a crossroads about the kind of leadership needed to take our sector forward, we can lessen our anxiety about departing from "the way we've always done things." We will have space to recognize and celebrate the ways rising leaders of color are bringing forward the very insights and inclusive practices that we have been struggling toward. This pivotal junction for the field invites us to turn away from our habitual path of exclusion, a path that excludes both the contributions of seasoned elders and well-prepared younger leaders from the roles that await them.

A crossroads is a good place to pause. This is a moment for us to take stock and finally learn the skills we will need to carry us forward: the multifaceted practices of inclusion that are required if we are to be the justice and equity we seek to amplify in the world.

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Nonprofit Leadership at a Crossroads - Non Profit News | Nonprofit Quarterly

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"We wanted change. We planned for change. But not like this," said one nonprofit program director, hired to succeed the founding executive upon retirement. "Is it that she just can't let go? Or is it that she can't let go to someone like me?"

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Nonprofit Executives and the Racial Leadership Gap: A Race to Lead Brief

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Nonprofit Executives and the Racial Leadership Gap: A Race to Lead Brief

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Since 2017, the Building Movement Project’s Race to Lead series has examined data gathered from a
national online survey of more than 4,000 respondents working in the nonprofit sector. The survey results showed that respondents had similar qualifications regardless of race, and that staff of color
surpassed white peers in their aspirations to lead nonprofit organizations. The data also pointed to
a range of systemic biases and barriers—not individual deficits—that limit opportunity, access and
advancement for people of color who aspire to executive leadership roles in the nonprofit sector.

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Every child: equality and diversity in arts and culture with, by and for children and young people

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Every child: equality and diversity in arts and culture with, by and for children and young people

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Culture Change toolkit BY Arts Council England

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Culture Change toolkit BY Arts Council England

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This toolkit will help you follow best practice in recruitment and develop a diverse workforce and leadership.

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This toolkit will help you follow best practice in recruitment and develop a diverse workforce and leadership.
We think the work we support, and the workforce of arts and culture organisations, should reflect the diversity of England. It's important that diverse talent is represented at all levels, across different roles and in the board room. There has been some positive progress in increasing workforce diversity, but more needs to be done.

The Culture Change Guide contains case studies and best practice examples from the arts and culture sector and beyond, with guidance on how to recruit and support diverse talent in an organisation, and how to capture and use diversity data. There are six downloadable PDF guides:

How to find and grow diverse talent

How to recruit diverse talent

How to support diverse talent

How to develop diverse leadership

How to create diverse boards

How to collect and use diversity data

To navigate the toolkit, use the 'next' button at the bottom of each page to go to the next module.

If you have any feedback or have difficulties using this page contact us by email or phone.

Growing the cultural sector is, in part, dependent upon changing the perception of the sector and making entry to it more transparent to individuals while removing practices that are not inclusive. It's not about doing everything but doing what is achievable for your organisation.

In this section:

What can you do?

Barriers to overcome

Good practice case studies

Downloadable resources: How to find and grow diverse talent / Developing meaningful apprenticeships, internships and work experience

The cultural sector is taking steps to attract a more diverse pool of individuals and this section outlines what you can do to recruit more diverse talent and a range of good practice case studies showcasing what others have done successfully.

In this section:

What can you do?

The current situation

Barriers to overcome

Opportunities

Good practice case studies

Downloadable resources: How to recruit diverse talent / Designing a Person Specification / How to diversify proof your policies / Removing bias from shortlisting and selection process

Diversity supports innovation and sound decision-making within inclusive work environments. This section provides an overview of how to create a workplace where people feel valued and encouraged to develop and thrive.

In this section:

The current situation

Good practice case studies

Downloadable resources: How to support diverse talent / How to carry our performance appraisals

Most organisations within the arts and cultural sector believe in the importance of diversity. However, in many organisations there is a gap when looking at diversity within the teams with strategic decision-making responsibility. This section outlines practical ways to grow diverse leaders. It is focused on a proportionate approach to consider the size of your organisation and/or collaborating with other organisations who share your goals.

In this section:

What can you do?

Barriers to overcome

Good practice case studies

Downloadable resources: How to develop diverse leadership / Creating leadership development opportunities to retain talented future leaders

A diverse board can make decisions more effectively by reducing the risk of 'groupthink'. Board members are responsible for devising or agreeing strategies through critical appraisal and effective problem solving. A challenge in the decision-making process, within the boardroom, is 'groupthink' - the psychological behaviour of minimising conflicts and reaching a consensus decision. Including the contributions of people with different skills, backgrounds and experiences creates solutions to problems from a greater range of perspectives. This also provides a more comprehensive oversight to the operations of the organisation and enhancement of the company's sensitivity to a wider range of possible risks such as reputation and compliance risks.

This section highlights what you can do to create a diverse board and take advantage of the benefits.

In this section:

What can you do?

The current situation

Challenges to overcome

Good practice case studies

Downloadable resources: How to create diverse boards / How to work as an inclusive board

How do you know if you are a diverse and fair organisation? Monitoring the effectiveness of your policies and actions is essential to show that your activities are achieving your intended outcomes. Data cannot of course tell the whole story, however, it tells us where we should direct our efforts and helps us make the case for public funding.

The first step is to gather information on the diversity of your organisation, eg workforce or audience reach. Diversity information is based on current UK equality legislation, which aims to prevent discrimination on the grounds of age, sex, disability, race, sexual orientation, religion or belief, pregnancy and maternity, marriage and civil partnership and gender reassignment.

In this section:

What can you do?

Barriers to overcome

Opportunities

Good practice case studies

Downloadable resources: How to collect and use diversity data / How to collect and use equality information

This section signposts readers to the downloadable resources included in each of the Culture Change Guides

COVID-19: Caring for your workforce and making fair decisions in a time of rapid change
Developing meaningful apprenticeships, internships and work experience
Designing a person specification
How to diversify proof your policies
Removing bias from shortlisting and selection process
How to carry out performance appraisals
Creating leadership development opportunities to retain talented future leaders
How to work as an inclusive board
How to collect and use equality information

Additional resources
A best practice guide to apprenticeships, internships and volunteering
Employing an apprentice
A managers' guide to apprenticeships

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This toolkit will help you follow best practice in recruitment and develop a diverse workforce and leadership. We think the work we support, and the workforce of arts and culture organisations, should reflect the diversity of England. It's important that diverse talent is represented at all levels, across different roles and in the board room.

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Museum Hue is a leading organization dedicated to advancing Black, Indigenous, and other People of Color in the cultural field. They have over 400 institutional members, representing cultural and academic institutions across the United States.

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Museum Hue is a leading organization dedicated to advancing Black, Indigenous, and other People of Color in the cultural field. They have over 400 institutional members, representing cultural and academic institutions across the United States.

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Decolonising museums. Campaign/Guide by the Museums association 

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Decolonising museums. Campaign/Guide by the Museums association 

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Colonialism has profound human consequences. It is an expression of power that relies upon oppression, extraction of resources and silencing other ways of being and knowing. Many museums in the UK are part of the legacy of British colonialism through the collections they steward, their institutional histories, structures and wealth, and the stories they tell.

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"The master's tools will never dismantle the master's house. They may allow us to temporarily beat him at his own game, but they will never enable us to bring about genuine change." Audre Lorde, 1978
Earlier this year, I was part of a group of co-curators invited to set up an exhibition at Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery (BMAG) which would use the Museum's collection to confront history in new and challenging ways. The attempt is worthy - reflective of movements like 'Rhodes must fall' and 'why is my curriculum white', which call for a radical reassessment of history, an awareness of how colonial processes impact our present times. However, the exhibition brought into focus an important question - one of whether large British institutions like BMAG can and should promote 'decolonial' thinking, or whether, in fact, they are so embedded in the history and power structures that decoloniality challenges, that they will only end up co-opting decoloniality.

At the start of the project, we toured the permanent nineteenth-century exhibition together. One of the museum staff drew our attention to the labelling - the authorial voice of the museum - and the way that certain objects are deemed 'valuable' and therefore are placed in central positions, most of which are paintings by white men. In this time period, it seemed as though brown and black faces only appeared in Orientalist paintings, images which created a fantasy version of the rest of the world as underdeveloped, static, feminine. One such painting we saw languished in a corner, depicting a veiled woman whose mouth was literally being covered twice (by a veil and a man's hand). Someone muttered: "I'm tired", and everyone laughed.
Museums are not neutral
Museums are not neutral in their preservation of history. In fact, arguably, they are sites of forgetfulness and fantasy. The way exhibitions are constructed usually assumes a white audience and privileges the white gaze. The white walls signified the choices of white people, their agency, their museum collections, and the endeavours of colonialists. To many white people, the collections are an enjoyable diversion, a nostalgic visit which conjures up a romanticised version of Empire.

For many people of colour, collections symbolise historic and ongoing trauma and theft. Behind every beautiful object and historically important building or monument is trauma. As the historian and writer, Nana Oforiatta Ayim has said : "In the British Museum, you have the African galleries, and it's like, 'This drum is from 1500 Ashanti,' but there is nothing else about it. You don't know what it is used for, what context it's from, how it was brought here, who stole it. The museum as it exists today is so much an imperialist project and is so much about power". The craftsmanship, the display case, the beauty of the institution that collects and protects its imperial hoard: the way items are described, the way they are catalogued and what gets shown and what remains hidden; all work to deny, retreat, and forget.

As the project proceeded, we were given presentations by the curators about the acquisition history of the museum collections. Many of the collections pertaining to Empire were donated by colonialists, merchants, collectors, or just "taken". One of the most famous (and controversial) objects is the Buddha Sakyamuni, who greets visitors at the museum entrance. The statue was discovered by British railway engineer E B Harris in north-east India in 1861; he transported the statue from India and sold it to a West Midlands industrialist for £200. It was destined for the museum of Birmingham, whose foundries had produced many of the rails, sleepers and carriages for the East Indian Railway. Where museum objects come from and the circumstances surrounding their acquisition are seen as secondary to the value of allowing the British public access to "history". Often it takes repatriation campaigns to highlight these issues.
Joseph Chamberlain
The museum itself sits on Chamberlain Square. The Square (alongside many of Birmingham's buildings and locations) is named after Joseph Chamberlain, who is celebrated as the 'father' of Birmingham. He has a whole display in #ThePastIsNow dedicated to restoring historical accuracy, highlighting his role as the British Secretary of the Colonies. Chamberlain is comparable to Cecil Rhodes in his unwavering belief in imperial expansion and the superiority of the 'British race'. We gave him room to explain his imperialist, racist ideology, exploring how his social reforms in Birmingham were made at the expense of the colonies.

Although the connections between Empire and Birmingham run deep, this story is rarely represented within institutional spaces in the city. As the project continued, it was clear that there were so many stories and not enough time and money to do justice to them. Each of the displays we went with could easily have whole been exhibitions, whole buildings, dedicated to their decolonialisation. The pressures of the project led to difficult questions, including whether these histories could translate into Birmingham museum in a way that was truly radical. It was going to be a challenge, a struggle, for everyone involved.
We were all wary of being tokenised
The museum staff were aware of this in theory, but I don't think they were prepared for us in practice. We were intent on drawing attention to the museum as an imperial structure that is intimately tied to systemic whiteness. We also strove to highlight how individuals reproduced institutions. In meetings, we threw out phrases like 'white fragility' and 'systemic racism' to staff who had, perhaps, never been confronted in this way. Although we were allowed creative freedom within the exhibition and were encouraged to be candid, it often felt like the price of our honesty was any future chance to work with the museum or, worse, that it might jeopardise further decolonial projects. Though we were encouraged to be upfront, we were never sure where we stood. Meetings could be very tense.

Though a large part the project involved managing other people's emotions, it also meant managing our own emotions. All of the co-curators of #ThePastIsNow are women of colour with diverse heritages. As such, we all deeply felt the weight of responsibility to represent and narrativize the perspectives of our communities. At the same time, we were all wary of being tokenised. (Plans to have our photos in the exhibition were scrapped for instance) We wanted to be sure we were not being exploited; that underlying anxiety was difficult to shake off. There was always a power struggle at work, and it often felt like there was a 'scramble for the museum' in terms of how the stories would be told, how much we could say, how open we could be.

Decolonising is deeper than just being represented. When projects and institutions proclaim a commitment to 'diversity', 'inclusion' or 'decoloniality' we need to attend to these claims with a critical eye. Decoloniality is a complex set of ideas - it requires complex processes, space, money, and time, otherwise it runs the risk of becoming another buzzword, like 'diversity'. As interest in decolonial thought grows, we must beware of museums' and other institutions' propensity to collect and exhibit because there is a danger (some may argue an inevitability) that the museum will exhibit decoloniality in much the same way they display/ed black and brown bodies as part of Empire's "collection". I do not want to see decolonisation become part of Britain's national narrative as a pretty curio with no substance - or, worse, for decoloniality to be claimed as yet another great British accomplishment: , two world wars, one world cup, and decolonisation.

Rather than place the onus on people of colour - either as facilitators or as an audience for the museum - we need to flip the narrative and ask how the museum can facilitate the decolonial process for its majority white audience in a way that does not continue to exploit people of colour. Key to this is accepting that the museum needs us; we do not need the museum. Institutions need to stop considering giving access to BAME people's own cultures something they should be grateful for, and they should definitely ensure that 'focus groups' and visiting curators are remunerated adequately for their work.

This came to a head at the last meeting. We raised these issues - about emotional labour, about not receiving adequate pay for the work we were doing, and about the fact certain key decisions were made without us - and explained that the co-curation process betrayed a fundamental lack of understanding of what decoloniality is and who it is for. We argued that words and systems that hide exploitative practices such as 'volunteering', 'zero-hour contracts', and 'diversity' have no place in a decolonial project. Too often people of colour are rolled in to provide natural resources - our bodies and our "decolonial" thoughts - which are exploited, and then discarded. The human cost, the emotional labour, are seen as worthy sacrifices in the name of an exhibition which can be celebrated as a successful attempt by the museum at "inclusion" and "decolonising", as a marker that it - and, indeed, Britain - is dealing with its past.
Decolonising is challenging
After this, the co-curators were emailed the interpretation (the exhibition text). To our dismay, it was written in the same neutral voice that we had critiqued weeks earlier. We were told that we could 'edit' the text, but there would be little time to make larger changes. There was nothing to be done: we had to set aside questions like am I being exploited and would a white man accept this and what about self-care so that we could "decolonise". Four of us locked ourselves in a room and collectively re-wrote the entire interpretation. We spent hours arguing about wording and grammar - what would be added to the story, what would we leave out - on the history of Birmingham and eugenics, partition, Kenyan independence, the environment... All the while we were concerned that our efforts might not be accepted, and that our passion might be edited away.

I know that the museum staff also had a lot to lose. Later, I met up with our wonderful research assistant and she explained how certain curators were put in difficult positions, where their reputation was at risk because of what we wrote. I empathise - decolonising is challenging. It means institutions reflecting on their processes and practices critically. It means acceding privilege, and that is almost always painful. Decoloniality is also challenging because it is necessarily unreachable, necessarily indefinable. The legacies of European colonialism are immeasurably deep, far-reaching and ever-mutating, and so decolonial work and resistance must take on different forms, methods and evolve accordingly. However, one thing that I am sure of is that decolonising is a process we must all work on . Curating #ThePastIsNow was hard - but I recognise in that difficulty something was changing within us all, that there was the possibility we could work through that difficulty together. The co-curators were learning how institutions work and think, and institutional actors were learning about how institutions can better serve their communities.

In the end, the museum accepted our re-write. And when I walked into the exhibition gallery, it was undeniably moving: objects are properly contextualized as souvenirs of traumatic histories. And those histories are narrativized from our perspective. Works of contemporary art from artists such as Donald Rodney, Keith Piper, Lubaina Himid, Vanley Burke sit next to orientalist pieces on a salon wall; there are mirrors on the wall, prompting you, the viewer, to see yourself as part of the exhibition, part of the process.

I'll admit that there were tears. Even though the process was challenging, I couldn't help it: we got Audre and Malcolm on those white museum walls.
#ThePastIsNow is showing at Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery until the 12 of March 2018. Main image:William Holman Hunt - The Lantern Maker's Courtship, A Street Scene in Cairo If you enjoyed reading this article and you got some benefit or insight from reading it buy a gift card or donate to keep Media Diversified's website online. Or visit our bookstore on Shopify - you can donate there too!
Sumaya Kassim (@SFKassim) is a writer and researcher. She is a contributor to the essay collection Cut From The Same Cloth (Unbound, 2018) which you can pre-order here. You can find the co-curators on twitter @AbeeraKamran @aliyahhasinah @helloiamariam world @SKbydesign

All work published on MD is the intellectual property of its creators, and requires permission to be republished. Contact us if you have any questions.

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"The master's tools will never dismantle the master's house. They may allow us to temporarily beat him at his own game, but they will never enable us to bring about genuine change."

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Anti-Racism and Allyship. 7 Day Journey by Margaret Neale, Sarah Soule & Hannah Yanow

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Anti-Racism and Allyship. 7 Day Journey by Margaret Neale, Sarah Soule & Hannah Yanow

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The Work Is Not The Workshop: Talking and Doing, Visibility and Accountability in the White Anti-Racist Community

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The Work Is Not The Workshop: Talking and Doing, Visibility and Accountability in the White Anti-Racist Community

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Ok, white folks. I think it's time for us to focus. We know a whole lot, y'all, but I don't see us putting our knowledge to real use out there. I mean there's a whole big movement going on in this world!! Where are all the white folks? Where are we?

This is what I mean. Here's what happened in my community last week. When I say "my community" I'm not talking about the city I live in but the people I know.

1) Two hundred Palestinian-American residents of New Orleans found out that the lands their families have owned and farmed for generations, the lands many of their family members still live on, are about to be destroyed by the Apartheid Wall that Israel is building to imprison the Palestinian people.

2) My friend teaches at an all-African-American high school that lost a soccer game two nights ago to an all-white school. The (white) referee falsely called fouls on the all-black team and never made any calls against the white team. After the game, some of the players on the white school's team, together with their friends and parents (!), taunted the African-American players with racist slurs. Some of the African-American students fought back and are now facing lawsuits, expulsion from school, and criminal charges. The white students are not being punished at all.

3) My friend's boyfriend got out of jail after having spent a year imprisoned under false charges of killing a cop. The only reason he got out of jail at all was because folks in the activist community were able to raise thousands of dollars so he could get a decent lawyer. Hundreds of thousands of low-income African Americans just like my friend are in jails across the country, imprisoned on outrageous or false charges, without basic rights to privacy, healthcare, or good counsel.

Last week, y'all! To folks I know! We gotta get our shit together!

I think it might be time for the white anti-racist community to take a critical look at ourselves. I think of myself as a part of this community and I'm saying what I'm saying out of a need I feel to hold myself accountable for the actions (and inaction) of my community. Everything I've written I've taken from my experience and direct observation of white anti-racist culture. I take responsibility for any incorrect representation of my community. I'm also writing out of love for the countless fierce and dedicated white anti-racists I know, and because I've been feeling this sense of urgency more and more lately. Maybe it's 'cause I moved back to the South, where the brutality of racism doesn't only stare you in the face every day; it picks you up while you're walking on the sidewalk, smashes your head against the concrete, and tosses you into oncoming traffic. Things are bad here. Maybe, though, it's also 'cause I know that we, white folks, have not only the obligation but the potential-we really do-to make a real-live, genuine, accountable contribution to the struggle for racial justice that is happening in our world, right now. But I don't see us out there. I want us to get started. White folks really are out there, fighting for justice. But sometimes I think that those of us who are fighting are not nearly as effective as we can be.

I'm beginning to think a large explanation for this situation lies in some fundamental aspects of white anti-racist culture. The People's Institute for Survival and Beyond says that any time white folks get together, we re-create the structures of racism whether we're conscious about it or not. Looking at white anti-racist culture, I believe it more and more. Even if we're getting together to strategize about fighting racism, I'm not sure that we're as aware as we need to be about how even our anti-racism can uphold the system of white supremacy. I'm speaking of three specific aspects of white anti-racist culture: our preoccupation with perfection, specifically as it relates to behavior; our focus on thinking about and analyzing, rather than actually doing, the work; and our skewed system of honor and recognition.

Before I used the term "white anti-racist activist" to describe myself, I spent a lot of time doing racial justice work without thinking about larger issues like imperialism, global economic injustice or even institutionalized racism. I knew racism was a bad thing, I did what I could to fight against it, and that was that. Once I began moving in more established (and, interestingly, more white) activist circles, I began drawing connections between, say, a seemingly isolated incident of racist violence and the global structures of oppression that allow such acts of violence to happen regularly in our society. And, because it was San Francisco and they were available, I went to a ton of workshops. I am boundlessly grateful for all I was able to gain from participating in so many anti-racist trainings. Interestingly, though, even though I had a more sophisticated analysis of racism and my role in the white supremacist system that we all live in, my work wasn't initially that much more effective because of all this knowledge I'd acquired. Ironically, because I was spending so much time first participating in and then giving workshops about racism, I had a lot less time to fight it.

Tema Okun says that perfectionism is one of the hallmarks of white supremacy culture. I think one of the unfortunate ways in which white anti-racist culture mimics white supremacy culture is our tireless dedication to "figuring out" how to be the perfect anti-racist. While we are congratulating ourselves 'cause we're getting closer to understanding what accountability really means; while we debate whether it's more effective to say X or Y thing at the people-of-color-led meeting, the world is broiling outside! People are dying out there, y'all! I guess if I have one overarching thing to say to white anti-racist activists it's this: Think less. Do more. How we do stuff is important. It really is. But it's not so important that we need to figure out all the intricacies of how to do the work before we dig in and start rolling up our sleeves.

And why is it, anyway, that we spend so much time talking about things like What To Say At The Meeting, or When To Go To The Meeting, or Taking Up Too Much Space? I do think it's useful and important for white anti-racists to be conscious of our behavior in multiracial settings so that people of color don't have to deal with our shit. But at the point when discussing behavior in an anti-racist setting stops being about useful political strategy and begins to be about how not to get embarrassed 'cause you said the wrong thing at the meeting, we got issues.

Like I said, I really do think it's supremely important to have consciousness about what we do as activists and organizers, especially when it comes to standing in solidarity with people of color. I just think it's more ok for us to make mistakes than we may have trained ourselves into thinking. And while I think that certain aspects of anti-racist etiquette are integral to establishing good relationships (e.g., Don't Talk Too Much At The Meeting), I think that if we spend too much time focusing on these things it can end up guiding the white anti-racist movement into the direction it's in danger of heading right now: equating anti-racism with interpersonal behavior instead of with true radical change, which takes on the entire system of white supremacy. And white supremacy will only go away if we organize, not 'cause some white guy finally held his tongue at a meeting.

But the organizing part- hopefully the real reason white folks are taking the time to learn so much about anti-racism in the first place-can often be a point of paralysis in white anti-racist culture. Because we spend so much time discussing why, for example, it's not always appropriate to go to meetings or join groups that are primarily for people of color (and this is true and important), it can often be hard for a white person to figure out exactly, then, where it is ok to go. Sometimes I think white folks can get really hung up on the What Is My Role question. This is a big question, and it's worth figuring out. But I wonder sometimes if our workshop-heavy culture has obscured it more than necessary. Look around, is what I finally realized. There are as many, if not more, ways for white anti-racists to plug into the struggle for racial justice as there are white anti-racists.

After I started going to lots of anti-racist workshops, I spent a lot of time pondering where exactly it was that I fit into the whole anti-racist picture. At the same time a whole bunch of low-income women of color weren't even able to get to their meeting a few blocks away 'cause no one was around to watch their kids. A few friends and I decided to start a group that provides childcare for meetings and events held by people-of-color-led organizations in our city. We showed up consistently and we took considerable direction from the moms around the tone, goals and rules of the childcare. At the same time, we also spent a lot of time as a group developing our own principles- around childcare, our group structure, strategies for leadership development, and standards around which groups we would support and why. I learned a lot from that experience about taking leadership from people of color, and developing my own anti-racist principles and sticking to them, and about the variety of ways in which white folks can be in legitimate solidarity with people of color who are fighting for liberation.

Interestingly, when I was working with the childcare collective, one of the biggest challenges we faced as an organization was around getting a group of high profile mostly male white anti-racists to take childcare seriously. Even though in larger anti-racist circles childcare had come to be recognized as legitimate political work, we ran into consistent issues with people who had committed to do childcare regularly but who were "too busy" when we actually called them. One person even told me he thought he had moved "beyond" doing childcare; that childcare was a good introductory activity for people getting to know more about anti-racism, but that he had surpassed that level. This opened up a whole lot of questions to me about where the priorities lie in the white anti-racist community.

Lots of white anti-racists talk about how doing anti-racist work means often taking on the tasks that are "not sexy." Yet our same community, which advises doing the unsexy work, continues to reward the work that is more high-profile and glamorous. We probably know at least a little bit about the work of folks who put on workshops and travel around the country speaking about racism. This is important work. But what do we hear about the tons of people who even now are driving the family members of a prisoner to visit their incarcerated relative, or making phone calls to housing project residents to let them know when the next community meeting is, or providing translation at an organizing meeting so that recent immigrants can participate in a cross-race struggle for workers' rights?

That white anti-racist culture places such strong rewards on high-visibility work, like conducting workshops or speaking and writing about racism, while it ignores other aspects of anti-racist work, is dangerous for a variety of reasons. Most obviously, this dynamic contributes to an overall sentiment that if we talk about or think about being anti-racist we are in fact being anti-racist. This idea, in turn, can help to create an anti-racist culture that puts more importance on talking and learning about the work than on actually doing it. An overwhelming critique from organizers of color who work alongside white folks in struggle is that white folks talk too much and do too little.

If we are to be truly accountable to revolutionaries of color we need to create a culture that prizes the doing, as much as we prize our abilities to educate each other. Both are crucial if we want to build an effective movement.

Even more disturbing to me, though, is that our workshop culture may have gotten to the point where it is more committed to supporting workshops than supporting the actual work. I can't count the number of times I've talked to anti-racist white folks with incredible energy and commitment who take an anti-racist workshop and then think the only way for them to do real-live anti-racist work is to become an anti-racist trainer. This is not to say that being an anti-racist trainer isn't an important way to do anti-racist work, but it is by no means the only one. It is, however, the most visible, and this is the part that's problematic. The What Is My Role question, already a source of at least temporary paralysis for a good number of emerging white anti-racists, becomes even more obscured if newer anti-racist white folks don't have any role models to look toward except the people putting on the workshops. The problem, of course, is not that these other role models don't exist but that we, as an anti-racist community, don't celebrate them as much as they deserve.

Finally, if the white anti-racist community is saying that white folks should do the less sexy, less visible work while at the same time we devote our energy to raising up the very work in our own community that is the most sexy, most visible work, we are sending mixed messages to everyone our community affects.

Perhaps most importantly, we're sending the message to organizers of color that white folks don't practice what we preach. Again, if our movement is to be truly accountable to communities of color and to our goals of racial justice, we need to actually act on our principles.

In addition, this dual message can have a confusing effect on other white folks. In essence the white anti-racist movement is saying "it's not ok for white folks in general to do this, but it is ok for this white person to do this." This dynamic can create distinctions among white folks that will not help our movement. If I've learned anything from my experiences doing anti-racist work in the Bay Area and now, struggling to be effective here in the South, it's that the white supremacist strategy of divide-and-conquer doesn't only succeed famously in keeping oppressed folks apart, it also works like a charm by creating these false distinctions in the white anti-racist movement.

If we're serious about creating an anti-racist praxis that legitimately challenges the visibility white folks have enjoyed at the expense of legacies of hard, uncelebrated work of people of color, we need to be able to look critically at where the visibility lies in our own community. What does it mean, in a movement whose very mantra is Don't Talk Too Much, that our own celebrities are folks who do a lot of talking? Does it mean that these folks are so special that they don't need to abide by the standards we as a movement have set for ourselves? Does it mean that maybe one day, if I'm special too, I can kinda bend our principles in the name of doing the work? I am not at all saying that anti-racist trainers are bending the principles of anti-racism by doing the incredible and necessary work they do. I am saying that this has the potential to be dangerous territory, and that all of us need to be aware and responsible with the positions we hold.

I should take the time to stress here that I am specifically not aiming my criticism toward white anti-racist trainers themselves. I, like many white anti-racists, owe a huge amount of my political development to incredible anti-racist trainers like Sharon Martinas, Clare Bayard, Chris Crass, and others. Instead, I am offering feedback to the larger white anti-racist community, of which I consider myself a part. More than the acts of any anti-racist trainers, who, again, are doing good work in our community, it's the culture of our community, which prizes things like perfectionism, talking instead of doing, and the creation of Famous Anti Racists, that is actually hindering our progress toward achieving true racial justice.

This being said, however, I would like to point out that white anti-racist trainers, because of the amount of visibility they do have, are in a unique position to guide our movement toward greater accountability and effectiveness. I think one of the useful ways for trainers to begin to do this is to challenge their own visibility by giving props to the many white anti-racists working behind the scenes in communities across the country. Take the time to find out who these folks are. Mention them by name in trainings, essays and speaking engagements. Talk about the work they're doing. Emerging white anti-racists need a variety of role models, and the white anti-racist spending most of her free time Xeroxing, phonebanking, or taking care of a revolutionary mother's kids can probably use the support of her fellow white anti-racists, in addition to the reassurance that her work really is important and necessary.

Additionally, I would like to ask white anti-racist trainers to be respectful and responsible with their position and with the language they use. These two examples may seem picky, but I think resolving them can contribute toward making our movement more accountable to our goals of true racial justice.

First of all, on more than a few occasions, I have heard white anti-racist trainers refer to the work they do as "organizing." While the work of white anti-racist trainers is valuable, it is not organizing in the historic sense of the word. Equating the two obscures the vibrant legacy of grassroots organizing in communities of color, which allowed oppressed people to come together, gain a sense of their collective power, and build strategies that allowed them to win important victories in struggles for liberation.

Secondly, because a significant amount of anti-racist training is devoted (necessarily) to anti-racist behavior, I would argue that it's crucial for anti-racist trainers to make the distinction between anti-racist work and anti-racist group dynamics. The white guy who's not dominating the meeting is definitely behaving nicely, but simply by holding his tongue he is not doing anti racist work. Thinking about doing the work, and behaving well within the scope of the work, are not the same thing as actually doing the work.

Maybe more than anything else, white anti-racist trainers can make a concerted effort to guide their training participants toward specific, accountable, and necessary anti-racist work in their own communities. San Francisco's challenging white supremacy workshop now requires its participants to spend 6-8 hours a week working with a racial justice organization during the 15 weeks of its training program. While such a requirement may be logistically impossible for many anti-racist training programs, especially those that don't have long-term relationships with their participants, there may be ways for training programs to work with participants on developing tools to identify and plug into specific racial justice struggles in their own communities. It's been my experience that short-term anti-racist workshops for white folks include a lot of material on how to act once you start doing the work, but not a whole lot on how to actually start doing the work. How do anti-racists find out about racial justice struggles occurring in their communities? How do they figure out appropriate roles for white folks once they know what's going on? What are some specific steps that primarily white social justice organizations can take once they decide to take on an anti-racist agenda and build relationships with organizations of color? These questions, and the many hopefully concrete answers that can come from them, may be a good starting place for white anti-racist trainers who want to guide their work toward supporting more pragmatic anti-racist practices.

Finally, I would like to suggest that white anti-racist trainers are not exempt from doing behind-the-scenes practical anti-racist work in their own communities. In fact, because these folks are in many ways the mouthpieces of the white anti-racist movement, I would think that white anti-racist trainers have more of an obligation to be connected and accountable to the struggles that are happening in their local communities. What does it mean if an anti-racist trainer is "too busy" giving trainings to get involved in even a little bit of on-the-ground work in her own community? Again, training white folks around anti-racism is vital to our work. Many white anti-racists speak about their participation in anti-racism workshops as experiences that changed their lives and deepened their commitments to work for racial justice. This is amazing! But I do think that anti-racist training programs, especially now that we live in a time where there are so many of them, have a responsibility to be knowledgeable about and accountable to the liberation struggles happening among people of color in their own communities. This is vital if anti-racist workshops want to achieve their goal of supporting white folks on their way to becoming active fighters for racial justice.

Like I said, there's a whole big movement out there that needs us. And there are also a whole lot of dedicated anti-racist white folks trying to figure out legitimate ways to participate in the struggle. I would like to challenge all of us in the white anti-racist community to spend a bit of time looking outward, instead of inward. To find out about the specific places that really do exist in the struggle where we can put our fierce and beautiful energy to use, even if it means we're a little less sure of ourselves, even if it means we may make more mistakes, even if it means challenging our abilities to be comfortable in this work. To challenge fame and visibility in our community, whether it's our own or that which we help create. And, finally, to raise each other up for the really unsexy, unrewarded work so many among us take on, out of nothing less than their fierce commitment to build a better world.

I'm saying what I'm saying because I believe in us. And because, for me, the white anti-racist community has not only been a source of sharp political analysis, but also a source of strength, courage, and astounding inspiration.

And because I am in awe, not only of the work that we need to do, but of the incredible potential we have to do it. And because at this point I can't think of any greater act of love that I can give to this community, other than to hold us accountable to the principles we have an obligation to live by.

Revolutionary love is not only about standing together and supporting each other through even the darkest parts of our political process. It's also about challenging each other, compassionately, to be the most fierce, committed, kick-ass fighters for justice we can be. Because our movement requires nothing less.
Rants, comments, and boisterous criticism can be addressed to Catherine Jones at cjones14 at tulane.edu

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Ok, white folks. I think it's time for us to focus. We know a whole lot, y'all, but I don't see us putting our knowledge to real use out there. I mean there's a whole big movement going on in this world!! Where are all the white folks? Where are we?

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The feeling in the pit of your stomach before you have "The Talk" (how to act in racially charged situations so your child can come home safely); The anger you feel when your child shares a racist social media post from one of her/his classmates; The anxiety you feel around your colleagues after the murder of another Black person; The confusion and overwhelming feeling you have when your normally mature child starts regressing to childlike behavior due to a racial incident at school; These are just a few of the stories I've heard from my clients as they share their experiences of racialized trauma.

What you feel is valid. The pain, hurt and trauma you feel daily due to racial injustice is valid. Moreover, the changes and reactions you see in your children might not be attributed to a character deficit, attitude or chemical imbalance, but it could be due to racial trauma.

Racial Trauma represents the emotional and physical symptoms often experienced by Black families and people of color due to the everyday occurrences of microaggressions and racism. It includes intergenerational injuries resulting from personal and collective experiences of racism. The public murders of George Floyd & Breonna Taylor among the numerous others, add to the multiple assaults that families experience daily due to racial injustice and can cause an increase in traumatic symptoms. Both adults and children can experience racial trauma. Some of the symptoms can include hypervigilance (anxious and on high alert), body aches, shame, fear, insomnia (lack of sleep), fear, guilt, headaches, confusion, numbness, and anger among others. Knowing these signs can help you recognize and cope with what you and your family may be experiencing.

1) Increased Anxiety - Worry and anxiety can be a normal part of life, but after traumatic experiences anxiety can increase significantly. Being afraid to go out, increased worry about interacting with the police, walking in your neighborhood or other fears may reflect the trauma you've experienced. Try to relax and take some deep breaths, it can make a huge difference. Then find someone, such as a therapist, to talk to help you with your anxiety.

2) Being Silent - Feeling numb and not wanting to speak can be another sign. Many Black families don't want to talk about racism or are tired about talking about racism because it triggers the pain and hurt of the trauma, some of which they have felt a majority of their lives. It's okay to unplug and take care of yourself!

3) Lack of Sleep/Insomnia - Trouble going to sleep or going back to sleep, increased nightmares or a more frequent desire to sleep in bed with parents can reflect underlying anxiety, concerns and fears. Difficulties sleeping often signify emotional distress. Sharing messages of love and safety with children and finding safe healthy coping strategies among adults are important!

4) Intense Anger & Rage - Anger can be used to make changes or be a sign that something is wrong, such as injustice. But prolonged intense anger and rage can take over and fill you with negative energy. Counteract devaluing messages and find productive ways to express anger so that it won't consume you.

5) Lack of Production/Academic Decline - Difficulties performing your job or academic challenges that weren't present before is another sign that you or your child could be experiencing racial trauma. Recognize your trauma, take time to get support from loved ones and take care of yourself!

Over the past decade alone, there have been numerous murders and other examples of racial injustices discussed in the public sphere. This means that if you have a child or children under 18 years of age, they have likely experienced at least three major national uprisings and protests as a result of racism and injustice (2012 Florida/Trayvon Martin, 2014 Ferguson/Michael Brown, 2015 Baltimore/Freddie Gray and Sandra Bland & 2020 Minneapolis/George Floyd and Breonna Taylor, not to mention countless other Black people who have been unjustly murdered). All of these public deaths along with one's private experiences exacerbate the impact of Racial Trauma on families and children.

Many children and young adults are overwhelmed by trauma and what feels like frequent (constant) occurrences of injustice. Some are inspired and motivated to action and others may feel hopeless and in despair. You can support your children and family by engaging in difficult conversations, providing opportunities for them to share their feelings and fears and finding mechanisms of advocacy that you can engage in collectively. It's important to get the help and support you need for yourself and your children. Having supportive teachers, colleagues and community to rely on can help to minimize the symptoms of racial trauma. It's not made up, or an overreaction, it's real and both your feelings and your children's feelings are valid.
Dr. George James (@GeorgeTalks), Chief Innovation Officer, Senior Staff Therapist & Supervisor at https://www.bc.edu/content/bc-web/schools/lynch-school/sites/isprc/isprc-advisory-board.html Council for Relationships https://studylib.net/doc/11084190/combating-racial-trauma-definition-acknowledge https://www.joydegruy.com/post-traumatic-slave-syndrome , Assistant Professor for the Couple and Family Therapy Program at Thomas Jefferson University and CEO of George Talks LLC.
Menakem, R. (2017). My Grandmother's Hands: Racialized Trauma and the Pathway to Mending Our Hearts and Bodies. Las Vegas: Central Recovery Press. ISBN-13: 978-1942094470

Comas-Díaz, L., Hall, G. N., & Neville, H. A. (2019). Racial trauma: Theory, research, and healing: Introduction to the special issue. American Psychologist, 74(1), 1-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/amp0000442 - https://psycnet.apa.org/fulltext/2019-01033-001.html

Williams, M. (2015, September). The Link Between Racism and PTSD. Psychology Today

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The feeling in the pit of your stomach before you have "The Talk" (how to act in racially charged situations so your child can come home safely); The anger you feel when your child shares a racist social media post from one of her/his classmates; The anxiety you feel around

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Exhaustion, Adversity, and Repression: Emotional Attrition in High-Risk Activism. Cambridge University Press, 2021.

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Exhaustion, Adversity, and Repression: Emotional Attrition in High-Risk Activism. Cambridge University Press, 2021.

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The article proposes the notion of emotional attrition to capture the process through which activists working in high-risk environments may develop a lasting state of emotional exhaustion caused by protracted exposure to adversarial conditions. Combining insights from clinical psychology and the sociology of emotions, it outlines a novel framework to understand the relationship between activism, emotions, and disengagement. We argue that activists can develop an emotional state characterized by dispiriting emotions and disengaging attitudes that affect their well-being and ability to sustain their activism. This argument is grounded on an in-depth analysis of more than 130 interviews with local human rights activists in Colombia, Kenya, and Indonesia. By examining their experiences and pressures in relation to the arena of repression, their immediate social circle, and the broader sociopolitical and cultural context, we shed light on the complex intersections between activists’ emotional challenges and the range of contextual and strategic factors shaping their work and lives.

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A Colombian human rights activist describes the threats and frustrations faced because of her activism, and the impact these had upon her, as follows:

I have experienced threats, break-ins at my house, and plans to kill me. I am thinking of stepping back, to accompany other processes maybe, I won't withdraw totally, that'd be impossible.... I accompany victims 365 days a year. I'm tired, physically, mentally, and psychologically, of seeing the anxiety of people, of the pressure of cases that don't go anywhere. What do the victims do? They vote for their aggressors! I can't understand that. Maybe it's the poverty.

This quote makes evident how activists working in high-risk environments have to cope with a range of dispiriting emotions that affect their well-being and ability to sustain their commitment. Moreover, it highlights the complex relationship between individual emotional states and exposure to repressive tactics and difficult adversarial environments. As such, it points to three understudied questions in the study of collective mobilization and contentious politics: What are the emotional challenges faced by activists working in complex high-risk environments? How are these emotional challenges exploited by state and opposition actors? How do emotional states, contextual factors, and repression interact to shape the extent of individual (dis)engagement?

To explore these questions, we propose the concept of emotional attrition, defining this as the process by which sustained threats, attacks, risks, and deprivations impose demands for emotion work by committed activists, such that if these demands become overwhelming, they will lead to emotional exhaustion and, potentially, to their partial or full disengagement. We argue that this process plays a major, yet little understood, role in the functioning of repression and in the evolution of contentious politics dynamics. This is because we understand emotional attrition not just as an individual-level cognitive process but also as a relational one regulating how individuals and groups perceive and react to targeted and routine adversity: it shapes how they perceive opportunities and evaluate risks, it conditions their inclination to trust and to be in solidarity with others, and it modulates the motivating appeal of calls to action. Moreover, because emotional states and their effects operate continuously and not just episodically, emotional attrition is central to understanding the challenges to political action and activism beyond the more visible instances of mass mobilization and political confrontation that generally attract the interest of political scientists and social movement scholars. As such, it emerges as a powerful notion to capture the situated realities of political action and to inform what Fu and Simmons ( Reference Fu and Simmons2021, 19) call "one of the most difficult questions in contentious politics-why people do not mobilize."

By considering emotional attrition relationally, we embrace a perspective that supports the study of contention mobilization, radicalization, and repression in an effort to correct the "structural bias" of the process model tradition (McAdam and Tarrow Reference McAdam, Tarrow, Snow, Soule, Kriesi and McCammon2019, 21): our approach highlights the encounters and dynamic interactions between individuals, groups, and institutions in the variegated, coevolving arenas where actual politics occur and where activists and protesters work and live (Balcells and Justino Reference Balcells and Justino2014; Della Porta Reference DellaPorta2018; Fligstein and McAdam Reference Fligstein and McAdam2012; Goldstone Reference Goldstone2004; Jasper Reference Jasper, Duyvendak and Jasper2015). Concretely, our conceptualization of emotional attrition integrates one internal and one external mechanism-emotional exhaustion and attrition, respectively-which have been left unconnected in the study of contentious action. First, emotional exhaustion, usually conceived in terms of prolonged stress and burnout, is generally treated as an individual occupational hazard that predominantly affects people in professions characterized by high normative expectations, such as political activists, but where success is limited or delayed, potentially resulting in emotional (and behavioral) disengagement from work (Chen and Gorski Reference Chen and Gorski2015; Pines Reference Pines1994). Attrition, in contrast, has been presented as a modality of "soft" repression repertoire suited to deal with protest groups that cannot be openly coerced, involving the "gradual undermining of protesters' claims and group strength through the proactive and sustained use of pressure while avoiding the use of repression" (Yuen and Cheng Reference Yuen and Cheng2017, 617; see Bishara Reference Bishara2015). We expand the functioning and implications of both this hazard and mode of repression into a model that considers how dispiriting emotional states and adversarial factors intertwine and reinforce each other to dampen political activism and protest dynamics over time.

This article tackles an important gap regarding the role of emotions in the politics of protest and repression and in the lifecycle of contentious mobilization. Although we agree with Pearlman ( Reference Pearlman2013, 391) that emotions are key mechanisms "cutting to the foundations of political science" and that they are constitutive of patterns of political action and inaction, their contribution to collective mobilization has been largely discussed in positive terms. Thus, whereas the sociological literature tends to focus on how emotions grant "ideas, ideologies, identities, and even interests their power to motivate" and are used by political entrepreneurs and social movement actors to cope with repression and resist closed opportunity structures (Jasper Reference Jasper1998, 420; Reference Jasper2018), political science and comparative studies have been more interested in how emotions influence the more visible (and measurable) upward side of contention, as well as their impact on processes of radicalization, revolutionary regime change, and political violence (Della Porta Reference DellaPorta2018; Johnston Reference Johnston, Demetriou and Bosi2016; Petersen Reference Petersen2011). As such, only a limited and rather recent literature has investigated what happens when protesters fail to cope with fear, anguish, or despair and how dispiriting emotions contribute to demobilization and the deactivation of contentious opposition (Fillieule Reference Fillieule, Della Porta and Diani2014; Van Ness and Summers-Effler Reference Van Ness, Summers-Effler, Soule, Kriesi, McCammon and Snow2018; Van Troost, van Stekelenburg, and Klandermans Reference Van Troost, van Stekelenburg, Klandermans and Demertzis2013). The lack of attention to the affective dimension is also observable in the literature on repression and countermovement tactics (Davenport Reference Davenport2015; Earl Reference Earl2011; Peterson and Wahlström Reference Peterson, Wahlström, Della Porta and Diani2014; Robertson Reference Robertson2011). Although there is often an implicit recognition that both hard and soft tactics bank on complex negative emotions and collective moods such as cynicism and despair, which lower expectations of change, the centrality of emotional mechanisms in shaping the workings of state repression and the conditions enabling regime persistence has been sparsely elaborated (Bishara Reference Bishara2015; Pearlman Reference Pearlman2013; Young Reference Young2019).

By elaborating how adversarial conditions generate damaging, even pathological, emotional states in political activists and citizens, we contribute to two difficult and related "how" questions about movement dynamics and patterns of political contention: how repression actually works and how people live under repression (Fu and Simmons Reference Fu and Simmons2021). We outline a more comprehensive treatment of repression beyond the state, regime structures, and protest, as we provide evidence that activists can suffer emotional attrition not only because they are strategically targeted by security actors during a contentious episode but also because of the complex challenges of living and conducting their everyday activism in environments marked by durable and intersecting deprivations and risks. Consequently, tactics that may not cause direct physical harm can have major damaging effects in the context of serious institutional deficiencies, patterns of social antagonism and prejudice, and economic constraints or organizational, community, and family pressures.

At the same time, while emotional attrition can potentially affect committed activists because of the demanding nature of their work, the concept goes beyond the internal or workplace-related experience of activist burnout (Hopgood Reference Hopgood2006). We argue that emotional attrition serves to illuminate the "reality of movement participation" (McAdam Reference McAdam1986, 66) and how adversity (including repression) entails relational dynamics emerging from activists' embeddedness in multiple and interacting arenas. Not only resources but also vulnerabilities and constraints spill over from one arena to another, such as when repression tactics or job insecurities poison activists' intimate relations with their family and friends, or sow mistrust among collaborators and other institutions in society, such as the media or courts.

Second, we make advances toward a more integral theorization of role disengagement, activist defection, and the decline phase of the protest cycle. Considered by Koopmans ( Reference Koopmans, Snow, Soule and Kriesi2004, 37) to be one of the weakest chains in social movement research, movement decline has remained conceptually sidelined as an uninteresting and obvious "part of the natural, and seemingly inevitable, sequences movements move through" (Owens Reference Owens2009, 16). But just as repression can operate beyond protest, we consider that decline can be in play beyond fatalistic treatments of movement death as complete demobilization. Our study of emotional attrition brings analytical coverage to "partial" forms of demobilization, which are conceivably more common and representative of the concrete dilemmas faced by local activists in many locations around the world, who remain at work but live at risk, forced to moderate or suspend their activities to recover their health or protect themselves and their families. By considering how emotional attrition can damage activists' motivation and make them more fearful (and perhaps risk averse in the longer term), we extend conceptualizations of demobilization and decline to involve not only the end of activism but also the progressive and durable deterioration of its intensity and effectiveness.

To sum up, through a relational treatment of emotional attrition, this article illustrates the manner in which complex intersections between individual, social, and strategic adversarial factors can erode activists' emotional and social well-being and, with it, their capacity to work and exercise their activism. Although a micro-level psychosocial mechanism lies at the core of the proposed process, our argument contributes to a more nuanced and sensitive understanding of the politics of (de)mobilization and of the causal mechanisms regulating the quality and intensity of meso- and macro-level dynamics of contentious politics. To do so, we draw on the notion of emotion work, a concept sociologists developed to explore situations in which individuals have to regulate and bring their emotions in line with role-related expectations and display rules in their professional and personal lives. In the first part of the article, we outline a novel conceptual proposition that underlines how excessive emotion work results from the mutually reinforcing effect of the emotional demands inherent to activism and of pressures stemming from multiple adversarial characteristics, present both in the activists' immediate and extended areas of action. In the second part, and following a detailed methodological discussion, we ground our analytical proposition against an extensive qualitative analysis of interview data on the experiences of more than one hundred committed activists working on human rights issues in Colombia, Kenya, and Indonesia, corroborating how adverse contexts, repression, and demands associated with activists' lives interact to generate experiences of attrition.

The Process of Emotional Attrition

This section outlines a composite model of emotional attrition that considers the strain activists experience that results from the significant emotional demands they encounter in their work and daily lives. These demands follow from the interaction of internal personal expectations and activists' ethical and emotional ties to their cause with three external relational arenas: the field of repression of activism, populated by diverse opposition actors; the activists' immediate social circles, in particular their families, colleagues, and local communities; and the broader sociopolitical, economic and cultural environment in which activists and their families, as well as their opponents, operate. A general schema of the emotional attrition process is presented in figure 1.

We understand this process as multicausal and contingent on the interaction of multiple mechanisms and the situated combination of personal- and external-level variables. Thus, not all activists subject to repression or working in adversarial contexts will experience emotional attrition in the same way, because a range of coping mechanisms modify the type, intensity, temporality, and demands for emotion work. In addition, not all of those who experience emotional attrition necessarily will disengage, whether partially or fully, because one can continue working while being demotivated, depressed, or sick, albeit likely in a reduced capacity. This contingency is indicated in figure 1 with dotted arrows linking emotion work, emotional exhaustion, and disengagement. Lastly, emotional attrition tends to manifest over time rather than immediately, as indicated with the circular arrow at the center of the figure.

Methodology and Data

This article draws from extensive interview data collected as part of a larger research project designed to examine how human rights activists navigate risk and manage their security in different political and cultural environments. Although exposure to different forms of risk and dangers was a primary selection criterion for participants, the original project was not aimed at studying emotional attrition or disengagement as such. Thus, our study performs a secondary analysis of a preexisting dataset, conducted on the basis of different research questions, a distinct conceptual approach, and a separate coding technique (Heaton Reference Heaton1998). Although secondary analyses present several methodological and ethical considerations, and not all datasets may be amenable to this approach, we consider our data to be well suited for a robust analysis of emotional attrition dynamics. A major factor contributing to this robustness is that references to emotion work and symptoms of emotional exhaustion emerged as part of general "feeling-thinking" reflections by activists on hardships associated with their actions and their routine interactions with state institutions, their families, and local communities- without being asked directly about this topic. Moreover, even though all participants were involved in human rights activism at the time, more than one-third linked their insecurities and emotional state to instances of partial disengagement, ranging from demotivation, chronic stress, and task demotion (i.e., abandoning risky activities for safer ones) to relocation, temporal suspension of work, and medical leave. In this sense, although we cannot comment on the situation of fully disengaged activists, our data cover the experiences of committed activists who were struggling with adversity or who would have liked to "take a break" but could not do so.

We analyzed 133 one-to-one interviews with human rights activists in Colombia, Kenya, and Indonesia who had experienced risk, threats, or attacks within the past five years. In each country, we used a similar purposive nonrandom sampling strategy to identify and recruit a variety of activists, who were diverse in terms of their place of activism (urban vs. rural), gender, age, level of experience, and areas of activism (including civil and political rights; economic, social, and cultural rights; environmental governance; rural and indigenous rights; and the rights of women, LGBTIQA+ communities, minorities, and postconflict victims and political prisoners). Efforts were made to include an equivalent number of men and women activists and a minority of trans persons. Because trust in the interviewer was critical to participation, activists were selected and interviewed by trained local research teams familiar with the human rights community in each country: each team comprised a man and a woman, and each received the same interview guidelines. Interviews were conducted in Spanish (Colombia), Kiswahili or English (Kenya), and Bahasa Indonesia (Indonesia) and took place between July 2015 and April 2016. We then uploaded the translated transcripts to NVivo to code, aggregate, and compare the data. Importantly, given that all interviewees were considered at risk, the participants' details have been fully anonymized, including the location and date of the interviews.

The coding process was iterative, combining inferential coding, preset codes, and interpretive adjustments (Elliott Reference Elliott2018). In the first round we organized interview data according to broad themes and categories, which allowed us to identify the three arenas discussed in the theoretical section and to develop a scheme of codes to map specific factors and dynamics. We relied on the literature on repression and political violence to define codes for perpetrators, tactics, and adversarial contextual factors, and on clinical literature to identify responses associated with emotional exhaustion- which we then grouped into five aggregate emotional states: fear, insecurity, and anxiety; emotional exhaustion and stress; distrust and suspicion; isolation and loneliness; and disease. As much as the transcripts allowed, this first-level coding followed Retzinger's ( Reference Retzinger1995) approach to verbal, visual, and paralinguistic "markers" in interview communication-recognizing, for example, that codewords for shame can include the use of many other terms, such as "rejected," "alone," "inept," or "jittery." Recognizing that emotional attrition varies in intensity as a continuum, and to draw out differences and explore patterns and relationship between variables, in a second round of coding we classified interviewees into three categories according to the intensity of emotional attrition they experienced/expressed: high, medium, and low. To do so, we combined a formal approach that considered the number of emotional markers mentioned by each activist with more qualitative considerations about the intensity of their experiences and "symptoms." This was done to distinguish between instances where different individuals refer to similar emotional markers but with different severity or cases where no explicit markers are present but there are aggravating contextual or behavioral clues, such as serious experiences of repression, "exiting desires," or health-related leave. Figure 2 shows the results of this process, with 24 participants coded as high-attrition activists (HAAs), 48 as medium-attrition activists (MAAs), and 61 as low-attrition activists (LAAs)-respectively, 18%, 36%, and 46% of the dataset.

Because the participant sampling was purposive, these data do not aim to be representative probabilistically. However, the extensive breath and diversity of our sample, which are rare in qualitative studies, enabled us to combine the "intimacy of analysis" of qualitative comparative analysis (Tarrow Reference Tarrow2010, 243)-facilitating the identification and tracing of similar mechanisms in different geographical, cultural, and sociopolitical circumstances-with attention to diverse scope conditions of large-N studies, reinforcing the generalizability and validity of our observations and findings.

Conclusion

By conceiving emotion work as integral to a wider process of emotional attrition, this article puts emphasis on the relational and temporal effect that composite emotional responses-involving a multiplicity of emotional symptoms, "feeling states," and social behaviors-can play in the regulation of contentious politics and political activism. Therefore, we argue that this regulation extends beyond political opportunity structures and patterns of repression to involve the nested system of social, political, and economic relations that activists, protesters, and social movement actors inhabit, as well as the experiences of vulnerability that emerge from their specific locations within these systems and arenas.

In terms of repression, our study not only indicates the major emotional consequences of repressive tactics but also suggests that opponents seem to bank on emotional attrition for their efficacy, even using it strategically (Petersen Reference Petersen2011, 34), as the overall prevalence of anxiety-generating tactics such as intimidation seems to indicate. Moreover, because repressive actors and activists often inhabit the same sociopolitical milieus, our evidence points to a certain (a)moral economy of repression, where opponents calibrate their actions to amplify activists' contextual stressors and emotional frailties. Given this context, our argument questions the extent to which certain repression tactics should indeed be considered as "soft," given the emotional and psychological damage that ambiguous, obscure, and open-ended tactics and threats can produce, particularly in contexts marked by "diffuse anxieties" caused by political violence, high crime, impunity, or poverty. From this perspective, emotional attrition emerges as a complementary explanation to the deterring effect of dispiriting environments, as observed by Pearlman ( Reference Pearlman2013, 400) and Young ( Reference Young2019) in countries where disenchantment and pervasive fear create an "emotional climate" that increases 'aversion to risk, and hence a tendency toward resignation rather than resistance," as coercive measures become less necessary than practices aimed at confirming people's negative appraisals and disengaged attitudes. Simultaneously, we recommend a reconsideration of the socio-institutional variables characterizing a "deterring" state or regime, such as in countries like Brazil and Colombia, which score relatively well in Freedom House's Global Freedom ranking (74 and 65, respectively, against 83 for the United States and 20 for Russia), but are among the world's most dangerous places for human rights activists (FLD 2020).

Interestingly, and although not directly explored in the text, our data suggest that people exposed to similar levels of severe repression can show very different levels of emotional attrition: for example, a prominent political prisoners' lawyer in Colombia, who said he had been living "in a threatening climate of permanent fear since 1985" (A3) and had to take his family into exile several times, showed few markers of emotional exhaustion and attrition. This could be because repression's emotional effects work "better" when complemented with extant vulnerabilities in activists' lives, such as poverty, institutional isolation, family responsibilities, or serious discrimination. This hypothesis finds initial support in our data; high emotional attrition appears to be more prevalent among activists working alone or in small charities or who are dealing with heavily marginalized groups- 60% of activists working on LGBTIQA+ issues and 50% of those working with sex workers and political prisoners show high-attrition markers. At the same time, women activists showed more high-attrition markers than men (21% vs. 13% of each group's total number), pointing again to the gendered operation of stressors.

Our findings also point to relevant aspects regarding the paradoxical impact that group dynamics and social identities can have on emotional exhaustion and disengagement. Although psychological and sociological studies have consistently demonstrated that shared social identities and thick social ties mitigate stress and provide important coping resources, our analysis underlines that high group identification can also contribute to sentiments of moral failure and lack of accomplishment, which increase stress and emotion work. Just as organizations can exploit the commitment of high group identifiers (Haslam Reference Haslam2004, 191), the strong identities and heightened sensitivities of committed activists can be a major cause of emotional strain, which can be targeted by repressive actors and opponents. As this occurs, high-risk activists confront a dilemma: they need to choose between privileging their commitment to oppressed groups or compromising the well-being of their family and closed ones. Moreover, when emotional attrition is considered, neither adversity nor repression ceases when activists return to the privacy of their homes, because their personal, community, and overall life context can very much contribute to increasing the emotional load of external challenges and dangers. Similarly, we observed a certain moral hazard in HAAs and MAAs with strong group identities-mainly indigenous and rural activists but also LGBTIQA+ ones-with emotional attrition incentivizing withdrawal into in-group securities and eroding their willingness to collaborate with "strangers" or to travel beyond "safe" territories; this withdrawal potentially narrows the space for collaboration and civic engagement and complicates the application of protection schemes. These negative externalities of coping and the pursuit of security require further investigation.

Finally, the notion of emotional attrition also points to intriguing new insights into how processes of demobilization and exiting work. As mentioned, although our sample does not allow us to examine the experiences of demobilized activists, we have evidence that HAAs engage in forms of partial disengagement: they admit taking time off, assuming less committed tasks, or working in highly demotivated moods. The extent to which this partial state of disengagement is transitory, providing activists with time and space to recover their emotional balance, or is conducive to more permanent forms of demobilization is something we cannot directly assess here and that needs further research. Recent findings in the clinical literature, however, indicate that partial disengagement may depend on the intensity of emotional exhaustion, noting that severe burnout symptoms are predictors of involuntary absenteeism and result in longer "sickness" absences, whereas milder symptoms, like demotivation, lead to more voluntary forms of absenteeism (Schaufeli, Bakker, and Van Rhenen Reference Schaufeli, Bakker and Van Rhenen2009). While reminding the reader that our sample is not representative, we observe that high attrition seems more common among activists with limited experience and that it decreases with seniority: 50% of HAAs had less than 5 years in activist work, a proportion falling to 21% and 12%, respectively, in those with 5-10 and more than 10 years of experience. This observation opens interesting questions about the relationship between attrition, adaptation, and disengagement: Do HAAs ultimately adapt and get better in time, becoming LAAs? Do they "maladapt," becoming emotionally numbed and developing subtler emotional pathologies, as observed with some postconflict survivors? Or alternatively, do younger HAAs defect earlier on, leaving at work only the battle-hardened seniors? Answering these questions requires further empirical analysis to trace distinct trajectories of disengagement and demobilization and to evaluate their relationship to a wider set of emotional responses and states.

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Exhaustion, Adversity, and Repression: Emotional Attrition in High-Risk Activism | Perspectives on Politics | Cambridge Core

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A Colombian human rights activist describes the threats and frustrations faced because of her activism, and the impact these had upon her, as follows: I have experienced threats, break-ins at my house, and plans to kill me. I am thinking of stepping back, to accompany other processes maybe, I won't withdraw totally, that'd be impossible....

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Racial Justice Activist Burnout of Women of Color in the United States: Practical Tools for Counselor Intervention

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Racial Justice Activist Burnout of Women of Color in the United States: Practical Tools for Counselor Intervention

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The pervasive racially hostile climate in society can bring severe mental health ramifications, such as burnout, to racial justice activists. For women of color (WOC), intersecting identities presents additional challenges. Due to the significant psychological impact burnout can have on WOC activists, counselors need the knowledge and tools to address this mental health issue. This article aims to provide counselors with a guide to working with WOC racial justice activists in the United States by outlining challenges faced by this population, health and mental health effects of burnout, and counseling interventions.

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Abstract

The pervasive racially hostile climate in society can bring severe mental health ramifications, such as burnout, to racial justice activists. For women of color (WOC), intersecting identities presents additional challenges. Due to the significant psychological impact burnout can have on WOC activists, counselors need the knowledge and tools to address this mental health issue. This article aims to provide counselors with a guide to working with WOC racial justice activists in the United States by outlining challenges faced by this population, health and mental health effects of burnout, and counseling interventions.

Keywords: Burnout, Racial justice activist, Women of color, Intersectionality, Interventions

The weight of systemic oppression racial justice activists confront is stark as witnesses capture on video, often in real-time, violent instances of race-based injustice that are shown throughout the world (Richardson, 2020). Many activists face the immensity of explicit acts of racism, such as the frequently captured violence against Black and African American individuals by police and anti-immigrant rhetoric in political discourse. People of color (POC) who seek equity also confront a cultural landscape of White fragility that responds to activists with accusations of reverse racism and being a threat to American values (Bucholtz, 2019). The lived experiences of racism combined with the backlash and weight of activist work are physically and emotionally taxing for many POC racial justice activists, often leaving them feeling cynical and ineffective (Maslach & Gomes, 2006).

For women of color (WOC) activists, intersectionality can also play a role in how experiences of sexism and gender-role expectations are experienced (Gorski, 2019; Mollen & Ridley, 2021). Rooted in Black feminism and women of color activism discourse (Moradi & Grzanka, 2017), intersectionality is a term used to describe how an individual's layers of social and cultural identities can affect their experience of oppression and privilege (Crenshaw, 1989; Lenes et al., 2020). The social inequities women of color activists experience daily are compounded by power dynamics that can occur within activist organizations and contribute to mental exhaustion and burnout (Gorski, 2019; Moradi & Grzanka, 2017).

What is Activist Burnout?

Burnout is a persistent state of physical and mental exhaustion that affects an individual's well-being and functioning (Posluns & Gall, 2019). For activists, burnout also includes disillusionment and loss of passion for a cause. (Chen & Gorski, 2015). Given that burnout can affect racial justice activists' well-being and the momentum driving their work, counselors need to understand the various components of burnout.

Racial justice activist burnout is comprised of three components: internal, external, and in-movement (Gorski, 2019). The internal component is a self-induced pressure for social change that comes from a deep sense of commitment to a cause as well as knowledge of the structural conditions that inhibit change (Gorski, 2019). Activists sometimes experience feelings of despair or guilt because of the magnitude of systemic change needed and the resistance of society to amend oppressive systems in response (Chen & Gorski, 2015).

The external component consists of actual or potential threats of violence (Gorski, 2019). External threats can range from harassment and character assassination (Jones, 2007) to physical violence (Jacobs & Taylor, 2011). For instance, during the Dakota Access Pipeline protests, news reports noted that law enforcement fired at roughly 400 protestors with rubber bullets, tear gas, and water (Park & Cuevas, 2016).

Activists of color are more likely to be targets of violence, particularly at racially-charged protests. One study found that during a protest in the United States, police responded with greater levels of physical violence toward Black and African American activists than White activists (Davenport et al., 2011). For example, several U.S.-based activists of color faced tear gas and arrest when protesting the acquittal of a former police officer in the shooting of Anthony Lamar Smith in Michigan (St. Louis Public Radio, 2017).

The third component of racial justice activist burnout is in-movement (Gorski, 2019). This occurs when interpersonal conflicts within a movement may be more responsible for activist burnout than internal or external components such as experiencing racism from other members within the movement, ego and leadership clashes, sexism, and sexual harassment (Gorski, 2019; Maslach & Gomes, 2006). For instance, in a qualitative study of U.S. racial justice activists, several female participants commented that male activists sexually harassed or assaulted them. They could not speak out because of fear that doing so would harm the movement. This led to what participants referred to as "a sort of conspiracy of silence about burnout" where negative concerns about the movement are squelched (Chen & Gorski, 2019, p. 379).

Psychosocial Stressors

In addition to the societal retaliation and financial vulnerability many activist experience (Gorski et al., 2019), U.S. racial justice activists of color face psychosocial stressors such as pressure to embrace a culture of selflessness and racial battle fatigue, which has been associated with burnout and other negative mental health outcomes (Giordano et al., 2020; Gorski, 2019). Racial justice activism often requires a significant emotional investment. An indicator of an activist's commitment to a movement is frequently measured by the amount of emotional labor invested (Chen & Gorski, 2015). Although maintaining high levels of emotional labor contributes to negative mental health outcomes (Giordano et al., 2020; Gorski, 2019; McKim & Smith-Adcock, 2014), discussions about burnout may be suppressed because of the expectation that activists engage in selfless work (Chen & Gorski, 2015; Pigni, 2016).

Culture of Selflessness

Racial Battle Fatigue

Another psychosocial stressor experienced by racial justice activists is racial battle fatigue. Racial battle fatigue is a response to long-term accumulated racial stressors whereby an individual's emotional resources are taxed due to balancing internal conflicts (e.g., coping with racism) and external experiences (e.g., experiencing racism). The accumulation of these internal and external stressors often leads to physical and emotional symptoms associated with burnout (Gorski, 2019).

Research on racial battle fatigue in the United States points to activists' frustration and anger toward systemic racial injustices (Blaisdell, 2016). U.S. activists of color battle racist experiences not only from within their community but also from other activist circles and organizations (Gorski, 2019). Growing feelings of anger may stem from feeling obligated to engage in racial justice activism because they are a person of color (Linder & Rodriguez, 2012). Frustration often occurs when activists feel pressure to produce a large-scale impact in a society that does not put the same effort into creating change on racial justice issues (Rodgers, 2010).

The hostile environment that activists work in further exacerbates their anger and frustration. Activists sometimes find themselves in organizations and movements where members compete with one another rather than work in cooperation towards a common goal. White racial justice activists and White allies within anti-racism movements sometimes replicate the racism they are fighting against. The anger and frustration felt by the activists of color are exacerbated due to various components, such as having their work undermined and others taking credit for their work (Gorski, 2019; Gorksi & Erakat, 2019). Activists of color dealing with racial battle fatigue may have a difficult time being present in their activist work because the injustices they are working to remove are manifested within their movements and organizations.

Over time, racial battle fatigue creates a constant undercurrent of anger and frustration with an organization that becomes normalized (Rodgers, 2010). Having to endure strong, negative emotions in organizations that may not promote self-care or wellness may lead racial justice activists to search for alternative ways to regulate their emotions. Because of this, activists may turn to suppressing or concealing their emotions, particularly when a culture of selflessness is considered (Chen & Gorski, 2015).

Gender differences in how emotions are regulated can also contribute to how racial battle fatigue is experienced by WOC racial justice activists. For instance, research suggests that women utilize rumination (i.e., persistent and chronic focus on negative experiences) to regulate emotion (McRae et al., 2008; Nolen-Hoeksema, 2012). For WOC racial justice activists who are already experiencing racial battle fatigue, ruminating over systemic racial injustices on top of difficulties in the activist's organization can add to their stress and frustration.

Effects of Burnout

Physical Health

A systematic review found that cardiovascular diseases are the most commonly experienced physical outcomes due to burnout (Salvagioni et al., 2017). Burnout was also associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and high LDL cholesterol. There was also a strong association between burnout, severity of cardiovascular diseases, and hospitalizations (Salvagioni et al., 2017). Scholars speculate that the underlying link between burnout and cardiovascular disease is chronic stress, which triggers the autonomic nervous system and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (Simon-Kutscher et al., 2020).

For WOC racial justice activists, racial stress is another factor associated with physical health problems, such as hypertension (Michaels et al., 2019; Moody et al., 2018). For instance, in a study that explored the relationship between racial stress and the physical health of Black and African American women, researchers found that daily experience of racial discrimination was associated with a higher prevalence of hypertension (Michaels et al., 2019).

Sexual harassment is another area WOC activists experience that influences their physical health (Gorski, 2019). One study found that race and sexual orientation were predictors of sexual victimization and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; Sigurvinsdottir & Ullman, 2016). Similarly, a study of midlife women explored the impact on physical health and found that experiencing sexual harassment was associated with higher blood pressure and poor sleep (Thurston et al., 2018).

Mental Health

As activists spend high amounts of emotional labor in their work, examining the association between emotional exhaustion and depression is noteworthy. However, Gorski and colleagues are one of few scholars who have examined this relationship, specifically among racial justice activists. In their 2015 study of racial justice activists, Gorski and Chen found that 71% experienced feeling depressed and isolated. This finding was notable among participant activists of color. Hopelessness, another symptom of depression, was also reported among participants.

Gorski's ( 2019) qualitative study of student and faculty activists of color at a predominantly White university in the United States further explains occurrences that can reduce the hope for change. The study found that their participation in activism made them susceptible to backlash from both within and outside of their movements. This experience limited their hope for structural change and decreased their motivation to persist. For example, some activists experienced retribution for their emotional reactions to oppressive incidents, such as accusations of aggression by university officials and White allies. WOC activists reported experiencing sexism, such as beliefs that male activists were more competent, from male members of the movements as well as inconsistent support from White allies. The participants cited these oppressive experiences contributed to feelings of hopelessness and cynicism (Gorski, 2015, 2019).

Behavioral indicators of depression, such as getting out of bed and interacting with their children, were also noted by racial justice activists (Chen & Gorski, 2015). This is a common for those experiencing family-work and/or work-family conflict. Often, the strain caused by work or family spills over into other life domains and can negatively affect an individual's mental health (Zhou et al., 2018).

Although the effects of compassion fatigue on WOC racial justice activists have not been studied, work done with U.S. WOC who provide counseling in domestic violence shelters provides some insight as to the impact of compassion fatigue, or secondary trauma, on mental health. In a study of African American and Latina mental health providers (Beckerman & Flaherty, 2019), the study found that secondary traumatic stress was significantly more prevalent among the participants than in the general U.S. population. Notably, study participation required participants to have no known post-traumatic stress symptoms before beginning their clinical work. The most prevalent secondary stress symptom among the participants (41.6%) was avoidance, such as wanting to avoid client work or reminders of their clinical experiences. Some participants (31.5%) experienced symptoms of having unwanted thoughts about the distressing stories they were exposed to in their client work. Other participants experienced symptoms related to increased anxiety and vigilance related to their clinical work (Beckerman & Flaherty, 2019).

Barriers to Seeking Counseling

Even when counseling costs are not an issue, some U.S. WOC may not be comfortable with a counselor who differs from their ethnic or racial group. Research suggests client-counselor racial match positively influences a client's willingness to attend counseling and wellbeing (Kim & Kang, 2018). However, when this is not feasible, cultural competence training with a focus on self-reflection on race and privilege can be beneficial, especially since racial justice activist work centers on addressing systemic racism and White privilege.

Based on the findings of their cross-racial counseling dyad study, Chang and Berk ( 2009) provided several recommendations to counselors. First, client conceptualization should recognize and attend to all intersecting cultural identities. Second, they encourage counselor awareness of selecting interventions based on making assumptions of the client's cultural group and instead strategically select based on client needs. Next, counselors should actively demonstrate comfort and willingness to self-disclose White privilege and systematic oppression at play in the session. Finally, counselors should show a willingness to hear the client and not dismiss experiences of marginalization and oppression.

Another barrier that may prevent WOC to seek counseling is the perceived need for help (Chang & Biegel, 2018). For many U.S. WOC activists, the cultural of selflessness norm combined with cultural gender-role expectations (e.g., strong Black woman or Marianismo ideologies) can be an impediment to recognizing burnout's impact on their mental health and the need to seek counseling (Akkus et al., 2017; Gorski et al., 2019; Pigni, 2016). For instance, the strong Black woman ideal is based on the gender-role expectation that Black women must be a source of emotional and physical strength for their family, church, and community and suppress any sign of weakness or vulnerability (Hall et al., 2021; Stanton et al., 2017). Endorsement of the strong Black woman ideology has been positively associated with emotional avoidance and depression (Harrington et al., 2010; Stanton et al., 2017) and negatively associated with mental health services utilization (Hall et al., 2021). In addressing this, counselors can re-frame this in a manner where seeking self-care is needed to continue their activist work. A WOC activist's commitment to serving the community is used as an incentive to practice self-care and seek mental health support.

Recommendations for Counselors

For individuals and communities that may have difficulty accessing affordable mental health services or cannot afford weekly sessions, community-based psychoeducational workshops could reach a larger group of individuals. A psychoeducational workshop can be used as a primary tool to prevent burnout as well as a secondary tool for those who are don't know how to address and manage burnout symptoms. The foundation of the workshop is to provide information about burnout and activities to address burnout symptoms. This would allow activists to recognize burnout's early stages.

With the use of empirical studies, counselors can discuss how burnout manifests in the workplace and give clear examples within the racial justice activist environment. For instance, one component of the workshop could cover issues such as a culture of selflessness and racial battle fatigue. Another component could provide information on the physical and mental health outcomes that are most prevalent for WOC. An example of an activity to address burnout related to a culture of selflessness would be for activists to develop a self-care plan that focuses on taking time to attend to their wellbeing in a way that does not involve their activism and allows them to recharge.

Mindfulness and relaxation interventions are effective counseling tools used to address burnout symptoms (Shah et al., 2014). A difficult component when engaging in racial justice activism is dealing with difficult emotions. There is a misconception among activists that negative emotions, such as anger and frustration, can be used as fuel to energize the activist and make progress in activist movements (Barker et al., 2008). This can be especially problematic for WOC racial justice activists who may suppress their emotions. Mindfulness is a nonjudgmental, intentional manner of guiding the activist client to focus on their state of being. Research suggests that activist clients who engage in mindfulness are better equipped to identify and address their negative emotions (e.g., cynicism and anger; Barker et al., 2008).

Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) is an empirically established intervention that focuses on client management of difficult emotions through mindfulness (Linehan, 2015). Pulling from DBT, the counselor can review the concept of mindfulness and teach the mindfulness technique known as the wise mind. The wise mind is the synthesis between decisions based on emotions and rationality whereby an individual is guided to search deep within their intuition and wisdom to find a solution (Neacsiu et al., 2012). For WOC activities, the wise mind exercise could be modified to build on cultural strengths. For instance, when reflecting on a problem connected to a negative emotion, the counselor can guide the client to call upon their ancestors' wisdom and listen to their solutions.

Another beneficial mindfulness intervention is the body scan. As WOC are more likely to experience psychosomatic symptoms of stress (Williams, 2018), the body scan allows the individual to attune to the areas in their body that are most affected. Starting at their feet and moving up their body, the client is asked to focus on each part of their body and body sensations. The client is encouraged to note places they feel pain or tightness in order to be aware of the areas they hold stress.

In addition to mindfulness in counseling sessions, relaxation techniques can be taught to address the body's stress response by decreasing blood pressure and heart rate (Shah et al., 2014). Activities range from deep breathing to progressive muscle relaxation. For instance, a counselor can instruct clients on the difference between shallow breathing and deep breathing. They can also help the client identify when shallow and rapid breathing is most likely to occur. In addition, the counselor can work with a client in establishing a plan on how the client can practice deep breathing during activist work (e.g., work in deep breathing breaks).

In addition to alleviating symptoms, burnout prevention includes counselors being change agents on a systemic level. Several professional counseling and psychological organizations have called for professionals in the field to advocate for systemic change of various social justice issues (e.g., American Psychological Association, 2017; Toporek & Daniels, 2018). The American Counseling Association provides a framework for counselors to advocate with and for clients facing systemic barriers (Toporek & Daniels, 2018). Advocacy interventions range from client empowerment to social/political advocacy where a counselor acts as a change agent in the system.

Another recommended social/political advocacy strategy is that counselors collaborate with other professionals to collect and present data on community issues to legislators and policy makers. For instance, a group of mental health providers collaborated with public health researchers and community leaders to assess mental health needs in several rural counties. Through mutual collaboration, data, and advocacy of county officials, the group was able to secure funds needed to provide telebehavioral health services to rural residents (McCord et al., 2011).

Conclusion

Advocating for racial justice and equality in today's society can place many activists at risk for burnout. Physical and mental exhaustion are burnout symptoms that may be overlooked or unaddressed by activists, making their endurance in racial justice movements difficult. Racial battle fatigue and a culture of selflessness can exacerbate WOC racial justice activists' ability to seek mental health resources. Counselors have the knowledge and training in empirically established counseling interventions that reduce burnout symptoms. By gaining knowledge of WOC racial justice activist experiences and mental health concerns, counselors can adapt interventions to meet activist clients' needs.

Declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare they have no conflict of interest.

Footnotes
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

References

Giordano AL, Gorritz FB, Kilpatrick EP, Scoffone CM, Lundeen LA. Examining secondary trauma as a result of clients' reports of discrimination. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling. 2020 doi: 10.1007/s10447-020-09411-z. [[PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] Google Scholar]

Hall CJ, Conner KO, Jones K. The strong Black woman versus mental health utilization: A qualitative study. Health & Social Work. 2021 doi: 10.1093/hsw/hlaa036. [[PubMed] [CrossRef] Google Scholar]

Koutsimani P, Montgomery A, Georganta K. The relationship between burnout, depression, and anxiety: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology. 2019 doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00284. [[PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] Google Scholar]

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Racial Justice Activist Burnout of Women of Color in the United States: Practical Tools for Counselor Intervention

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The pervasive racially hostile climate in society can bring severe mental health ramifications, such as burnout, to racial justice activists. For women of color (WOC), intersecting identities presents additional challenges. Due to the significant psychological impact burnout can have on WOC activists, counselors need the knowledge and tools to address this mental health issue.

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What is the Role for White People Working for Racial Justice in This Current Period? by the Organization for Black Struggle and the Anti-Racist Collective. 2017

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What is the Role for White People Working for Racial Justice in This Current Period? by the Organization for Black Struggle and the Anti-Racist Collective. 2017

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Resource with more than 700 terms related to race/ethnicity, disability, immigration, sexuality and gender identity, drugs and alcohol, and geography.

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The Diversity Style Guide is a resource to help journalists and other media professionals cover a complex, multicultural world with accuracy, authority and sensitivity. This guide, initially a project of the Center for Integration and Improvement of Journalism at San Francisco State University, brings together definitions and information from more than two dozen style guides, journalism organizations and other resources.

The guide contains more than 700 terms related to race/ethnicity, disability, immigration, sexuality and gender identity, drugs and alcohol, and geography. You can browse the stylebook by letter or by category using one of the topic glossaries in the drop-down menu above. Or you can look up a term in the search box below.

Each entry refers back to the original source. Material in brackets [ ] was added to the original source's definition. Terms without a reference source were written by the editor, with help or advice from experts in the field.

At the bottom of each entry is an icon, linking to a topic glossary of related terms.

The Diversity Style Guide is supported by grants from the Sigma Delta Chi Foundation of the Society of Professional Journalists and the College of Liberal and Creative Arts at San Francisco State University. It is edited by Rachele Kanigel, a professor of journalism at San Francisco State University.

If there's a term we're missing or a resource you'd like to share, drop us a line on our Contact page.

"bathroom bill"

An inaccurate phrase created and used by far-right extremists to oppose nondiscrimination laws that protect transgender people. The term is meant to incite fear and panic at the thought of encountering transgender people in public restrooms. Simply refer to the nondiscrimination law/ordinance instead. For more information about covering nondiscrimination and anti-LGBT bills see Debunking the "Bathroom Bill" Myth -- Accurate Reporting on Nondiscrimination: A Guide for Journalists, a publication by GLAAD.

"broken family," "broken home"

The terms "broken family" and "broken home" carry judgment and suggest that the family needs to be fixed. These terms are disproportionately assigned to Black families. Many family structures can provide stability, nurturing and support. Use these terms with caution and find alternatives such as divorced parents, parents living apart, single-parent households, etc.

"circle the wagons"

This phrase is commonly used to mean "to become defensive" or "to confer only with people within a trusted group." Be aware that some Indigenous people and others find the phrase offensive because it hearkens back to a brutal era of North American colonialism. The phrase refers to the practice by Conestoga wagons to form a circular defensive position to fend off attacks by Indigenous people. In 2017 the Calgary Circle the Wagons Festival changed its name to Circle - The Traveling Food, Beer & Music Carnival in response to complaints from community members offended by the name.

"Don't ask, don't tell"

horthand for "Don't Ask, Don't Tell, Don't Pursue, Don't Harass," the military's former policy on gay men, lesbians and bisexuals. Under the policy, instituted in 1993 and lifted in 2011, the military was not to ask service members about their sexual orientation, service members were not to tell others about their orientation, and the military was not to pursue rumors about members' sexual orientation.

"ex-gay"

Describes the movement, mostly rooted in conservative religions, that aims to change lesbian or gay individuals' sexual orientation. Widely discredited in scientific circles. [For more information, see GLAAD Media Reference Guide - In Focus:"Ex-Gays" & "Conversion Therapy."]

"school-to-prison pipeline"

According to the American Civil Liberties Union, the "school-to-prison pipeline" refers to "the policies and practices that push our nation's schoolchildren, especially our most at-risk children, out of classrooms and into the juvenile and criminal justice systems. This pipeline reflects the prioritization of incarceration over education."

"separate but equal"

The 14th Amendment to the Constitution, ratified in 1868, called for equal treatment under the law. In 1892, a Black man named Homer Plessy was arrested for sitting in a train car designated for Whites. His case, Plessy v. Ferguson, went to the U.S. Supreme Court. The court ruled that as long as facilities were equal, segregation was constitutional. Jim Crow laws, named after a derogatory minstrel show character, began when Reconstruction ended in 1877. While the laws maintained separate services, they were often not equal.

"White Man's Burden"

An 1899 poem written by Rudyard Kipling about the American role in the Philippines, which became an American colony following the Spanish-American War (1898). The poem begins: Take up the White Man's burden-- Send forth the best ye breed-- Go bind your sons to exile To serve your captives' need; To wait in heavy harness, On fluttered folk and wild-- Your new-caught, sullen peoples, Half-devil and half-child. See full text of the poem.

(partial) hearing loss/partially deaf

Hard of hearing is the most common term for those who have a mild to moderate hearing loss that may or may not be corrected with amplification. Ask the individual what term he or she prefers. Otherwise, hard of hearing is almost always acceptable. See hard of hearing.

#BlackoutDay, #TheBlackout

#BlackoutDay is a social media campaign to celebrate Black history and the beauty of Black people. People who identify as Black, (including people from Africa or from the African diaspora and mixed-race or part-Black people) are encouraged to post photos of themselves on social media with the hashtags #TheBlackout, #Blackoutday and/or #Blackout, according to the group's tumblr. The first Blackout occurred on March 6, 2015 and it was repeated on April 3, June 21, Sept. 21 and Dec. 21 that year. In 2016, organizers decided to hold the 24-hour online event every three months on the 6th of the month -- March 6, June 6, Sept. 6 and Dec. 6. The concept was started by Marissa Rei (formerly known as blkoutqueen, now @marissarei), who has since taken on leadership of the movement; T'von (expect-the-greatest) who contributed the original selfie day idea; and nukirk, the curator behind the blog whatwhiteswillneverknow, who promotes the events on social media, according group's tumblr. The movement's FAQ page says the founders were inspired to create #BlackOutDay because of "the lack of representation and celebration of everyday Black people in mainstream spaces such as movies and television, and the need to create a positive space in which Black people could feel welcomed and beautiful."

A.D.

Abbreviation of the Latin phrase anno Domini, translated as "the year of the Lord." Traditionally, it is used to date years after the birth of Jesus. Scholars and textbooks are increasingly using the abbreviations B.C.E. for "before the common era" and C.E. for "common era" to avoid using terms defined by their relation to Christianity. AP style, however, remains A.D. and B.C. Use A.D. preceding the year, as in A.D. 77. Do not say the seventh century A.D. If A.D. is not specified, it is assumed to be A.D. Use B.C. afterward, as in 255 B.C.

abaya

A robelike garment worn by some women who are Muslims. It is often black and may be a caftan or fabric draped over the shoulders or head. It is sometimes worn with a hijab and/or a niqab.

ABC

Slang for American-Born Chinese. Usually refers to a person born in the United States of Chinese ethnic descent. Many are second-generation with parents who immigrated from mainland China, Hong Kong, or Taiwan. Although not necessarily a pejorative term, ABC may imply a lack of connection to Chinese identity or a sense of cultural confusion.

ABCD

Short for "American Born Confused Desi" and many consider it a slur. It refers to children of Indian immigrants in the United States. The expression comes from the cultural adjustment that the second generation might experience when dealing with an Indian culture at home and American culture outside the home. The term can echo derogatory terms applied to other immigrants and should not be used loosely or carelessly.

able-bodied

This term is used to describe someone who does not identify as having a disability. Some members of the disability community oppose its use because it implies that all people with disabilities lack "able bodies" or the ability to use their bodies well. They prefer non-disabled or enabled as more accurate terms. The term non-disabled or the phrase does not have a disability are more neutral choices. Able-bodied is an appropriate term to use in some cases, such as government reports on the proportion of able-bodied members in the work force.

ableism

Prejudiced thoughts, attitudes and/or discriminatory actions based on differences in physical, mental and/or emotional ability. Ableism may take the form of improper treatment of people with disabilities, denial of access, or rejection of disabled applicants for housing and jobs. It may also be referred to as disability discrimination, ablecentrism or disability oppression.

abnormal/abnormality

Abnormality is a term used to describe something deviating from what is normal. The term can be appropriate when used in a medical context, such as abnormal curvature of the spine or an abnormal test result. However, when used to describe an individual, abnormal is widely viewed as a derogative term. The phrase abnormal behavior reflects social-cultural standards and is open to different interpretations. The words abnormal or abnormality are acceptable when describing scientific phenomena, such as abnormalities in brain function. However, avoid using abnormal to describe a person. Avoid referring to someone who does not have a disability as a normal person as it implies that people with disabilities are deviant or strange. Typical is a better choice. Be cautious when using the term abnormal behavior. Explain what it means in the context in which it is being used.

abolition

Major American reform movement that sought to end slavery in America using a wide range of tactics and organizations. While abolitionists are commonly portrayed as white people deeply concerned about the plight of enslaved blacks, and epitomized by William Lloyd Garrison and Harriet Beecher Stowe, many were African American, including Frederick Douglass and Sojourner Truth. Free blacks in the North also were stalwart in their dedication to the cause and provided financial support.

abortion

When choosing terms to describe a person's stance on abortion, journalists should remember that abortion is a nuanced issue, with many people supporting or opposing abortion in some, but not all, circumstances. Take care to describe a person's view rather than relying on terms popularized in the heated public debate. For example, journalists should use pro-abortion rights or a similar description instead of pro-choice, and opposed to abortion or against abortion rights instead of pro-life. The AP Stylebook advises using anti-abortion instead of pro-life and abortion rights instead of pro-abortion or pro-choice.

accents and direct quotation of

accessibility, accessible

The opportunity to access programs, services and facilities for people with disabilities. The extent to which a facility is usable and approachable for people with disabilities.

acting, appearing (gay, straight)

Judgment that assumes a subject's sexual orientation or gender identity is deceptive or not genuine. Example: He was straight-acting. In general, avoid.

activist, advocate

An activist is someone who actively advocates for political or social change. Often used to describe black leaders engaged in activism. Others who also push for causes, however, often are called advocates. Advocate is more neutral and a better choice for news copy, unless a subject describes himself or herself as an activist.

addict, addiction

Addiction is a neurobiological disease, according to the American Academy of Pain Medicine. Its development is influenced by environmental, cognitive and genetic factors. Addiction can be characterized by "impaired control over drug use, compulsive use, continued use despite harm and/or craving." Addiction often implies dependence on substances other than alcohol, although alcoholism is essentially alcohol addiction. The American Psychiatric Association recommends avoiding the term addict, suggesting instead the phrase "someone experiencing a drug/alcohol problem." The association also discourages using the term junkie, which specifically refers to someone who misuses heroin. According to Substance Use Disorders: A Guide to the Use of Language by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, the term addiction is acceptable for uncontrollable, compulsive use of substances as well as acts such as gambling, sex, working, etc., in the face of negative health and social consequences. The center states that addiction differs from dependence in that dependence only accounts for health problems, whereas addiction denotes use, despite health and social problems (this same distinction applies to alcohol dependence and alcoholism). The center also recommends using the word misuse in place of abuse when describing harmful drug usage. Avoid the terms clean and dirty concerning drug test results, according to the Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. The terms are considered derogatory because they equate symptoms of illness to filth. When referring to a drug test, state that the person tested positive for (drug). It is preferable to refer to someone who harmfully uses drugs as someone with a drug addiction. Use recovering or in recovery from to refer to someone trying to overcome active addiction, i.e. someone recovering from a methamphetamine addiction.

adhan

The Islamic call to prayer. It is chanted in Arabic by a person called a mu'adin or a muezzin. In Muslim neighborhoods, it might be broadcast over speakers. This is a general translation of the call, though there are differences among countries and branches of Islam: God is great. (Four times) I bear witness that there is no god except the One God. (Twice) I bear witness that Muhammad is the messenger of God. (Twice) Hurry to the prayer. (Twice) Hurry to success. (Twice) God is great. (Twice) There is no god except the One God.

Adi Granth

Pronounced "Aad granth." Holy book of the Sikh religion, considered the 11th and lasting guru. It is a compilation of the devotional poetry of Guru Nanak, other Sikh gurus, and saints of other religions. Sikhs consider it the supreme spiritual authority and living guide of the Sikh religion. It is installed under a canopy in every Sikh gurdwara (house of worship) where Sikhs sing, recite and meditate on the scripture. It is also called the Guru Granth Sahib. See Sikhism.

adoption

The language of adoption has evolved dramatically over the past few decades. Many terms commonly used a generation ago are now considered not only offensive but inaccurate. Some years ago a group of adoption advocates calling themselves the Accurate Adoption Reporting Group prepared a Suggested Adoption Stylebook in an attempt to educate journalists and other media writers to write or talk about adoption in a more sensitive and informed way. The guide is not available on the Internet, but is quoted widely, as in this article from Adoptive Families Association of British Columbia. Here are some tips from the guide: As with race or gender, the fact that a person was adopted should be mentioned only if it's essential to the story. If it is used, its relevance should be made clear. A daughter who joined the family through adoption is-and should be described as-simply a daughter. If it is relevant to mention adoption, use past-tense phrasing such as: She was adopted in 1997, rather than She is adopted. Adoption is one of many events in a person's past, not an immutable personal trait. An adopted person's parents should be referred to simply as father, mother, or parents. The man and woman who shared in the child's conception can be referred to as the birth or genetic or biological parents (not real or natural parents). Writers should avoid terms such as abandoned or given up. It is usually inaccurate to refer to children available for adoption as orphans. Often, their birth parents are alive. Nor should children be referred to as unwanted. It is better to say that birth parents placed the child for adoption, made an adoption plan, or transferred parental rights. The reasons that people adopt are rarely relevant. To suggest or say that parents couldn't have a baby of their own is inaccurate. Adoption is not second best. Children who join families through adoption are their parents "own" by law and by love. Stories should not portray adoptive parents as unusually selfless or saintly. In most cases, families adopt because they want to be parents and are no more saintly or selfless than other parents. The National Council for Adoption and Adoptive Families, a resource and community for adoptive families, each have guides to adoption language. This chart brings together accurate and less-accurate language from these two guides.

adultism

According to the National Youth Rights Association, adultism "refers to behaviors and attitudes based on the assumption that adults are better than young people, and entitled to act upon young people without their agreement. This mistreatment is reinforced by social institutions, laws, customs, and attitudes."

affirmative action

In the United States, affirmative action began under the Civil Rights Act of 1964. It was a way to address discrimination based on gender and race. Other countries also have affirmative action policies. Rulings expanded the U.S. law to include disability, ethnic origin and age. Affirmative action is used in employment, education, government contracts and more. Since 2000, several suits have been brought challenging the racial dimensions of U.S. affirmative action . One myth is that African Americans are the chief beneficiaries of affirmative action. That is not true. The U.S. Department of Labor has said that white women have been the primary beneficiaries of affirmative action policies.

afflicted with/stricken with/suffers from/victim of

These terms carry the assumption that a person with a disability is suffering or has a reduced quality of life. Not every person with a disability suffers, is a victim or is stricken. It is preferable to use neutral language when describing a person who has a disability, simply stating the facts about the nature of the disability. Example: He has muscular dystrophy.

Africa

The second largest continent in area and population after Asia. It is in the eastern hemisphere, south of the Mediterranean and adjoining Asia on the northeast. The area is 11,677,240 square miles (30,244,050 square kilometers). Sub-Saharan Africa (sometimes called Black Africa)-Region south of the Sahara Desert and used to describe those countries not part of North Africa, the region north of the Sahara. Avoid using Black Africa because it is considered to be politically incorrect or insensitive to some. North Africa-Predominantly Arab or Berber in ethnicity or culture and is mostly associated with the Mediterranean and the Middle East. The sub-Saharan Africa is predominantly black in ethnicity or culture and with few exceptions, such as Mauritius and South Africa, is one of the poorest regions in the world. The exact dividing line between the two regions is not clear. However, according to one classification, sub-Saharan Africa includes 48 nations, 42 of which are on the African mainland. Also, four island nations in the southwest Indian Ocean (Madagascar, The Comoros, Mauritius and Seychelles) and two in the Atlantic (Cape Verde and Sao Tome and Principe) are considered part of Africa. Central Africa Central African Republic Chad Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Eastern Africa Burundi Comoros Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Seychelles Rwanda Somalia Tanzania Uganda Northern Africa Algeria Ceuta Egypt Libya Melilla Morocco Sudan Tunisia Western Sahara Southern Africa Angola Botswana Lesotho Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Reunion Swaziland South Africa Zambia Zimbabwe Western Africa Benin Burkina Faso Cameroon Cape Verde Cote d'Ivoire Equatorial Guinea Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea-Bissau Liberia Mali Niger Nigeria São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Sierra Leone Togo

African American, African-American, Black, black

People in the United States who share a lineage that can be traced directly or indirectly to Africa. African American and Black are both generally acceptable although some individuals may have a strong preference for one term or other. Black and African American do not necessarily mean the same thing and individuals may not identify with one term or the other. It's best to ask. If that's not possible, use either term. In a series of polls between 1991 and 2019, Gallup found that half to two-thirds of African American and Black respondents did not have a preference, and in the most recent poll in 2019 those who did have a preference were evenly split between the two terms. The Black Lives Matter Movement of recent years may be inspiring more people to prefer Black. Some Black people do not identify as African American. This lineage, while collective, contains a diverse array of histories, cultures and experiences. This includes, but is not limited to, Black, African American, Afro-Caribbean, Afro-Latino and African immigrants living in the United States. Jesse Jackson popularized the term African American, which had already existed, in the 1980s. It mirrors hyphenated names for other American groups. Some people may identify themselves as African American to resist Black as a socially constructed category. Others may identify this way to assert their American identity. There are many reasons one might identify as African American. Some people may identify as Black because they do not feel connected to the American state. Others may identify as Black because they do not identify with the African continent. There are various historical, social and political reasons why one might prefer to identify as Black. The term has historically connected people of African descent around the world and was revived during the Black Power Movement. Black and then African American replaced older terms such as Colored and Negro imposed by others. Self-identification might reflect feelings about origin, affiliation, colonialism, enslavement and cultural dispossession. The National Association of Black Journalists advises that for a story in which race is relevant and there is no stated preference for an individual or individuals, media writers should use Black because it is an accurate description of race. The NABJ Style Guide also says, "Do not use race in a police description unless the report is highly detailed and gives more than just the person's skin color. In news copy, aim to use Black as an adjective, not a noun. Also, when describing a group, use Black people instead of just Blacks. In headlines, however, Blacks is acceptable." [A NOTE ABOUT CAPITALIZATION OF THE WORD BLACK: There has been much discussion about whether the b in Black should be capitalized. In the summer of 2020, after protests erupted around the world in response to the brutal killing of George Floyd by Minneapolis police officers, the tide began to turn and many journalism style guides, including those of the Associated Press, NABJ and The New York Times, changed their policy on the capitalization of Black when used in relation to race or ethnicity. The change conveys "an essential and shared sense of history, identity and community among people who identify as Black, including those in the African diaspora and within Africa," John Daniszewski, AP's vice president of standards, said in a blog post announcing the decision to capitalize Black. "The lowercase black is a color, not a person." Most media organizations now capitalize Black when referring to the race, but many do not capitalize White. Essence and Ebony magazines, The Chicago Defender and many other publications serving African-American communities had capitalized Black for years.] For more discussion about whether to capitalize the B in Black see: "The Case for Capitalizing the B in Black" by Kwame Anthony Appiah, The Atlantic, 2020 "A Debate Over Identity and Race Asks, Are African-Americans 'Black' or 'black'?" by John Eligon The New York Times, 2020 "Black and White: Why Capitalization Matters" by Merrill Perlman Columbia Journalism Review, 2015 "The Case for Black With a Capital B" by Lori Tharps The New York Times, 2014 "Why the 'B' in 'Black' Is Capitalized at DiversityInc" by Luke Visconti Diversityinc, 2009 "Black, black, or African American?" by Aly Colón Poynter, 2003] Updated February 2021

African diaspora

[Black people of African descent who are scattered throughout the world; refers to Blacks whose ancestors were removed from the African continent through slavery and colonization, and dispersed worldwide, according to the National Association of Black Journalists Style Guide.] The African diaspora is a byproduct of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade, which dispersed millions of people. The TransAtlantic Slave Trade Database estimates that 12.5 million Africans were taken to the Americas and the Caribbean. About 1.8 million died en route. This forced move imposed a negative legacy. Overlaying new locations on African origins changed identities. [In the 20th and 21st centuries many Africans migrated from the continent to other parts of the world for religious, political and economic reasons, continuing the African diaspora. For more about the history of the African diaspora, including the different phases of migration and where Africans settled, read the Institute for Cultural Diplomacy's web page about The African Diaspora.]

African Methodist Episcopal Zion

Black members within the John Street Church in New York City and within American Methodism in general were denied ordination, forced to sit in segregated pews and limited in their access to the Methodist itinerant clergy and the Communion Table. Frustrated by this treatment, two black John Street members, Peter Williams and William Miller, in 1796 founded the African Chapel. The chapel was later renamed Zion Church and its members became known as Zionites. In 1801, with the help of the Rev. John McClaskey a white minister who had opposed the independence efforts of Richard Allen's African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME) in Philadelphia, the Zion Church was incorporated as the African Methodist Episcopal Church of the City of New York. James Varick was its first pastor, later becoming the first black African Methodist Episcopal Zion bishop. [According to the Religionbook, AME Zion Church is acceptable on second reference.]

African Methodist Episocopal (AME) Church

Independent Methodist organization dedicated to black self-improvement and Pan-Africanist ideals. In 1794, Richard Allen, the first AME bishop, established Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church in Philadelphia. About 2,000 black Methodists facing persistent discrimination met at Bethel to discuss legal independence from the Methodist church's main body. They voted to organize under the name African Methodist Episcopal Church and the group successfully sued for independence before the Pennsylvania Supreme Court. AME is acceptable on second reference and in headlines. See Methodist Episcopal Church.

African-American language

Afro-American

Archaic term to describe a black person. Popular in the 1960s and '70s, the name was overtaken by black and later African American in the '80s and '90s. Do not use. See African American, African-American, black.

Afrocentric, Afrocentrism

The study of Africa, its history and culture from a non-European perspective. The term Afrocentrism was first coined in 1976 by Molefi Kete Asante and can be defined as rediscovering African and African-American achievement, restoring Africa's rightful place in history, and establishing its importance on par with European history, culture and accomplishment.

ageism

Stereotyping and prejudice against individuals or groups because of their age. The term was coined in 1969 by gerontologist Robert N. Butler, M.D., founder, president and CEO of the International Longevity Center at Columbia University, to describe discrimination against seniors and patterned on sexism and racism. Dr. Butler defined ageism as a combination of three connected elements: prejudicial attitudes towards older people, old age and the aging process; discriminatory practices against older people; and institutional practices and policies that perpetuate stereotypes about older people.

agender

A person who identifies as neither male nor female. It is best to ask people who identify as agender which pronouns they prefer. See androgyne, genderqueer, non-binary.

aging

An ongoing, all-inclusive process rather than a label placed on older, frail adults.

aging in place

A concept that advocates people remain in their homes regardless of the physical and/or mental decline that may occur with the aging process. Staying within the same home and community allows many older people to maintain existing social networks and routines. The ability to age in place is greatly determined by the physical design and accessibility of a home, as well as community features like the availability of nearby services and amenities, affordable housing and transportation options.

agnostic

Someone who is unsure whether there is a God or who believes it is unknowable whether God exists. Sometimes, the former is referred to as weak agnosticism and the latter is called strong agnosticism. Do not confuse with atheist. See atheist.

Alaska Native

Alaska Native is an umbrella term that includes Eskimo (Inupiat and Yupik), Alaskan Indians (Athabascan, Haida, Tlingit and Tsimshian) and Aleut. They are culturally distinct and most prefer to be called Alaska Native instead of being grouped as American Indian. An Eskimo is a member of the Indigenous people who have traditionally inhabited Alaska and other Arctic regions, including eastern Siberia in Russia, Canada and Greenland. The term is controversial and should be used with caution. Although the name Eskimo is commonly used in Alaska to refer to all Inuit and Yupik people of the world, this name is considered derogatory in many other places. Some people identify as Inuit or Alaska Native, while others prefer Eskimo. As with many controversial terms, it's best to ask individuals or community leaders what they prefer to be called. Updated February 2021

alcoholic, alcoholism

An alcoholic is someone who has the disease of alcoholism. Alcoholism is characterized by a loss of control in alcohol use, according to the American Psychological Association. The Center for Substance Abuse Treatment recommends using people-first language such as someone with alcoholism or someone with an alcohol problem. Refer to someone who harmfully uses alcohol as someone with an alcohol problem or someone with alcoholism. Use recovering to refer to someone with the disease of addiction, as in someone recovering from alcoholism.

Alcoholics Anonymous

Alcoholics Anonymous was founded in 1935 by Bill W. and Dr. Bob S. in Akron, Ohio, according to the AA General Service Office. AA is "a fellowship of men and women who share their experience, strength and hope with each other that they may solve their common problem and help others to recover from alcoholism," according to the group's preamble. AA members do not pay dues or fees; rather, it is supported through contributions. AA is unaffiliated with any outside organizations or institutions and does not endorse, finance or oppose any causes. The AA program is focused on 12 steps people take to achieve sobriety. Because anonymity is central to the organization, disclose that someone is a member of Alcoholics Anonymous only if it is essential to the story. When covering AA, consider referring to members by their first name only unless official references or context requires otherwise. These same considerations apply when covering other 12-step programs, such as Narcotics Anonymous or Gamblers Anonymous. See alcohol, alcoholic.

alien

A word [previously] used by the U.S. government to describe a foreign-born person who is not a citizen by naturalization or parentage. People who entered the United States legally were called resident aliens and they carried alien registration cards also known as green cards, because they used to be green. [In February 2021, Tracy Renaud, the acting leader of US Citizenship and Immigration Services, issued a memo instructing the agency's leadership to make the following changes: to no longer refer to people as "illegal alien," "alien," or "undocumented alien" in internal and external communications, and to instead use the terms "noncitizen," "undocumented noncitizen," or "undocumented individual."]* In modern times, with science-fiction growing in popularity, alien has come to mean a creature from outer space, and is considered pejorative by most immigrants. *updated Feb. 17, 2021

Alien Land Laws

Enacted by many Western states in the early 1900s, these laws prevented Asians from owning land. Most of these laws were repealed in the late 1950s and 1960s.

All-American

Caution. Not a synonym for white. Refers to the best high school and college athletes of the year.

Allah

Arabic word for God. Some Muslims say they generally say or write God instead of Allah when addressing a non-Muslim to avoid any suggestion that the two are not the same. However, always use Allah when quoting a person or text that uses Allah.

Allahu akbar

In Arabic it means "God is great" or "God is the greatest." Muslims say it several times a day, such as during the call for prayer, during prayer, when they are happy and when they wish to express their approval of what they hear.

ally

A person who makes the commitment and effort to recognize their privilege (based on gender, class, race, sexual identity, etc.) and work in solidarity with oppressed groups in the struggle for justice. Allies understand that it is in their own interest to end all forms of oppression, even those from which they may benefit in concrete ways. Allies commit to reducing their own complicity or collusion in oppression of those groups and invest in strengthening their own knowledge and awareness of oppression.

Alzheimer's disease

The Cleveland Clinic defines Alzheimer's disease as "a progressive and fatal disease in which nerve cells in the brain degenerate and brain matter shrinks, resulting in impaired thinking, behavior and memory." The Alzheimer's Association identifies it as the most common form of dementia. Symptoms include disorientation, mood and behavior changes, and confusion. The disease is named after German neurologist Alois Alzheimer, who first identified the disease. The proper term is Alzheimer's disease, never Alzheimer's. Disclose that an individual has Alzheimer's disease only if it is relevant to the story and if the person has been formally diagnosed by a licensed medical professional. Refer to the subject as someone who has Alzheimer's disease rather than using suffers from or afflicted with. For more information about Alzheimer's Disease click on the Alzheimer's Association's "What is Alzheimer's?" page.

America

Refers to the entire Western hemisphere and does not apply solely to the United States. North America and South America together are often referred to as the Americas. When referring to the United States of America, use United States, U.S., U.S.A. or the States.

American

People who live in the United States. Note that many people in other parts of the Americas, particularly Latin Americans, see themselves as Americans, too, and consider America a region, not a country. Some see the national identity label American as imperialist. However, American is the most widely recognized and commonly used term for people who live in the United States of America.

American Indian

American Indian and Native American are both generally acceptable and can be used interchangeably, although individuals may have a preference. Native American gained traction in the 1960s for American Indians and Alaska Natives. Over time, Native American has been expanded to include all Native people of the continental United States and some in Alaska. Native American and American Indian can be used interchangeably, however, the term is used only to describe groups of Native Americans - two or more individuals of different tribal affiliation. Journalists should always identify people by their preferred tribal affiliation when reporting on individuals or individual tribes. There are millions of people who identify as American Indian or who have Native ancestry, according to 100 Questions, 500 Nations: A Guide to Native America. That does not make them all American Indians in the eyes of tribes or the federal government. The federal government considers someone American Indian if he or she belongs to a federally recognized tribe. Individual tribes have the exclusive right to determine their own membership. Tribal governments formally list their members, who must meet specific criteria for enrollment. Some require a person to trace half or a quarter of his or her lineage, for instance, to the tribe, while others require only proof of descent. [Use native-born to describe someone who is born in the United States but isn't American Indian. [In 2016, President Barack Obama signed legislation (HR 4238) that replaced the term American Indian with Native American in federal laws.]

American Indian Movement

Activist organization known as AIM. Founded in 1968 to promote civil rights for Native Americans. AIM has sought recognition of treaty rights through sit-ins and highly visible protests. In 1972, AIM organized the "Trail of Broken Treaties," converging on Washington, D.C., before the presidential election. AIM has branches across the United States.

American Indian or Alaska Native, U.S. Census definition of

The U.S. Census Bureau, which adheres to the 1997 Office of Management and Budget standards on race and ethnicity, defines American Indian or Alaska Native as "a person having origins in any of the original peoples of North and South America (including Central America) and who maintains tribal affiliation or community attachment." The Census Bureau notes: "The racial categories included in the census questionnaire generally reflect a social definition of race recognized in this country and not an attempt to define race biologically, anthropologically, or genetically. In addition, it is recognized that the categories of the race item include racial and national origin or sociocultural groups."

American Sign Language

A complete language that utilizes "signs made by moving the hands combined with facial expressions and postures of the body," according to the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders. Many people in North America who are deaf or hard of hearing use it as a primary means of communication. Specify American Sign Language on first reference, capitalizing all three words. ASL is acceptable on second reference.

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

Federal civil rights legislation that was created in 1990 to address discrimination on the basis of disability in employment, public accommodations, transportation and telecommunications as well as state and local government services. Use Americans with Disabilities Act on first reference; ADA is acceptable on second reference. For more information go to ADA.gov.

Amish

The Amish, descendants of the Swiss Anabaptists, are known for their distinctive, plain clothes as well as their commitment to rejecting modern technology, including in some cases cars and electricity. They base their morals and way of life on the Bible, which they interpret literally, and on unwritten rules known as the Ordnung. Amish pastors are called bishops.

amputation, amputee

Amputation refers to the removal of a bodily extremity, usually during a surgical operation, for a variety of reasons. Amputee is the acceptable term for someone who has undergone an amputation. Some people have a physical deformity that is not a result of an amputation. Someone with an amputation or amputee are both acceptable.

anchor baby, anchor child

A child born to a non-citizen mother in a country that grants automatic citizenship to children born on its soil, especially if parents plan the birth to secure eventual citizenship for themselves and other members of their family. The term is pejorative; avoid except in quotations.

androgyne

A person whose biological sex is not readily apparent or who is between two genders. It is best to ask people who identify as androgyne which pronouns they prefer. See agender, genderqueer, non-binary gender.

androphilic, gynephilic

An attraction to males or masculinity (andro) or females or femininity (gyne). Alternative terms used in place of homosexual or heterosexual so as to avoid gendering the person while expressing their attraction to a particular gender.

Angel Island

The West Coast counterpart to Ellis Island, N.Y. From 1910 to 1940, the U.S. Immigration Station processed hundreds of thousands of immigrants, the majority from China, at Angel Island. During World War II, Japanese, and German POWs were detained at the station before being sent to facilities farther inland. Angel Island is now a state park run by the California Department of Parks and Recreation. A virtual tour of the island, produced by the Angel Island Immigration Station Foundation, is available here.

annul, annulment

A divorced person who wishes to remarry in the Catholic Church can apply to a church court for an annulment or "declaration of nullity." This means that the sacramental bond of matrimony never existed in the earlier marriage because at least one of the parties was unwilling or unable to make and keep a promise of permanent, faithful, self-sacrificial marriage in which he or she modeled the love of Christ toward a spouse. A declaration that the sacrament did not exist does not mean that a loving marriage relationship never existed, and it does not make children illegitimate in the eyes of the church or civil law.

antisemitism

A prejudice against people of Jewish heritage. It has inspired the Holocaust, physical abuse, slander, economic and social discrimination, vandalism and other crimes. Religious antisemitism is based on the idea that all Jews are eternally and collectively responsible for killing Jesus (known as deicide). It has been formally renounced by most major churches, led by the Catholic Church. Although Muslims revere Jesus as a prophet, they do not make the antisemitic claim against Jews because they do not believe that Jesus was crucified. Economic and political antisemitism is rooted in widespread 19th- and 20th-century claims that Jews were engaged in a plot to rule the world. There is some debate about the appropriate spelling of the word. Some argue the use of the word "Semitic" is misleading and confusing used in the context of hatred of Jews and . In its argument for eliminating the hyphen, the ADL noted the word "was first used by a German historian in 1781 to bind together languages of Middle Eastern origin that have some linguistic similarities. The speakers of those languages, however, do not otherwise have shared heritage or history. There is no such thing as a Semitic peoplehood." The style guides of The Associated Press, The New York Times and other media organizations began to change their guidance on the preferred spelling of the word from anti-Semitism to antisemitism in the early 2020s to reflect changing thinking about the word. The unhyphenated spelling is favored by many scholars and institutions, including the World Jewish Congress, the Anti-Defamation League and the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum. Read more about the spelling of antisemitism on the websites of the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance, the Jewish Virtual Library and the Anti-Defamation League. Updated November 2023

apartheid

Racial segregation, specifically a policy of segregation and political and economic discrimination enforced by the white minority government against non-white residents in South Africa from 1948 to 1994.

apocalypse, apocalyptic

A final, cosmic battle between forces of good and evil that encompasses the Earth; for religious believers, it ushers in the reign of God and results in the righteous being raised to everlasting life. Apocalyptic thought dates to ancient times and is present in Judaism, Christianity and other belief systems. The New Testament Book of Revelation and the Book of Daniel, found in the Old Testament/Hebrew Bible, are the best-known Scriptures involving apocalyptic prophecies, but other examples exist. Apocalyptic beliefs are most closely associated with Christians who read the Bible literally and with fringe religious movements. Other Christians are more likely to read Revelation as an allegory. Lowercase apocalypse when referring to the battle ending the world, but uppercase when using the traditional Catholic name for the New Testament Book of Revelation, which in Greek means "Apocalypse." The Catholic News Service advises using the New American Bible name Revelation instead of Apocalypse except in direct quotations.

Arab

Refers to nation or people from an Arabic-speaking country. Not synonymous with Muslim. When referring to events in a specific country, name the country, rather than generalizing Arab. Arab is a noun for a person and it can be used as an adjective, as in Arab country. Do not imply in headlines or text that Arab equals Muslim, holy war or terrorist. Note: Iran is not an Arab country. The majority of Iranian people are Persian and the language is Farsi.

Arab American, American Arab

A U.S. citizen or permanent resident who traces his or her ancestry to, or who immigrated from, Arabic-speaking places in the Middle East (southwestern Asia and northern Africa). Not all people who live in this region are Arabs. The U.S. government does not classify Arabs as a minority group for the purposes of employment and housing. Arab American is preferred over American Arab.

Arab League

Formally the League of Arab States, this umbrella organization has 22 members in North Africa, the horn of Africa and Southwest Asia: Algeria, Bahrain, Comoros Island, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria (suspended in 2011 because of ongoing uprising and civil war), Tunisia, United Arab Emirates and Yemen. The Arab League 22 Countries of the Arab League (year of the country's admittance) Egypt (1945) Iraq (1945) Jordan (1945) Lebanon (1945) Saudi Arabia (1945) Syria (1945) Yemen (1945) Libya (1953) Sudan (1956) Morocco (1958) Tunisia (1958) Kuwait (1961) Algeria (1962) Bahrain (1971) U.A.E. (1971) Oman (1971) Qatar (1971) Mauritania (1973) Somalia (1974) Palestine (1976) Djibouti (1977) Comoros (1993)

Arabian

An adjective that refers to Saudi Arabia, the Arabian Peninsula, or for things, such as an Arabian horse. When ethnicity or nationality is relevant, it is more precise and accurate to specify the country by using Lebanese, Yemeni, or whatever is appropriate.

Arabic

The name of the language spoken in Arab countries; it is generally not used as an adjective.

argilah, argeelah

A water pipe that filters and cools tobacco smoke. The smoke is usually flavored with apple, honey, strawberry, mint, mango or apricot. Such pipes are smoked in many parts of the world and go by several names, including sheesha and hookah.

aromantic

A person who does not experience romantic attraction. Aromantic people may or may not be asexual and they may still feel aesthetic or sensual attraction. See asexual.

articulate

When someone remarks that a black person is articulate, it can imply that this is surprising behavior. This can be insulting for the individual or toward African Americans generally. So, this apparent compliment can meet a negative reaction. Because Standard American English is often seen as "proper" and spoken by white people, noting that someone speaks well can challenge black identity. Authenticity issues arise when someone says that a black person "talks white." This can happen among black people, as well.

Aryan

Derived from the Sanskrit "arya," or "noble." In scholarly usage, a member of a people speaking one of a family of Indo-European languages, the presumed predecessor of much later languages spoken in Europe and the Indian subcontinent. In the late 19th century, the term became part of the anti-Semitic ideology that led to Nazism. In the modern usage of white supremacists, an Aryan is a non-Jewish white person, especially of Scandinavian heritage.

asexual

A person who does not experience sexual attraction. Asexuals can and do experience other forms of attraction and intimacy, such as aesthetic, emotional, platonic, or romantic, and they can describe their romantic attraction in terms of hetero/homo/bi/pan, etc.

Ash Wednesday

In the Western Christian church, the seventh Wednesday before Easter marks the beginning of the Lenten season. The name is taken from a practice of putting ashes on the foreheads of penitent believers as a reminder of their physical return to dust ("ashes to ashes"). The practice is common among Roman Catholics, Anglicans and Episcopalians, and many Lutherans. It is also becoming more popular among other Protestant churches.

Ashkenazi

Pronounced "osh-ken-AH-zee." A Jew of German, Polish, Austrian or Eastern European descent. From the Middle Ages through the mid-20th century, Ashkenazic Jews developed a distinct culture and spoke predominantly Yiddish (a combination of German and Hebrew) or Slavic languages. During the 19th and 20th centuries, as they faced increasing persecution in Eastern Europe, many Ashkenazic Jews migrated to Western Europe and the United States. Since the mid-18th century, Ashkenazic Jews have made up the majority of Jews in the U.S. After the Holocaust, their numbers were drastically reduced in Europe. Many of the surviving Ashkenazic Jews immigrated to France, the U.S. and current-day Israel. They are estimated to make up 80 percent of the world's Jewish population. Ashkenazic Jews are also referred to as Ashkenazim. See Sephardi.

Asia

About 60 percent of the world's population, about 4.3 billion people (2015 estimate), live in Asia. Traditionally, East Asia consists of China, Japan, Korea, Mongolia and, occasionally, the Philippines. South Asia traditionally consists of Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. Southeast Asia (which is occasionally combined with East Asia) includes Burma (Myanmar), Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam. In American usage, Asian is generally used to refer to the entire continent of Asia; often, however, Asian is used as shorthand for East Asians, or East and Southeast Asians. British usage generally treats the term Asian as referring to South Asia.

Asia, Central

Caution, vague. It includes Mongolia, but what else the term includes has varied over time. Alexander von Humboldt (1769-1859), a German naturalist, helped popularize the term and included large parts of Russia, Iran and Afghanistan. Others disputed his methodology. A more modern definition would include Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.

Asia, use and abuse of images from

The AAJA Handbook to Covering Asian America urges caution. The Taj Mahal; the Ganges River; the Great Wall of China; pagodas; the cheongsam (traditional Chinese dress); the conical hat worn in Vietnam and elsewhere; rice paddies; rickshaws; samurais; geishas; Kabuki characters; as well as classical art, such as Hokusai's "Great Wave" are emblematic of Asia. When used in context, such images are as essential as any other detail of reporting. When they are altered, however, problems can arise. When, for example, white political figures are dressed in a conical hat or depicted in a rickshaw in, say, an editorial cartoon criticizing U.S. dependence on China, they can suggest racial stereotypes.

Asian

Caution. A term as broad as European. In some usage, chiefly British, Asian refers to Indians, Pakistanis, Bangladeshis and others. In the United States, such ethnic groups would be known as South Asians, while Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese and others would be known as East Asians.

Asian American

Asian American is the proper term for people who come from Asia or descend from people who lived in Asia. Do not hyphenate. When possible, ask people how they identify (Asian American or Chinese American, Japanese American, etc.). You may use the umbrella term South Asian to refer to Indians, Pakistanis and Bangladeshis. Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese and others would be known as East Asians. Updated February 2021

Asian Exclusion Acts

Laws in which Congress barred or sharply restricted the immigration of Asians to the United States. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 barred Chinese laborers and prohibited Chinese from applying for citizenship; it was repealed in 1943. The 1924 Oriental Exclusion Act banned immigration from Asia. The 1934 Tydings-McDuffie Act imposed an annual quota of 50 Filipino immigrants. Only after 1965, with immigration laws designed to encourage European immigration, did Asian immigration also expand.

Asian names

More complex than European names. Clarify family and surname, as well as use of second reference, with the interview subject will help avoid error. When in doubt, ask the news subject, especially on rules for second reference (such as Mr. Mao, but not Mr. Zedong). Asian pronunciation and transliteration rules are also complex. For example, in Mandarin, Chen is pronounced "chuhn" (rhymes with "one"), Li is "lee" and Yang "yong" (rhymes with "song," not "sang"). However, many second-generation or later Chinese Americans pronounce their names in an Americanized fashion. Consider including pronunciation explainers in the text, broadcast or graphic. See Vietnamese names, Southeast Asian names.

Asian religions

Caution. Religion is an imprecise term. Faith in Asia can differ sharply from that of the Judeo-Christian-Islamic tradition. Temples, for instance, are typically not used for "worship" but for meditation; meditation is not necessarily "prayer;" and to most, but not all, Buddhists, Buddha is not a god. Confucianism and Taoism, much practiced in East Asia, are ways of and guides to living. They are informal combinations of practical philosophies, values, and folk beliefs. See Buddhism, Confucianism, Hinduism, Islam, Shintoism, Taoism.

Asian, U.S. Census definition of

The U.S. Census Bureau, which adheres to the 1997 Office of Management and Budget standards on race and ethnicity, defines Asian as "a person having origins in any of the original peoples of the Far East, Southeast Asia, or the Indian subcontinent including, for example, Cambodia, China, India, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Pakistan, the Philippine Islands, Thailand, and Vietnam." Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander refers to: "a person having origins in any of the original peoples of Hawaii, Guam, Samoa, or other Pacific Islands." The Census Bureau notes: "The racial categories included in the census questionnaire generally reflect a social definition of race recognized in this country and not an attempt to define race biologically, anthropologically, or genetically. In addition, it is recognized that the categories of the race item include racial and national origin or sociocultural groups."

Asiatic

Avoid. A vestige of European colonialism and imperialism. A 19th-century adjective used at the time in "scientific" European treatises assuming the superiority of the white race.

ASL

See American Sign Language.

Asperger's syndrome

Asperger's syndrome was once a distinct diagnosis but is now part of a broader condition known as autism spectrum disorder. According to Autism Speaks, common behaviors include difficulties in social interaction and nonverbal communication, obsession with specific and often unusual topics, and an inability to understand emotional and non-literal issues. The syndrome is named after Austrian pediatrician Hans Asperger. [The American Psychiatric Association, in the fifth edition of its Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, published in 2013, consolidates all autism disorders under the larger autism spectrum disorder diagnosis. However, some people diagnosed before that prefer the term Asperger's syndrome.] Refer to someone as having Asperger's syndrome only if the information is relevant to the story and if a licensed medical professional has formally diagnosed the person. If the individual has received a specific diagnosis of Asperger's syndrome, refer to him or her as a person diagnosed with Asperger's syndrome or a person with Asperger's syndrome. Note the S in syndrome is not capitalized.

assisted living facility

A housing option for older people who cannot live independently and need help with medications and daily living activities, such as bathing, grooming, eating, dressing and going to the bathroom. Assisted living facilities are sometimes referred to as ALFs in the senior living industry.

atheist

A person who does not believe in God or other supernatural forces. Some people make a distinction between "weak atheism" (the idea that evidence doesn't support a belief in God) and "strong atheism" (being convinced that God does not exist). See agnostic.

attention-deficit disorder (ADD)/attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

[Since the 1990s, the medical community has avoided using the term attention-deficit disorder and its abbreviation ADD, instead referring to three types of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): predominantly inattentive (formerly known as ADD); predominantly hyperactive-impulsive; and combined presentation.These common mental disorders manifest primarily in children, according to the National Institute of Mental Health.] Common symptoms for both disorders include restlessness, difficulty in focusing or staying organized, and impulsivity. Those with an ADHD diagnosis also exhibit a difficulty in sitting still or engaging in quiet activities. Some debate exists as to the accuracy of an ADHD or ADD diagnosis as an actual disorder. Refer to someone as having attention-deficit disorder or attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder only if the information is relevant to the story and if a licensed medical professional has formally diagnosed the person. Use attention-deficit disorder or attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder upon first reference; ADD and ADHD are acceptable for each disorder on second reference, respectively.

Aunt Jemima

Born a slave in 1834, Nancy Green became the advertising world's first living trademark as Aunt Jemima. Working as a domestic in Chicago, Green was contracted at age 59 to portray a happy cook to promote a pancake recipe by Pearl Milling Co. She died in 1923, but her image as the pancake queen lives on today. Some view the icon as a painful reminder of slavery, and her character as the apron-clad cook with a bandanna tied on her head as a negative stereotype of black women.

aunt, uncle

When not referring to a family relationship, the terms may be insensitive or offensive depending on its context. Historically, whites used the names often for any black person in servitude. Today, the names are used in the black community as terms of endearment or respect for non-family members or close family friends. Traditionally in the South, children are expected to address an adult by an honorific, Miss, Maam, Aunt, Mister, Uncle or Sir. See Aunt Jemima and Uncle Tom.

auntie

In many cultures, this is a term of respect, not necessarily family relationship. An Arab American, for example, might call an older Arab female or male "auntie" ("amty") or "uncle" ("ammo"). See aunt, uncle.

autism/autism spectrum disorders

A group of complex disorders related to brain development. Common symptoms of autism spectrum disorder include difficulties in communication, impaired social interaction and restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior, interests or activities, according to the National Institute of Mental Health. However, symptoms vary across the spectrum. Some experts classify autism as a developmental disorder rather than a mental illness. Prior to 2013, subtypes of autism such as Asperger's syndrome, autism disorder and childhood disintegrative disorder were classified as distinct disorders. The fifth edition of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders consolidates all autism disorders under the larger autism spectrum disorder diagnosis. Opinions vary on how to refer to someone with autism. Some people with autism prefer being referred to as an autistic person; others object to using autistic as an adjective. The Autism Self Advocacy Network details this debate here. Refer to someone as having autistic spectrum disorder only if the information is relevant to the story and if a licensed medical professional has formally diagnosed the person. Ask individuals how they prefer to be described. If in doubt, use people-first language, referring to someone as a person with autism spectrum disorder rather than an autistic person. See Asperger's syndrome.

ayatollah

A Shiite term for senior clergyman. Capitalize when used as a title before a name, but lowercase otherwise.

B.C.

Literally, before Christ or the Christian era. Scholars and textbooks are increasingly using the abbreviations B.C.E. for "before the common era" and C.E. for "common era" to avoid using terms defined by their relation to Christianity. See A.D.

baby boom

U.S. Births: 1940-1980 (Baby Boomer Generation in Red) Data from U.S. Census Bureau Infographic by Arash Malekzadeh using Infogr.am A baby boom is any period marked by a greatly increased birth rate, but the term is most often applied to the dramatic increase in births after World War II. The U.S. Census Bureau estimates that 76 million Americans were born during the post-war baby boom (1946-1964). For more about the baby boom, see The Baby Boom Cohort in the United States: 2012 to 2060, a report by the U.S. Census Bureau.

Bahá'í, the Bahá'í Faith

The Bahá'í Faith is a monotheistic religion. Its founder, Bahá'u'lláh, taught that all religions represent progressive stages in the revelation of God's will. There are no clergy; the faith's affairs are administered by a network of democratically elected councils. The terms Bahaism and Bahaist are incorrect; use the Bahá'í Faith to refer to the religion and Bahá'í to refer to an adherent. For more about Bahá'í Faith go to bahai.org, the website of the worldwide Bahá'í community.

banana

A slang term and pejorative reference used by Asian Americans when referring to Asian Americans who identify more with whites than with other Asian Americans. Use only in direct quotes.

Baptist

When capitalized, the term generally refers to a member of a Protestant* group marked by baptism by immersion of individuals who profess faith in Jesus Christ. Baptists commonly call this practice believer's baptism. This distinguishes them from groups that practice infant baptism, such as Catholics and Episcopalians. * This entry has been modified to remove the word "evangelical" from the definition and add "Protestant"

bar mitzvah, bat mitzvah

Often translated as "son of the commandment" in Hebrew and Aramaic since "bar" is "son" in Aramaic and "mitzvah" is "commandment" in both Hebrew and Aramaic. ["Bat" is daughter in Hebrew and Aramaic.] [However, a more accurate translation of bar/bat mitzvah is "subject to the commandments."] This is a milestone in Judaism in which a person is no longer a child in the eyes of Jewish law and is now responsible for his or her own actions spiritually, ethically and morally. A boy automatically reaches the milestone at age 13, while a girl reaches it at age 12 (bat mitzvah). No ceremony is required to mark the passage, although religious ceremonies and receptions are commonplace. [Technically, the term refers to the child who is coming of age, and it is strictly correct to refer to someone as "becoming a bar (or bat) mitzvah." However, the term is commonly used to refer to the coming-of-age ceremony itself, and people often talk about "having a bar mitzvah" or "going to a bar mitzvah."]

belonging

A sense of fitting in or feeling you are accepted by a group; feeling valued and respected by others in a workplace, group, society, etc. This term is frequently used with diversity, equity and inclusion for initiatives, committees, etc. Together, they are sometimes abbreviated DEIB. Added April 2023

Bible Belt

Areas of the United States that are noted for a prevalence of strict evangelical Christian teachings, particularly in the South and Midwest. Writer H.L. Mencken coined the phrase in 1925 while reporting on the Scopes Trial in Tennessee. It can be considered offensive in some contexts so the term should be used carefully.

Bible-believing

A term used by some Christians to describe their emphasis on the authority and primacy of Scripture, as in Bible-believing Christians. By definition, however, all Christians believe the Bible. Thus, journalists should avoid using this term except when it is clear people are using it to describe themselves.

bindi, or bindhi

Pronounced "BIN-dhee." The decoration worn on the forehead by many Hindu women. There are various explanations for the bindi: It can be a blessed symbol that signifies female energy and is believed to protect women and their husbands; a traditional symbol of marriage; a third eye, the eye of inner vision or spiritual wisdom; or simply a decoration like jewelry. It is worn by Indians of all religions.

biological gender/biological sex

Avoid the terms "biological gender," "biological sex," "biological woman," "biological female," "biological man," or "biological male." These terms are inaccurate and often offensive. When necessary, you can refer to someone's assigned sex at birth using terms like "assigned male at birth" or "assigned female at birth." Think seriously about whether a story requires this information. Instead use: assigned male/female at birth, assigned sex at birth or raised as a boy/girl. Updated March 2021

biphobia

Fear of bisexuals, often based on stereotypes, including inaccurate associations with infidelity, promiscuity, and transmission of sexually transmitted diseases. Intolerance or prejudice is usually a more accurate description of antipathy toward bisexual people. See bisexual.

BIPOC

An acronym that stands for Black, Indigenous and people of color. The term is meant to unite all people of color while acknowledging that Black and Indigenous people face different and often more severe forms of racial oppression and cultural erasure as consequences of systemic white supremacy and colonialism. It is a noun and since it includes the word "people" it would be redundant to say "BIPOC people." It is pronounced "buy-pock" as opposed to saying each letter individually. BIPOC first came into use in the early 2010s but it became more prevalent in May 2020 during the protest movement against police brutality and institutional racism sparked by the May 25, 2020 killing of George Floyd by Minneapolis police. While BIPOC is commonly used by activists, it is not universally embraced. Some consider it redundant. For more discussion of the term see "Where Did BIPOC Come From?" an article by Sandra E. Garcia, which ran in The New York Times on June 17, 2020, and The BIPOC Project, an organization that "aims to build authentic and lasting solidarity among Black, Indigenous and People of Color (BIPOC), in order to undo Native invisibility, anti-Blackness, dismantle white supremacy and advance racial justice."

bipolar disorder

Formerly known as manic depression, this mental illness is believed to be caused by a combination of genetic factors and neurological functioning, according to the National Institute of Mental Health. It is characterized by unusually intense shifts in emotion, energy, behavior and activity levels in what are called "mood episodes." Such episodes are usually classified as manic, hypomanic, depressive or mixed episodes. Bipolar disorder often develops during late adolescence or early adulthood. Refer to someone as having bipolar disorder only if the information is central to the story and a licensed medical professional has formally diagnosed the person. Do not use bipolar as an adjective for something that rapidly or drastically changes.

biracial, multiracial, mixed-race, two or more races

Biracial refers to people of two races; multiracial refers to people of two or more racial backgrounds. Preferred terms include multiracial, biracial, multiethnic, polyethnic. Use mixed and mixed-race with caution as some people find these terms offensive; however, others embrace them. Updated February 2021

birth defect

bisexual, bi

A person who has the capacity to form enduring physical, romantic and/or emotional attractions to those of the same gender or to those of another gender. People may experience this attraction in differing ways and degrees over their lifetime. Bisexual people need not have had specific sexual experiences to be bisexual; in fact, they need not have had any sexual experience at all to identify as bisexual.

Black Africa

Black church

Collective noun that refers to the more than 65,000 Christian churches that have a predominance of Black members and clerical leadership. The Black Church has served as a major institutional foundation in the Black community. It generally refers to Protestants, who themselves represent a variety of denominations and sects. It does not generally encompass Catholics, Muslims or others. In some cases the term b\Black churches may be more accurate, but also be mindful that many Black people worldwide belong to churches and to denominations that may not be predominantly Black. [According to the Association of Religion Data Archives, the Black Church "has been composed of seven major denominations." They are the African Methodist Episcopal Church, the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church, the Christian Methodist Episcopal Church, the Church of God in Christ, the National Baptist Convention of America, the National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc.]

Black Codes

Statutes curtailing the rights of African Americans during the early years of Reconstruction and instituted by Southern legislative bodies in 1865 and 1866. Also known as Negro Codes, the statutes aimed to restore the political powers and economic structure of slavery by, for example, forbidding Black people from owning or renting farmland.

Black diaspora

Black English, African American English

Black leader

Avoid using the term. It implies that one person is the spokesperson for all Black people. When referring to a local Black person in a leadership position, state the organization that he or she belongs to.

Black Lives Matter, #BlackLivesMatter

A civil rights movement that started after the July 2013 acquittal of George Zimmerman in the Florida shooting death of African-American teen Trayvon Martin. The Black Lives Matter movement, also written #BlackLivesMatter, was started as a Twitter hashtag by Alicia Garza, Patrisse Cullors and Opal Tometi as "a call to action and a response to the virulent anti-Black racism that permeates our society," according to the Black Lives Matter website. It gained momentum in 2014 after several other young African-American men-Michael Brown in Ferguson, Mo.; Eric Garner in Staten Island, NY; Freddie Gray in Baltimore-were killed by police in cities around the country. According to its website, #BlackLivesMatter does not believe Black lives are more important than other lives. In fact, it says it stands with other oppressed peoples and views all lives as important. The campaign opposes police violence against Black people. While the group says all lives matter, not all lives face the same threats. According to Black Lives Matter, once Black people are free from oppression, the benefits will be wide reaching and transformative to society as a whole.

Black Muslim

Black Muslim is a term that became associated with the Nation of Islam but is now considered derogatory and should be avoided. The preferred term is simply member of the Nation of Islam. Also, because of that association, do not use Black Muslim to describe African-Americans who practice traditional Islam, whose tenets differ markedly from the Nation's. Instead, say African-American Muslims.

Black or African American, U.S. Census definition of

The U.S. Census Bureau, which adheres to the 1997 Office of Management and Budget standards on race and ethnicity, defines Black or African American as "a person having origins in any of the Black racial groups of Africa." The Census Bureau notes: "The racial categories included in the census questionnaire generally reflect a social definition of race recognized in this country and not an attempt to define race biologically, anthropologically, or genetically. In addition, it is recognized that the categories of the race item include racial and national origin or sociocultural groups."

Black Twitter

A virtual community on the Twitter social network that focuses on issues of interest to the Black community, particularly in the United States. Black Twitter has been used as a tool for social activism, such as organizing protest rallies and boycotts.

black, Black

See African American, African-American, black, Black.

blind/limited vision/low vision/partially sighted/visually impaired

According to the American Foundation for the Blind, the term legally blind denotes a person with 20/200 visual acuity or less. Therefore, blind or legally blind is acceptable for people with almost complete vision loss. Many people with vision loss are not considered blind. The foundation recommends that unless the person refers to himself or herself as legally blind, the terms low vision, limited vision or visually impaired should be used. Use the term blind only when the person has complete loss of sight and the term legally blind when the person has almost complete loss of sight. Other terms also may be acceptable. It is best to ask the person which term he or she prefers and take that into consideration. Commonly used terms include: Limited vision: Acceptable when a person is not legally or completely blind Low vision: Acceptable when a person is not legally or completely blind Partially sighted: Used most often in British publications but acceptable if a person is not legally or completely blind Visually impaired: This general term describes a wide range of visual functions, from low vision to total blindness. It is generally considered acceptable, although, as with the term hearing impaired, some may object to it because it describes the condition in terms of a deficiency.

Bollywood

The Indian movie industry's equivalent of Hollywood. The name is a combination of Bombay, the city now called Mumbai, and Hollywood. It is a popular term for Hindi cinema and is a vast pop culture industry. It is the largest producer of movies in the world, ahead of Hollywood and France. Bollywood is not the only source of Indian cinema and movies are made in other languages, but Bollywood is the largest. Bollywood movies include several genres, but they are often musicals with singing and dancing.

Bombay

boomer

Describes a person who was born during the post-World War II baby boom between 1946 and 1964. Boomers and boomer generation are preferred over baby boomers, which is perceived as condescending. As it captures an entire and diversified generation of 76 million people, they should not be lumped together unless compared to other generations.

Boricua

Puerto Rico was formerly known as Borikén, a self-governed island inhabited by the Taino people. The arrival of Spanish settlers during the 16th century decimated the Taino population and many were forced into assimilation. The term Boricua is a derivative of Borikén and connotes pride in Puerto Rican origins.

born-again

Theologically, all Christians claim to be born-again through the saving work of Jesus Christ; they just disagree over how it occurs. Catholics and Orthodox, for instance, say it occurs in the sacrament of baptism, which frequently takes place when the baptized person is too young to recall it. Evangelical Protestants emphasize being born-again as a personal, transformational experience that involves a deliberate commitment to follow Christ. Because the term tends to associate someone with a particular religious tradition, do not label someone a born-again Christian. Let the person label themselves, as in, who calls herself a born-again Christian.

Borscht Belt

An informal term for the summer resorts of the Catskill Mountains in upstate New York that primarily catered to Ashkenazic Jewish families in the mid-20th century. These resorts, now mostly closed or under new management, were a popular vacation spot for New York City Jews between the 1920s and 1970s. The name, a play on the Bible Belt, came from borscht, a beet soup popular with Eastern European Jewish immigrants. This collection of bungalow colonies and hotels developed in part to accommodate Jewish families who were sometimes denied admission to other resorts because of antisemitism. Many Jewish comedians and performers got their start in the Borscht Belt. The 1987 movie "Dirty Dancing" immortalized Borscht Belt culture, which included lavish meals, afternoon dance lessons and evening entertainment.

Buddha

Pronounced "BUD-dah" (first syllable "u" as in "put," not a long "oo" sound). The Buddha, meaning "the awakened one," refers to Siddhartha Gautama, the founder of Buddhism. A Buddha is anyone who has attained enlightenment. There are human Buddhas of the past, present and future as well as celestial Buddhas who are venerated in some Buddhist schools for their ability to help those on the path to liberation.

Buddhism

The fourth-largest organized religion in the world, Buddhism was founded in India sometime between the sixth and fifth centuries B.C. based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, known as the Buddha, or the "awakened one." Buddhism teaches that meditation and the practice of moral behavior (and, according to some schools, rituals) can lead to the elimination of personal craving and hence the release of suffering and the attainment of absolute peace (nirvana). This is gradually achieved through successive cycles of rebirth (although some schools say such liberation may be obtained as quickly as within one lifetime). Although Buddhism is frequently described as a nontheistic tradition since the historical Buddha did not claim to be divine and there is no concept of a divine absolute God - the vast and complex tradition of Buddhism includes an intricate cosmology of beneficent and wrathful deities as well as transcendent Buddhas and bodhisattvas who can be propitiated to help Buddhist practitioners on the path to enlightenment. There are three major forms or "vehicles" of Buddhism: Theravada, found in most of Southeast Asia, focuses on individual realization, with practices particularly directed to monastic life; Mahayana stresses the universality of Buddha-nature and the possibility of enlightenment for all beings. It developed into many variant schools in China, Japan and Korea; Vajrayana, or Tibetan Buddhism, is found in Tibet, Nepal and Mongolia. Vajrayana developed from the Mahayana tradition but is often considered separately as a third "vehicle."

burkini

A type of swimming suit that covers the arms, legs and hair and is worn by some Muslim women. Burkini is a mix of the words burqa and bikini. Some Muslim women choose to cover these parts of the body to demonstrate modesty and faith. In the summer of 2016, after a series of terrorist attacks on French communities, some towns in France banned women from wearing a burkini on public beaches or in the sea.

Burmese names

Naming rules are complex. Names typically consist of two one-syllable names, but often with another word as an honorific, such as Daw for older women, Maa for younger women; and Naw, Saw, Maung and U (pronounced "oo" as in two) for men.

burqa

A form of covering for women who are Muslims, most frequently found in Afghanistan and Pakistan. It is an all-enveloping outer garment with a net-covered opening for the eyes or face to allow the woman to see. See abaya, hijab and niqab.

C.E.

Cajun, Creole

Cajun is a native of Louisiana originally descended from the Acadian French immigrants. Creole is a person of European parentage born in the West Indies, Central America, tropical South America or the Gulf States.

Cambodian names

Typically family name first, personal name second. Middle names are rare.

Cantonese

Not spoken by all Chinese, it is dialect mainly spoken in the environs of Canton, now known as Guangzhou, near the South China Sea. The dialect of many of the early Chinese immigrants to the United States in the 1840s to 1870s. Also the principal dialect of Hong Kong. Still widely spoken in U.S. Chinatowns. See Mandarin.

caste

For hundreds of years India had a caste system of social hierarchy. At its root, it was a system referred to in Hindu scriptures that aimed to classify people based on their nature, aptitude and conduct and put them to work in functions that suited their classification. Later interpretations resulted in a hereditary and hierarchical structure that was the basis for centuries of segregation and discrimination in traditional communities. It sharply limited socio-economic mobility. Changes in the law since independence have removed many vestiges of caste-based discrimination. However, it persists in many traditional villages and communities. Caste also forms the basis for a range of quotas and affirmative-action policies enacted by the Indian government aimed at erasing the legacy of discrimination in higher education and government employment. In many instances, these quotas and preferences have exacerbated tensions and resentments between caste groups and deepened caste-based identity and prejudice. Communities or castes can discourage marrying, associating or even dining with people of other groups. Indians in the United States do not use a caste system and freedom from it may encourage immigration.

caste system

The traditional social, economic and religious structure of Indian society, which divided people into four broad groups, or castes (varna in Sanskrit), and multiple smaller groups, or subcastes (jati). While it is believed that the system was once simply a division of labor and guild system, determined by skills and aptitude, it became a rigid hereditary hierarchy in which restrictions were placed on one's social mobility, job opportunities, marriage prospects and even whom one could eat with. Although caste discrimination is illegal in India and most Hindu leaders stress that it is not sanctioned in Hinduism, it is still practiced among followers of all religions throughout South Asia. An additional group, the untouchables, was created from the lowest caste for people who performed tasks considered "polluting" in a physical or spiritual sense. Since the early 20th century, the Indian government has called this group the "Scheduled Castes."

Catholic, catholic

When capitalized, the word refers specifically to that branch of Christianity headed by the pope, the Roman Catholic Church. In lowercase, the word is a synonym for universal or worldwide, [as in he has catholic tastes in art.] Most Roman Catholics are Western or Latin Catholics, meaning they follow church practice as it was formulated in Rome. But the Roman Catholic Church also includes 22 Eastern Catholic churches, whose practices closely resemble those of the Eastern Orthodox, including venerating icons, allowing a married priesthood and giving the three sacraments of initiation - baptism, First Communion and confirmation - to infants. Never refer to Eastern Catholics as Orthodox or vice versa. Use Roman Catholic if a distinction is being made between the church and members of other denominations who often describe themselves as Catholic, such as some High-Church Episcopalians and members of some national Catholic churches that have broken with Rome (for example, the Polish National Catholic Church and the Lithuanian National Catholic Church).

Caucasian

Avoid as a synonym for White, unless used in demographic data. Updated February 2021

Central America

A tropical isthmus that connects North America to South America. Central America is bordered by Mexico to the north, Colombia to the southeast, the Caribbean Sea to the east, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. Central America consists of seven countries: Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama.

cerebral palsy

A number of neurological disorders that appear in infancy or early childhood and permanently affect body movement and muscle coordination, according to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. It is not caused by problems in the muscles or nerves but by abnormalities in parts of the brain that control muscle movement. People with cerebral palsy can exhibit a variety of symptoms. It is acceptable to describe a person as someone with cerebral palsy, followed by a short explanation of what the condition entails. When describing specific symptoms, it is always best to ask the person what terms he or she prefers. Spastic/spaz: Spastic cerebral palsy is a common type of cerebral palsy in which the movements of people with the disorder appear stiff and jerky. It is acceptable to refer to someone as having spastic cerebral palsy, but it is derogatory to refer to someone as spastic or a spaz.

Chabad

The official organization of the Chabad-Lubavitch movement of Judaism, which is based in Crown Heights, N.Y. Chabad-Lubavitch is a branch of Hasidism, a movement within Orthodox Judaism founded by 18th-century mystics. Chabad emphasizes reaching out to nonpracticing Jews. The term Chabad comes from an acronym of the Hebrew words for wisdom, understanding and knowledge.

Chaldeans

Catholics from Iraq. A religious and ethnic minority there, Chaldeans have some large communities in the United States, the largest in the Detroit and San Diego areas. The Chaldean Catholic Church has had connections with the Roman Catholic Church since 1551 and has been affiliated since 1830. Chaldeans and Assyrians, along with Arabs, are Semite people. Their cultural foundation is similar, but the religious affiliation is different.

Charlie Chan

Caution. Stereotype. Created by Earl Derr Biggers, a mystery novelist, in 1925. Charlie Chan became the protagonist in many popular Hollywood films from 1926 to 1981. Chan was played by white actors, including Warner Oland, who also played the evil Dr. Fu Manchu. While a skilled detective, Chan spoke "inscrutable" dialogue that often began, "Confucius say..." In "Behind That Curtain," Chan said, "I fear I am victim of crude philosophy from Orient. Man - what is he? Merely one link in great chain binding past with future. All times I remember I am link."

Chican@

This post-internet construction simplifies "Chicano/Chicana" or "Chicano and/or Chicana." Some academic studies departments have put this in their names. According to the University of Wisconsin at Madison Department of Chican@ and Latin@ Studies, "The @ ending ('a' at the center of 'o') offers a simultaneous presentation of both the feminine and masculine word endings of Chicana, Chicano, Latina, and Latino and allows the reader/speaker to choose the form she or he prefers." See Latin@.

Chicana, Chicano

People of Mexican descent; Chicano refers to men and Chicana to women. The terms were originally considered derogatory. However the Chicano movement during the 1960s adopted these names in response to discrimination against Mexican Americans working under unfair labor and social conditions. These terms announce pride in indigenous ancestry, which was a significant ideological element of the Chicano movement. See Latina, Latino.

chief

The word chief has multiple meanings. When used to refer to a leader or ruler of a people or clan, make sure the word is appropriate, that it is actually used by that group of people. Don't assume, for example, that the leader of an Indigenous tribe or nation is called a chief. It should never be used as a nickname to refer to a Native man. "Being called 'chief' carries with it the same insulting, belittling sting for a Native man as being called 'boy' does for African American men,'" according to Native Circle, a website that seeks to educate people about Native American cultures. Chief can also mean "one who is highest in rank or authority," such as chief engineer or chief executive officer. It is frequently used in military titles such as chief petty officer and chief master sergeant. In recent years there have been efforts in some places, such as Duluth, Minnesota and Toronto, Canada, to remove the word "chief" from job titles, on the assumption that the term is offensive to Indigenous people. However, this disregards the etymology of the word (it dates back to at least 1300 and comes from Old French) and the fact that it is not used exclusively about or by Native people. In slang, chief is sometimes used as a verb meaning "to smoke," (usually marijuana) or used as a noun as a synonym for " joint," or marijuana cigarette. This is derived from the idea that when Native people smoked a peace pipe, the chief led the activity. This meaning perpetuates stereotypes. In general, avoid this usage, unless it is part of a quote.

china doll

Caution. A figurine, usually porcelain. When used metaphorically, the image demeans women of Chinese or Asian heritage because it implies submission, sometimes of a sexual nature. See reverse image of sexual dominance in Dragon Lady. Both images are pejorative.

Chinaman

Avoid. A slur, often applied to anyone of Asian heritage. A term from 19th-century America, specifically for Chinese workers who worked for small wages building the transcontinental railroad. "Chinaman's chance'' means no chance at all, and implies injury or death.

Chinese laundries

Caution. Can be racially charged. Legend has it that the first Chinese laundry was opened in 1851 in California by a failed Chinese miner. Inexpensive to open and posing no competition to white-owned businesses, Chinese hand laundries proliferated, peaking in 1940, with more than 5,000 laundries in New York City alone. In California, Chinese were once permitted to own only restaurants and laundries. The Chinese laundry declined sharply with the introduction of coin-operated laundromats.

Chinese names

Typically family name first (as in "Smith"), personal name second (as in "John"). Many Chinese Americans, however, change the word order to conform to Western practice. They also often adopt Western names in addition to traditional names. Personal names consisting of two words (one word is typically a generational name) are sometimes hyphenated. Check to see if the interview subject prefers a hyphen. Rules for married women adopting their husbands' names are often elaborate. (Taiwan, consisting mainly of ethnic Chinese from the mainland, follows Chinese naming rules.) See South Asian names.

ching-chong

Avoid. A slur. Similar to chink. See chink.

chink

Avoid. A slur. Similar to Chinaman. Avoid phrases such as "chink in the armor" - despite its original non-racial connotation - that call to mind the slur. See Chinaman, ching-chong.

Chitlin' Circuit

The "Chitlin' Circuit" was a touring route Black entertainers used in the early 20th century. It provided safe venues and reliable lodging for traveling performers during Jim Crow discrimination. From the 1930s into the 1950s, new types of music developed along the circuit. Some emerged from string bands. New genres included the blues and rock 'n' roll. Performers included Muddy Waters, B.B. King, Ruth Brow, Ray Charles, Aretha Franklin, Billie Holiday, James Brown and Lena Horne. The circuit also featured dance and comedy. Besides giving performers a stage, the circuit also helped support Black businesses. The circuit was named after boiled pig intestines, a soul-food staple. The name plays off Jewish entertainers' Borscht Belt. Listen to rock historian Ed Ward discuss two books about the "Chitlin' Circuit" and play some music from that era on NPR's "Fresh Air."

chopsticks

Chopsticks originated in China around 1200 B.C. when cooks used them to retrieve food from the bottom of pots. Chopsticks moved from stove to table and became popular in China, Japan, Korea and Vietnam. People in Indonesia, Thailand and India don't traditionally use chopsticks. Some Southeast Asian restaurants run by people who don't generally use chopsticks offer them to Americans who believe this will help them eat more authentically.

Christianity

The world's largest religion is based on the life and teachings of Jesus as described in the New Testament. Believers, called Christians, consider Jesus the Son of God, whose Crucifixion served as atonement for all human sins and whose Resurrection assures believers of life after death. The original Christians were Jews who believed that Jesus was the Messiah promised in the Hebrew Bible; other Jews disagreed, however, and eventually Christianity became distinct from Judaism as the Apostle Paul and others spread the faith to gentiles.

Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints asks journalists to use the proper name of the church and discourages use of Mormon Church and referring to its adherents as Mormons.* In 2018, the church added this language to its Style Guide: The official name of the Church is The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. The full name was given by revelation from God to Joseph Smith in 1838. In the first reference, the full name of the Church is preferred: "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints." When a shortened reference is needed, the terms "the Church" or the "Church of Jesus Christ" are encouraged. The "restored Church of Jesus Christ" is also accurate and encouraged. While the term "Mormon Church" has long been publicly applied to the Church as a nickname, it is not an authorized title, and the Church discourages its use. Thus, please avoid using the abbreviation "LDS" or the nickname "Mormon" as substitutes for the name of the Church, as in "Mormon Church," "LDS Church," or "Church of the Latter-day Saints." When referring to Church members, the terms "members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints" or "Latter-day Saints" are preferred. We ask that the term "Mormons" not be used. "Mormon" is correctly used in proper names such as the Book of Mormon or when used as an adjective in such historical expressions as "Mormon Trail." The term "Mormonism" is inaccurate and should not be used. When describing the combination of doctrine, culture and lifestyle unique to The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the term "the restored gospel of Jesus Christ" is accurate and preferred. When referring to people or organizations that practice polygamy, it should be stated that The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is not affiliated with polygamous groups. The Religion Stylebook offers this background on the church: The church was founded in 1830 by Joseph Smith, a farm boy in upstate New York. Smith said he was directed to a set of golden plates that contained a record of ancient inhabitants of the Americas who had migrated from Jerusalem. Smith said he translated this record with divine help and published it as the Book of Mormon. The book tells of a visit by the resurrected Jesus to these inhabitants in the Western Hemisphere, which is why its subtitle reads "Another Testament of Jesus Christ." Mormons believe that Smith had a vision of God and Jesus Christ and that the church he founded is the restoration of true Christianity. In the 19th century, Mormons were persecuted for their beliefs and eventually fled to Utah, where they could practice their faith in peace. Because of their extra-biblical scriptures and beliefs about God and Jesus (they reject the Nicene Creed, for example), Catholic, Orthodox and Protestant churches do not regard Mormons as Christian. In stories where that is relevant, journalists should explain why Mormons regard themselves as Christian and why other groups say their beliefs do not accord with traditional Christianity. In stories where different faith groups are mentioned, journalists should avoid judging which groups are Christian. For example, say: Baptists, Mormons, Presbyterians, Seventh-day Adventists and Jewish groups took part in relief efforts rather than Baptists, Presbyterians, Seventh-day Adventists and non-Christians, including Mormons and Jews, took part in relief efforts. The church has headquarters in Salt Lake City and is highly structured. All worthy males, 12 and older, can be ordained to the priesthood; women are not ordained but can serve in leadership and other positions in the all-volunteer clergy. The top authority is the "prophet, seer and revelator," a position held by the most senior apostle, who has the title of church president. He is joined by two counselors, who constitute the governing First Presidency. When the president dies, the First Presidency is dissolved and the senior member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles becomes the new president. Under the First Presidency is the three-member Presiding Bishopric, which governs in temporal affairs. There is also the First Quorum of Seventy, which oversees missionary work and other aspects of church governance. The church is divided into territories called stakes, and each stake is headed by a president, two counselors and a stake high council. Individual congregations are called wards. The leader of a ward holds the title of bishop. The only formal titles in the LDS church are president for the head of the First Presidency, apostle, bishop and elder. Female leaders are called sisters. Capitalize all formal titles before a name on first reference, and only use the person's last name on second reference. The terms minister and the Rev. are not used. *updated Sept. 17, 2021

Cinco de Mayo

Cinco de Mayo, which means May 5, is a Mexican holiday recalling victory over France in the 1862 Battle of Puebla, which occurred during the Franco-Mexican War. Cinco de Mayo festivities include parades, street festivals, mariachi music and special foods in both Mexico and the United States. In the United States, Cinco de Mayo is considered a celebration of Mexican culture. Cinco de Mayo is not equivalent to the Fourth of July. Mexico celebrates its independence from Spain on Sept. 16.

cisgender, cis

A term used by some to describe people who are not transgender. "Cis-" is a Latin prefix meaning "on the same side as," and is therefore an antonym of "trans-." A more widely understood way to describe people who are not transgender is simply to say non-transgender people. [According to the NLGJA Stylebook Supplement on Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, & Transgender Terminology, cisgender "may be shortened to cis or combined as ciswoman or cisman. The word cisgender distinguishes without assuming that cisgender is the neutral or normal state."]

civil rights movement, Civil Rights Act

Often used to describe the struggles of black Americans between 1945 and 1970 to end discrimination and racial segregation. Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 to guarantee basic civil rights for all Americans, regardless of race, after nearly a decade of nonviolent protests and marches, ranging from the 1955-1956 Montgomery bus boycott to the student-led sit-ins of the 1960s to the March on Washington in 1963.

civil union

Legal status that provides same-sex couples some rights available to married couples in areas such as state taxes, medical decisions and estate planning. Civil unions have been recognized by some states but not the U.S. government. [On June 26, 2015 the U.S. Supreme Court determined that the Constitution guarantees every American the right to marry the person they love, making marriage equality the law of the land.] See commitment ceremony, domestic partner.

classism

Prejudiced thoughts and discriminatory actions based on difference in socioeconomic status, income or class, usually by upper classes against people of lower socioeconomic status.

closed captions

Closed captions are captions on a video intended for audience members who are Deaf or have hearing loss. They provide text of all audible information, including the words that are spoken, as well as captions describing loud noises, sound effects and music.

closeted, in the closet

Describes a person who is not open about his or her sexual orientation or gender identity. Better to simply refer to someone as not out about being lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender. Some individuals may be out to some people in their life, but not out to others due to fear of rejection, harassment, violence, loss of job or other concerns. Some individuals may be out to some people in their life, but not out to others due to fear of rejection, harassment, violence, loss of job or other concerns. See coming out, outing.

cochlear implant

An electronic device that can help a person who is deaf or hard of hearing. The device does not fully restore hearing, but it gives a representation of sounds to help a person understand speech. The device has been criticized by some in the Deaf community who are concerned the device could threaten Deaf culture. However, advocates support the device for suitable candidates. When referring to a cochlear implant, avoid describing it as a corrective device or one that would restore a deaf person to mainstream society. Instead, define it as an electronic device that can assist a person who is deaf or hard of hearing in understanding speech. See Deaf/deaf.

code switching

Changing the way one speaks depending on the situation at hand. Within the Black community, some people speak differently with their friends than they do with their family. Some African Americans may use Standard English at work and the vernacular in familiar Black spaces. When Black people code switch, they are adjusting their speaking style to fit into a social context and to accommodate the speakers in that space. Code switching is a learned skill. It does not happen automatically. Youth from families where African American Language is the dominant language will enter school speaking African American Language. By the same token, youth from families where Standard English is the dominant language will enter school speaking Standard English. For either group, to master code switching requires dedicated, well-trained teachers and long-term experience and exposure to linguistic varieties other than the home language.

coded language

Substituting terms related to race or racial identity with seemingly race-neutral terms that disguise explicit and/or implicit bias. Examples include "inner-city" and "urban" as code for Black people, people of color or low-income people.

codeswitching

Shifting between two or more different languages, dialects, accents or modes of speaking or modifying one's behavior or appearance to adapt to different situations or be accepted by different groups.

codger

Ageist terminology. Avoid.

colonialism

The European Age of Exploration that began in the 16th century led, for good and ill, to the subjugation of less technologically advanced peoples as European colonies. Many, but not all, of the countries of Asia have been part of European empires, often Dutch and British. (France played a similar role in the Middle East; Belgium in Africa; Portugal and Spain in North and South America.) One consequence of World War II was the rapid shedding of empire in the late 1940s, climaxing globally in the 1960s. See Imperialism, Third World.

colored

An archaic term for Black. In some African countries, colored denotes those of mixed racial ancestry. Do not use unless referring to official names, historical events or in quotes. See African, African American, Black, black.

colorism

Colorism occurs when someone with lighter skin is favored over someone with darker skin. Colorism occurs within all races, as all have varieties of skin tone and hair color. Although no longer common, the "brown paper bag test" was an example of this among African Americans. With that test, some lighter-skinned or "high yellow" African Americans would exclude people if their skin was darker than a brown paper bag.

coming out

Short for "coming out of the closet." Accepting and letting others know of one's previously hidden sexual orientation or gender identity. See closeted/in the closet, outing.

commitment ceremony

A formal, marriage-like ceremony in which two people declare their commitment to each other; individuals can be of the same or different sexes. Ceremonies may be religiously recognized but are not legally binding. See civil union, domestic partner.

community

Caution. A synonym for a neighborhood or town, but a cliché, as in "intelligence community.'' By definition, community implies a shared like-mindedness that no reporter can possibly confirm. Avoid such phrases as the Korean community. In any group there is a diversity of opinion. It would be absurd to quote "white community leaders." Better to identify leaders and ethnically based groups by name, with possible reference to the size of their membership. Also, while many ethnic groups identify with the majority culture and faith of their home countries, some do not. In the United States, for example, many Arab Americans are Christian, not Muslim.

Confucianism

A philosophy developed by Confucius, an influential Chinese teacher and scholar who lived in the sixth and fifth centuries B.C. His teachings, collected in the Analects, emphasize social harmony and moral obligation. Confucianism is a philosophy, not a religion.

congenital disability

A person who has a congenital disability has had a disability since birth. Common congenital disabilities include Down syndrome and heart-related medical conditions. It is preferable to state that someone is a person with a congenital disability, has had a disability since birth, or was born with a disability. Name the specific disability only when it's pertinent to the story. Avoid the terms defect, birth or defective when describing a disability because they imply the person is somehow incomplete or sub-par. See defect, birth.

continuing care retirement community

A community that offers several levels of assistance, including independent living, assisted living and skilled nursing care. These communities usually offer long-term contracts or written agreements between the resident and the community. They may offer a continuum of housing, services and health care, usually all on one campus or site.

convict

Avoid this term when referring to a person who is incarcerated or has been convicted of a crime. Instead, use people-first language. The Marshall Project, a nonpartisan, nonprofit news organization that covers the U.S. criminal justice system, recommends referring to people who are confined in correctional facilities with constructions that include "person" or "people," a subject's name and/or fixed biographical characteristics like age or state. Examples: incarcerated people imprisoned people people in prison people in jail people jailed in X facility formerly incarcerated people John Doe, who was incarcerated at FCI Memphis Jane Doe, who is serving 12 years in FCI Dublin A 34-year-old detained in Los Angeles County Jail Imprisoned in 1989, Joe Doe has filed an appeal

Copts, Coptics, Coptic Christians

The word Copt is derived from the Greek word for Egyptian, and Coptic was the native language of Egypt before Arabic prevailed. Today the word refers to Coptic Christians. Although linguistically and culturally classified as Arabs, many Copts consider themselves to be ethnically distinct from other Egyptians.

covering

A strategy people use to downplay a stigmatized part of their identity in order to feel included by a group or in a sphere of their life, such a work. To avoid potential stigma, people may hide certain parts of their identity. For example, an older person may dye their hair to appear younger, an Asian person who uses chopsticks at home may use a fork and knife when eating in a workplace lunchroom or a gay person may avoid bringing their spouse to work events. Added April 2023

crazy/crazed, psycho, nuts, lunatic, deranged, wacko

Derogatory language that contributes to the negative attitudes about mental illness that keep people from seeking treatment. If the word is essential to the story, such as when used in a quotation, context is critical to avoid reinforcing stereotypes. For instance, rather than crazy or deranged, use people living with a mental illness.

creationism

In the United States, creationism usually refers to the belief that the Bible's account of creation is literally true and accurate. That generally means Genesis 1-2:4a, where God creates the Earth and all its life forms in six consecutive 24-hour days less than 10,000 years ago. (Genesis also tells a second creation story, in 2:4b-24, in which man is created before the Earth's vegetation, and specific days are not described.) See intelligent design.

Creole

cross-dresser

While anyone may wear clothes associated with a different sex, the term cross-dresser is typically used to refer to heterosexual men who occasionally wear clothes, makeup and accessories culturally associated with women. This activity is a form of gender expression, and not done for entertainment purposes. Cross-dressers do not wish to permanently change their sex or live full-time as women. Replaces the term transvestite.

cruising

Visiting places where opportunities exist to meet potential sex partners. Not exclusively a gay phenomenon.

cultural appreciation

Seeking to learn about another culture in a genuine and authentic way in an effort to broaden one's perspective and connect with other cultures. Cultural appreciation differs from cultural appropriation in that it shows respect and reverence rather than simply taking from another culture. Added April 2023

cultural misappropriation

Cultural appropriation occurs in TV and movies, music, cartoons, Halloween costumes and language. It is when people use another group's cultural elements or artifacts in ways that can ridicule or be negative. Some see appropriation as an assault on culture. Cultural collaboration can lead to respectful sharing and fusion.

DACA (Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals)

DACA stands for Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals. This program provides temporary relief from deportation and employment authorization for individuals who would be eligible for the DREAM Act were it to become law. DACA was created under the president's executive authority to grant certain classes of people "deferred action" on their immigration cases. It was announced by President Obama in June of 2012 and can be renewed. It could be terminated at any time by executive action. See DREAM Act.

dead name, deadname

n. The birth name of somebody who has changed their name. It is most commonly used by trans people. Can be written as deadname or dead name. v. To call somebody by their deadname.

Deaf and dumb/deaf-mute

Dumb was once widely used to describe a person who could not speak and implied the person was incapable of expressing himself or herself. Deaf-mute was used to refer to people who could neither speak nor hear. People living with speech and hearing disabilities are capable of expressing themselves in writing, through sign language and in other ways. Additionally, a person who does not use speech may be able to hear. Avoid these terms as they are often used inaccurately and can be offensive.

Deaf-blind, deaf-blind

Indicates a person has some loss of vision and hearing. Use the terms and capitalization the person prefers.

Deaf, deaf

Lowercase when referring to a hearing-loss condition or to a deaf person who prefers lowercase. Capitalize for those who identify as members of the Deaf community or when they capitalize Deaf when describing themselves. Deaf should be used as an adjective, not as a noun; it describes a person with profound or complete hearing loss. Other acceptable phrases include woman who is deaf or boy who is hard of hearing. Deaf and hard of hearing became the official terms recommended by the World Federation of the Deaf in 1991. Many people in the Deaf community prefer use of a lowercase "d" to refer to audiological status and the use of a capital "D" when referring to the culture and community of Deaf people. The National Association of the Deaf has not taken a definitive stand on this issue. Some people living with mild or moderate hearing loss may affiliate themselves with the Deaf community and prefer the term deaf instead of hard of hearing. Alternatively, some who are deaf and don't have a cultural affiliation to the Deaf community may prefer the term hard of hearing. See (partial) hearing loss/partially deaf, pre-lingually deaf/postlingually deaf/late-deafened, and hearing impaired/hearing impairment.

defect, birth defect

A defect is defined as an imperfection or shortcoming. A birth defect is a physical or biochemical abnormality that is present at birth. Many people consider such terms offensive when describing a disability as they imply the person is deficient or inferior to others. Avoid using defect or defective when describing a disability. Instead, state the nature of the disability or injury.

dementia/senility

Dementia is "a general term for a decline in mental ability severe enough to interfere with daily life," according to the Alzheimer's Association. Dementia is not a specific illness; it is a term that refers to a wide range of symptoms. Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia. Other types of dementia include Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (previously known as "wet brain"). Common symptoms across forms of dementia include memory loss, difficulty in performing complex tasks, communication difficulties, personality changes and paranoia, according to the Mayo Clinic. In addition to their cognitive component, many types of dementia include physical symptoms as well, such as the abnormal eye movements of Huntington's disease or the tremors associated with Parkinson's disease. FightDementia.org recommends avoiding the terms demented, dementing, dements, senile, or senility to refer to someone with dementia. The terms senility and senile denote conditions brought on by aging and often are used incorrectly to denote dementia. Refer to someone as having dementia only if the information is relevant to the story and a licensed medical professional has formally diagnosed the person. Use people-first language when describing someone with dementia, such as a person with dementia. Avoid describing someone as being demented or senile. When possible, reference the specific disease, such as someone with Huntington's disease. When referencing Huntington's disease or Parkinson's disease, do not shorten to Huntington's or Parkinson's.

dependence (drug)

A physiological state that can occur with regular drug use and results in withdrawal symptoms when drug use is abruptly discontinued.

Desi

Pronounced "THEY-see" or "DAY-see," it comes from Sanskrit and means "from the country" or "of the country." [It refers to a person of Indian, Pakistani or Bangladeshi birth or descent who lives abroad] and implies shared values or bonds.

detoxification, detox

A process that enables the body to rid itself of a drug. Medically assisted detoxification may be needed to help manage an individual's withdrawal symptoms. Detoxification alone is not treatment but is often the first step in a drug treatment program.

developed countries, developed world

Terms that describe nations of the world that are considered more economically and technologically advanced. The Central Intelligence Agency's 2013-14 World Factbook lists the following as "developed countries": Andorra, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bermuda, Canada, Denmark, Faroe Islands, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Holy See, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, San Marino, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States. The terms developed countries and developed world are generally considered to be more current and accurate than First World. In an alternative classification system, the World Health Organization divides countries into four income groups (low, lower-middle, upper-middle and high) based on the World Bank list of analytical income classification of economies.

developing countries, developing world

Terms that describe nations of the world that are considered less economically and technologically advanced. The Central Intelligence Agency's 2013-14 World Factbook lists the following as "developing countries": Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Aruba, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cabo Verde, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Cyprus, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jamaica, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands Antilles, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Qatar, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, UAE, Uganda, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe. In addition this category covers the following 46 countries that are traditionally included in the more comprehensive group of "less developed countries": American Samoa, Anguilla, British Virgin Islands, Brunei, Cayman Islands, Christmas Island, Cocos Islands, Cook Islands, Cuba, Eritrea, Falkland Islands, French Guiana, French Polynesia, Gaza Strip, Gibraltar, Greenland, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guam, Guernsey, Isle of Man, Jersey, North Korea, Macau, Martinique, Mayotte, Montserrat, Nauru, New Caledonia, Niue, Norfolk Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Pitcairn Islands, Puerto Rico, Reunion, Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Tokelau, Tonga, Turks and Caicos Islands, Tuvalu, Virgin Islands, Wallis and Futuna, West Bank, Western Sahara. The terms developing countries and developing world are generally considered to be more current and accurate than Third World. The International Monetary Fund divides the world into two major groups: advanced economies and emerging and developing economies. See the IMF's World Economic Outlook for how it categorizes countries around the world. See developed countries, developed world.

dharma

Pronounced "DAHR-muh." The mode of conduct for an individual that is most conducive to spiritual advancement. It includes universal human values as well as values that are specific to persons in various stages of life. In Hinduism it also refers to individual obligations in terms of law and social law. In Buddhism it is the teachings of Buddha from which an adherent molds his conduct on the path toward enlightenment.

diagnosis, mental health

Unless you have a determination by a psychiatrist or psychologist that the subject of a story has been clinically diagnosed with a mental disorder, avoid speculating about the issue. A mental illness should be described specifically, like any other illness. When a diagnosis is confirmed, specify the condition rather than referring to general "mental illness."

dialect

Language forms, particularly oddities of pronunciation and syntax, that are peculiar to a region or a group. Avoid using dialect if it renders the speaker as ignorant or makes the person a subject of ridicule, even in quoted material. In rare stories, use of dialect may be approved as bringing a sense of atmosphere that could not otherwise be achieved. Such approval should come from the department-head level. Obviously, further exception is made when dialect itself is news, such as in a story in which it is pertinent to the identification of a crime suspect. If dialect is to be used, words are spelled phonetically and apostrophes indicate missing sounds. Be accurate and avoid exaggeration.

diaspora

Diaspora means "to scatter" in Greek, and the term is commonly used "to describe a community of people who live outside their shared country of origin or ancestry but maintain active connections with it," according to the International Diaspora Engagement Alliance. "A diaspora includes both emigrants and their descendants. While some people lose their attachment to their ancestral homeland, others maintain a strong connection to a place which their ancestors may have left generations ago. Many Americans come from mixed heritage and therefore can claim membership in multiple diaspora communities." The term is commonly used to describe the African diaspora or Black diaspora, the Jewish diaspora (the dispersion of Israelites, Judahites, and later Jews out of their ancestral homeland in the Land of Israel) and the Indian diaspora, the migration of people from India. Diasporas are often linked to an historic event, such as the expulsion of Jews from Judea, the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade, the Irish Famine, etc. migrated from territories that are currently within the borders of the Republic of India

different sex

An alternative to "opposite sex" that recognizes gender as a continuum, rather than a binary construct. A person who is non-binary, for example, and identifies as neither male nor female, can have a relationship with a person of a different sex, but might not relate to the term opposite sex.

disability discrimination

According to the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, disability discrimination "occurs when a covered employer or other entity treats an applicant or employee less favorably because she has a history of a disability (such as cancer that is controlled or in remission) or because she is believed to have a physical or mental impairment that is not transitory (lasting or expected to last six months or less) and minor (even if she does not have such an impairment). The law requires an employer to provide reasonable accommodation to an employee or job applicant with a disability, unless doing so would cause significant difficulty or expense for the employer ('undue hardship')."

diverse hire, diversity hire

Avoid these terms, which imply a person is hired strictly to check a box or meet a quota and suggest that they are not qualified in other ways. Instead, focus language around "building diverse pipelines" and ensuring you have "diverse slates" for positions. Never describe an individual as "diverse. Added April 2023

diversity

There are many kinds of diversity, based on race, gender, gender identity/expression, sexual orientation, class, age, country of origin, education, marital status, parental status, religion and physical or cognitive abilities. Diversity can also mean differences in geographies, thought, experiences, etc. Valuing diversity means recognizing differences among people, acknowledging that these differences are a valued asset, and striving for diverse representation as a critical step toward equity.

Diwali

Pronounced "dee-VAH-lee." The Hindu "festival of lights" is one of the most celebrated in the Hindu diaspora. It symbolizes the victory of dharma, and good over evil. The word is a variation of the Sanskrit word "Deepavali" and refers to the rows of earthen lamps celebrants place around their homes. Hindus believe that the light from these lamps symbolizes the illumination within the individual that overwhelms ignorance, represented by darkness. Diwali commemorates the return of the avatar Lord Ram (the incarnation of Lord Vishnu), his wife Sita and brother Lakshman to their capital, Ayodhya, after 14 years of exile. The residents of Ayodhya, overjoyed at the return of their beloved king, lit lamps in his honor. Thus, the entire city looked like a row of lights. Diwali is also observed by Sikhs, who celebrate the release of the Sixth Guru, Hargobind, from captivity by the Mughal Emperor Jehangir, and Jains, who commemorate the day Lord Mahavira attained nirvana, or liberation, after his death in 527 B.C.

dog whistle

A dog whistle uses coded or suggestive terminology to subtly garner support from a particular group, often without being understand by broader audiences. Named after ultrasonic dog whistles, which are audible to dogs but not to humans, these messages use language that appears to be benign to some but communicates underlying messages to particular audiences. Added April 2023

domestic partner

Unmarried partners who live together. Domestic partners may be of different sexes or the same sex. They may register in some jurisdictions and receive some of the benefits accorded to married couples. Domestic partner and domestic partnership are terms typically used in connection with legal and insurance matters. See civil union.

dominant culture

The cultural beliefs, values and traditions that are dominant, or centered, in a society. Dominant cultural practices are thought of as "normal" while other practices are undervalued or marginalized. Conversely, in a multicultural society, various cultures are celebrated and reflected equally.

down low

Men who secretly have sex with men. Men "on the down low" may be in relationships with women and not identify as gay or bisexual. The term originated among Black men but has attained wider use. Use only in quotations or broad references because individuals generally do not identify themselves with this term. See MSM.

Down syndrome

Down syndrome is a congenital condition (i.e. a condition existing at or before birth that may have a genetic or environmental cause). Down syndrome is caused by the presence of an extra full or partial copy of chromosome 21 in an individual's cell nuclei. It was first reported in 1866 by Dr. John Langdon Down and is characterized by a number of physical and cognitive symptoms, which the National Institutes of Health details here. Other terms commonly used to refer to people with Down syndrome are intellectually disabled, developmentally disabled or a person who has a cognitive disability or intellectual disability. The Global Down Syndrome Foundation considers all of these terms acceptable, while the National Down Syndrome Society suggests using cognitive disability or intellectual disability. The proper term for the disorder is Down syndrome, not Down's syndrome or Down's Syndrome. Use people-first language, stating that someone is a person with Down syndrome or has Down syndrome. Avoid using terms such as suffers from or afflicted with in association with the condition. The terms intellectually disabled, developmentally disabled, cognitive disability and intellectual disability are acceptable when used in a people-first context to describe someone with Down syndrome, such as the person has a developmental disability. However, it is more accurate to refer specifically to Down syndrome when that is the medically diagnosed condition.

drag

Dressing or acting in a style typically associated with another gender, typically through costume and/or performance. Not synonymous with transgender or cross-dressing.

drag performer

Entertainers who dress and act in styles typically associated with another gender (drag queen for those portraying women, drag king for those portraying men). Drag is more strongly determined by the nature of the costume and performance than the performer's gender identity or assigned sex at birth. Some drag performers are transgender. Not synonymous with transgender or cross-dresser.

drag queen

Dragon Lady

Caution. A cartoon character from the 1930s comic strip "Terry and the Pirates." Variations of the Dragon Lady were popularized in adventure movies of the 1940s and later. She was portrayed as sexy and evil in Chinese silk gowns with long sleeves, a cigarette holder in her hand. See china doll, a reverse image.

dreadlocks, locks, locs

See hair, African American or Black.

DREAM Act

The DREAM Act stands for Development, Relief and Education for Alien Minors. It is a proposal first introduced in the U.S. Senate in 2001 to provide legal residency to undocumented youth who meet several criteria. Those include arrival in the United States as a minor, completing a high school diploma and completing two years in the military or at a four-year institution of higher learning. Supporters say the DREAM Act would help people and benefit the country economically. Opponents say it rewards people for breaking the law and encourages illegal immigration. See DACA.

dressed as

Avoid using as a judgment that assumes a subject's gender identity. Avoid using to sensationalize. See transgender, drag, cross-dresser.

driving while Black, DWB

Phrase or acronym describing racial profiling of Black motorists by police, especially while driving expensive cars or in upscale neighborhoods without reason. If used in quotes or copy, define what it means.

drug abuse, substance abuse

According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse, use of drugs becomes abuse "when people use illegal drugs or use legal drugs inappropriately. This includes the repeated use of drugs to produce pleasure, alleviate stress, and/or alter or avoid reality. It also includes using prescription drugs in ways other than prescribed or using someone else's prescription. Addiction occurs when a person cannot control the impulse to use drugs even when there are negative consequences-the defining characteristic of addiction. These behavioral changes are also accompanied by changes in brain functioning, especially in the brain's natural inhibition and reward centers."

dwarf, little person, midget, short stature

Dwarfism is a medical or genetic condition that results in a stature below 4'10," according to Little People of America. The average height of a dwarf is 4'0." When used in a non-medical sense, it can be considered offensive, but many view it as the acceptable term for the condition. The term midget was used in the past to describe an unusually short and proportionate person. It is now widely considered derogatory. The terms little people and little person refer to people of short stature and have come into common use since the founding of the Little People of America organization in 1957. The appropriateness of the terms is disputed by those within and outside of the organization. Little People of America recommends using the descriptors short stature, little person or someone with dwarfism. Only refer to a person's short stature if it is relevant to the story. It is best to ask people which term they prefer to describe them. Avoid the term dwarf unless it is being used in a quote or in a medical diagnosis. Avoid using the terms vertically challenged and midget.

dyke

Originally a pejorative term for a lesbian, it is now being reclaimed by some lesbians. Offensive when used as an epithet. Use only if there is a compelling reason. See lesbian.

dyslexia, dyslexic

A learning disability characterized by problems identifying speech sounds and learning how to connect them to letters and words, according to the Mayo Clinic. Its chief symptoms include difficulties with spelling, reading, pronunciation of words and processing auditory information. It is a common learning disability among children, although adolescents and adults with dyslexia often exhibit symptoms as well. The term dyslexic is used by some organizations as a noun and adjective in a non-pejorative way; however, using the word as a noun (describing a person as a dyslexic) appears to be falling out of use. Refer to someone as having dyslexia only if the information is relevant to the story and if the person has been formally diagnosed by a licensed medical professional. Use people-first language, stating that someone has dyslexia rather than referring to him or her as a dyslexic person. Avoid using dyslexic as a noun (i.e. She is a dyslexic.).

Easter

The major Christian holy day. It marks Jesus Christ's Resurrection from the dead three days after his Crucifixion. Western Christian churches and Orthodox Christian churches usually celebrate Easter on different dates, sometimes as much as five weeks apart. Both observe Easter on the first Sunday after the first full moon after the March equinox. However, the Western church uses the Gregorian calendar and the Orthodox church and many Eastern Catholic churches use the Julian calendar. They also use different definitions of a full moon and an equinox. The two Easters are observed on the same day about a quarter of the time. Orthodox Christians refer to Easter as Pascha, derived from the Hebrew word for Passover.

Eastern Orthodox

A group of Christian churches that do not recognize the authority of the pope in Rome, but, like the Roman Catholic Church, have roots in the earliest days of Christianity. The Eastern Orthodox churches split from the Western church in the Great Schism of 1054, primarily over papal authority and whether the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father (as the Orthodox believe) or from the Father and Son (as the Catholics believe). Included in the Eastern Orthodox churches are the Greek Orthodox, Russian Orthodox and Armenian Orthodox, as well as other, smaller churches based on the nationalities of various ethnic groups such as Bulgarians, Romanians and Syrians. Eastern Orthodox clergy comparable to Catholic archbishops are known as patriarchs or metropolitans. They recognize the patriarch of Constantinople, now Istanbul, as their leader. He has the power to convene councils, but he does not have authority over the activities of the other archbishops. The patriarch of Constantinople is known as the ecumenical patriarch. Working with the archbishop are other archbishops, bishops, priests and deacons. Archbishops and bishops frequently follow a monastic tradition in which they are known only by a first name. When no last name is used, repeat the title before the name in subsequent references. Archbishop may be replaced by the Most Rev. on first reference. Use the Rev. before the name of a priest on first reference. On second reference use only the cleric's last name. The churches have their own traditions on matters such as married clergy; for example, a married man may be ordained, but a priest may not marry after ordination. In the United States, the largest Eastern Orthodox church is the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America, followed by the Orthodox Church in America.

Ebonics

Slang or nonstandard form of the English language that is used by some in the Black community. The National Association of Black Journalists Style Guide advises journalists to avoid using the form in news copy. [Dr. Geneva Smitherman, a sociolinguist and Black studies scholar at Michigan State University, identifies African American Language, or Ebonics, as a system of "Africanized semantic, grammatical, pronunciation, and rhetorical patterns" unique to the Black community, according to 100 Questions & Answers About African Americans. Universally embraced words, phrases, and actions such as the "high five" come from Black language and cultural practices. Other names: Black English, African American English, African American Vernacular English. For more about Ebonics, read "What is Ebonics (African American English)?" by John R. Rickford on the website of the Linguistics Society of America.]

Eid al-Adha

Pronounced "EED-uhl-ad-ha." Known as the Feast of Sacrifice, it concludes the annual observance of the pilgrimage to Mecca known as hajj. Muslims everywhere observe Eid al-Adha with community prayers and a feast, whether or not they are on hajj. Eid al-Adha shifts dates every year because Muslims use a lunar calendar that only includes about 354 days. Eid al-Adha commences with the sighting of the new moon. See hajj.

Eid al-Fitr

Pronounced "EED-uhl-FIT-uhr." A joyous Islamic holiday that marks the end of Ramadan, the month of fasting. It is observed with communal prayers, donations to charity and special meals. Fasting is forbidden on this day. Eid al-Fitr shifts dates every year because Muslims use a lunar calendar that only includes about 354 days. Eid al-Fitr commences with the sighting of the new moon. See Ramadan.

elderly

Use this word carefully and sparingly. The term is appropriate only in generic phrases that do not refer to specific individuals: concern for the elderly, a home for the elderly, etc. In other words, describing a person as elderly is bad form, although the generalized category elderly might not be offensive. If the intent is to show that an individual's faculties have deteriorated, the Associated Press Stylebook recommends citing a graphic example and attributing it to someone.

Emancipation Proclamation

In 1863, Lincoln issued a proclamation and executive order encouraging slaves in the South to become contrabands behind Union lines. It applied only in areas of the 10 Southern states that had seceded from the union. Those areas did not recognize his authority. States that had seceded in all or in part were Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Texas and Virginia. Lincoln's proclamation did not address slavery in Union border states. Lincoln's action tied slavery to preserving the union, the major issue in the Civil War. The proclamation set the stage for the 13th Amendment, but it did not end slavery. Some celebrate the end of slavery on Juneteenth, short for June 19th. On that day in 1865, two months after the Civil War, Union troops arrived in Galveston to take control of Texas and enforce the Emancipation Proclamation.

eñe, ñ

In the Spanish alphabet, ñ is an additional letter, not just an n with an accent mark, which is called a tilde. It is called an eñe and is pronounced "enye." It is used in many words. Substituting a plain n, a whole different letter, can change the word. In speech, this letter sounds like the middle sound in canyon and, in fact, the Spanish word for canyon is cañon.

English-only movement

An effort to make English the official language of the United States. About half the states have adopted English-only laws. Opponents say such laws are unnecessary, divisive and even racist.

epicanthic fold

epilepsy/epileptic fit

A chronic neurological and developmental disorder characterized by "recurrent, unprovoked seizures," according to the Epilepsy Foundation, which also states that it is the fourth most common neurological disorder. Epilepsy manifests differently in individuals: The severity of epileptic seizures, their occurrence rates and the emergence of other health problems differ from person to person. Epilepsy is most commonly treated with medication but treatment also can include use of medical devices, surgery, diet and emerging therapy methods. Refer to someone as having epilepsy only if the information is relevant to the story and if the person has been formally diagnosed by a licensed medical professional. Use people-first language, stating that someone has epilepsy or has been diagnosed with epilepsy rather than referring to him or her as an epileptic. The term seizure is the preferred term when referring to the brief manifestation of symptoms common among those with epilepsy. Avoid stating that the person had a fit or an epileptic fit.

Episcopal Church

The Episcopal Church is part of the Anglican Communion. Officially called the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America. Episcopal Church is acceptable in all references. Two bodies govern the church nationally - the permanent Executive Council and the General Convention, which meets every three years. One bishop holds the title of presiding bishop. The General Convention determines national policies, and all acts must pass its House of Bishops and House of Deputies. Under the council are provinces, dioceses or missionary districts, local parishes and local missions. A province is composed of several dioceses and has a synod made up of a house of bishops and a house of deputies. Within a diocese, a bishop is the principal official and is helped by the Diocesan Convention, which is made up of all clergy in the diocese and lay representatives from each parish. A vestry, composed of the rector and lay members elected by the congregation, governs the parish or local church. Among Protestant churches, the Episcopal Church has titles that are particularly challenging. Capitalize titles before a name but lowercase otherwise. Note that some positions have more than one title or honorific. Because some U.S. congregations have broken ties with the Episcopal Church and affiliated with Anglican bishops, be sure to make clear in stories about such disputes whether a bishop is Anglican or Episcopal. The presiding bishop is the chief pastor and primate who leads the national Episcopal Church. She is addressed as the Most Rev. All other bishops use the title the Rt. Rev. before their name. Priests and deacons use the title the Rev. Priests who head a chapter, or governing body of a cathedral, are called deans and are addressed as the Very Rev. Archdeacons are addressed with the honorific the Venerable, as in the Venerable Jill Smith. Women and men in religious communities are called brother or sister and may be ordained.

equality

Equality is about ensuring that every individual has an equal opportunity to make the most of their lives and believing that no one should have poorer life chances because of where, what or whom they were born. Equality recognizes that historically, certain groups of people -- e.g. those of certain races, women, people with disabilities, gay men and lesbians, transgender people -- have experienced discrimination, and that in a just society these injustices should be corrected.

Eskimo

A member of the indigenous people who have traditionally inhabited Alaska and other Arctic regions, including eastern Siberia in Russia, Canada and Greenland. The term is controversial and should be used with caution. "Although the name 'Eskimo' is commonly used in Alaska to refer to all Inuit and Yupik people of the world, this name is considered derogatory in many other places because it was given by non-Inuit people and was said to mean 'eater of raw meat,' " according to the Alaska Native Language Center. "Linguists now believe that 'Eskimo' is derived from an Ojibwa word meaning 'to net snowshoes.' However, the people of Canada and Greenland prefer other names. 'Inuit,' meaning 'people,' is used in most of Canada, and the language is called 'Inuktitut' in eastern Canada although other local designations are used also. The Inuit people of Greenland refer to themselves as 'Greenlanders' or 'Kalaallit' in their language, which they call 'Greenlandic' or 'Kalaallisut.' "Most Alaskans continue to accept the name 'Eskimo' particularly because 'Inuit' refers only to the Inupiat of northern Alaska, the Inuit of Canada, and the Kalaallit of Greenland," according to the language center's website, "and it is not a word in the Yupik languages of Alaska and Siberia." In 2016, President Barack Obama signed legislation (HR 4238) that replaced the term Eskimo with Alaska Native in federal laws. Some people identify as Inuit or Alaska Native, while others prefer Eskimo. As with many controversial terms, it's best to ask individuals or community leaders what they prefer to be called. To learn more, listen to "Why You Probably Shouldn't Say 'Eskimo,'" a 2016 news report by Rebecca Hersher on NPR. org.

ethnic

Ethnic food. Ethnic music. Ethnic restaurants. Ethnic fashion. The word ethnic is frequently used to describe things that come from countries outside North America and Western Europe or cultures other than White. Like exotic, the word connotes otherness and can be seen as marginalizing and offensive. In general, try to avoid. Instead, use the specific country or culture the food or music comes from. When writing about things from multiple cultures use terms like international music, global food or world cuisine. In addition, the word ethnic should never be used to describe a person. However, ethnic is still commonly used in the academic field of ethnic studies, which refers to the interdisciplinary study of race and ethnicity, particularly in regard to oppression and power. For more discussion of these terms see: "4 Reasons Why We've Got to Stop Using 'Ethnic' to Describe People of Color," Everyday Feminism, July 1, 2016 "Why everyone should stop calling immigrant food 'ethnic,'" The Washington Post, July 21, 2015 "Tara O'Brady Says You Should Stop Calling Food 'Ethnic,' Kitchn, Nov. 6, 2017 "Is it time to stop calling food 'ethnic'?" The Charlotte Observer, March 31, 2017 "To David Chang, the 'ethnic' food aisle is racist. Others say it's convenient," The Washington Post, Sept. 30, 2019

ethnic group

Caution, vague. A group of people who self-identify with one another because of geographical, linguistic, cultural, religious and other ties. In the 19th and 20th centuries, it was common to refer to ethnic groups as races, e.g. the Hungarian race.

ethnicity, mention of

A person's [ethnicity] should not be mentioned unless relevant. This also applies to references to ethnicity, sexual orientation and religion. Derogatory terms or slurs aimed at members of a racial or ethnic group may not be used unless having a direct bearing on the news, and then only with the approval of the senior editor in charge. Avoid stereotypes. Race and ethnicity may be relevant in some stories, including the following: Crime stories - A highly detailed description of a suspect sought by police can contain [skin color]. Be sure the description is properly attributed. Do not use descriptions that include only a few items or are vague, such as tall, dark clothes. [A detailed description might include a person's complexion, facial features, distinguishing marks or tattoos, etc.] Biographical or announcement stories - Be careful about using race or ethnicity to describe a person as the first to accomplish a specific feat. Firsts are important, but race and ethnicity shouldn't be overemphasized. Reserve race or ethnicity for significant, groundbreaking or historic events such as winning a Nobel Prize, being named chief justice or becoming mayor. By overplaying race or ethnicity, one's achievement may seem dependent on that instead of ability. See race.

Evangelical Lutheran Church in America

The largest Lutheran denomination in the U.S. ELCA is acceptable on second reference. Do not confuse it with the Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod, which is smaller and more conservative. See Lutheran.

Executive Order 9066

A war measure following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Signed Feb. 19, 1942, by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, it led to the internment in camps of [117,000 people] of Japanese heritage, two-thirds of whom were U.S. citizens. A divided cabinet recommended the measure to Roosevelt, despite an affirmation by the Office of Naval Intelligence of the loyalty of Japanese Americans. The order was designed to combat sabotage, but Americans of German and Italian heritage were largely exempt. Nazi Germany, fascist Italy and imperial Japan formed the Axis. The United States Supreme Court repeatedly affirmed the constitutionality of the order, but Congress, in 1983, called it "a grave injustice." Text of Executive Order 9066 See Angel Island; internment, Japanese.

exotic

Avoid. When describing women of Asian and Pacific Islander heritage, it often implies a departure from a white norm. Swedes, for example, are not described in the United States as exotic. For more about this read the essay "4 Reasons Why Calling a Woman of Color 'Exotic' Is Racist" by Rachel Kuo in Everyday Feminism.

eye shape, reference to

Misnomer (all human eyeballs have the same shape). The distinctive "Asian" feature is known as an "epicanthic fold" of the eyelid but is found in all races. Not all Asians have the fold. It is unclear what evolutionary advantage is conferred by such a feature. Eyes aren't "slanted" or "slitty" and such terms are racially derogatory. The relevance of discussing the fold, which might call to mind racial stereotypes, must be explained to the reader or viewer. A discussion of why some Asian women seek plastic surgery to change the shape of their eyelids, for example, is relevant. Whether an Asian basketball player has a reduced field of vision is not.

fag, faggot

A pejorative term for a gay male. Extremely offensive when used as an epithet. Use only in a quotation if there is a compelling reason.

family

Proper term for identifying a family led by LGBT parents. Identify parents' sexual orientation only when germane. Do not use gay families. Mention genetic relationships or conception techniques only when germane. See parent.

fat

fatwa

A legal pronouncement issued by an Islamic scholar. There is no central authority for fatwas. The expert must have rigorously studied the Quran and can issue a fatwa only when aware of all elements of the case. It pertains only to Muslims and is not binding in secular settings. While a fatwa against author Salman Rushdie became one of the most well-known, fatwas calling for the death of an individual are rare. Fatwas usually give religious guidance.

felon, offender

Avoid these terms when referring to a person who has been convicted of a crime, because it defines or labels people based on the crime. Instead, use people-first language. The Marshall Project, a nonpartisan, nonprofit news organization that covers the U.S. criminal justice system, recommends using specific language that avoids labeling or dehumanizing people. For example, instead of felon, offender, prisoner, etc. say: Jane Doe was convicted of felony robbery. John Doe is registered as a sex offender in Iowa... Joe Doe was on trial for criminal loitering, a low-level offense. Jane Doe was placed on probation in June. On parole in New Mexico, John Doe...

female/feminine pronouns, male/masculine pronouns

Not all people who use she/her are women, and not all people who use he/him are men. Instead use: pronouns, she/her pronouns, he/him pronouns

Filipino/Pilipino

Refers to an inhabitant of the Philippines, the former Spanish possession and American colony. Filipino American refers to those who share its heritage and culture. Some Filipino Americans, often younger, prefer Pilipino because Tagalog (pronounced tuh-GAW-lug), the leading dialect of the Philippines, lacks an "F" sound. The Philippines, claimed by Spanish explorers, was named after King Philip II of Spain (1527-1598). See Tagalog.

First Nations

First Nations is a term used to describe Aboriginal peoples of Canada who are ethnically neither Métis nor Inuit, according to a list of terms compiled by the First Nations Studies Program at the University of British Columbia. This phrase came into common usage in the 1970s and '80s and generally replaced the term Indian to refer to Indigenous people of Canada. The term is not widely used in the U.S. Updated February 2021

First World

Outdated term that refers to the developed, capitalist, industrial countries with more or less common political and economic interests in North America, Western Europe, Japan and Australia. The term was first coined in the 1940s and was used during the Cold War, with the Second World referring to communist countries of China and the Soviet block. Third World referred to the less developed countries of Latin America, Africa and Asia. With the end of the Cold War, globalization and changing geopolitics, the "Three World" model is no longer relevant. Instead, some use developed world countries and developing world countries. See Third World.

fixer

In journalism, a fixer is a local person who helps a journalist working in a foreign country, often arranging interviews, translating documents, interpreting interviews, offering in-country expertise, and serving as a go-between or cultural ambassador to a community. Some consider the term demeaning or not properly respectful of the skills required for the job. The Pulitzer Center, for example, now uses the term local reporting partner. Other media outlets use terms like local correspondent or local journalist. Updated March 2021

flip

Avoid. Pejorative for Filipino.

fortune cookie

Origin almost certainly Japanese. There are references to the cookies in Japanese literature and history, including an 1878 image of a man making them in a bakery. China and Japan do not have a tradition of dessert following a meal.

FTM / MTF / FTN / MTN / FT* / MT*

Acronyms to describe a transgender or transsexual individual. The first letter is the assigned birth sex; the second letter T is for "to," signifying transition; and the third letter is the destination gender, the person's affirmed gender. The * indicates inclusivity of all variations of transpeople, as not all identify with a particular gender.

Fu Manchu

Caution. Stereotype. Created by mystery writer Sax Rohmer in 1913 and popularized in 1930s and 1940s films. Fu Manchu was an evil genius. He was portrayed by many actors, including Warner Oland, who also played Charlie Chan. Rohmer described him this way: "Imagine a person, tall, lean, and feline, high-shouldered, with a brow like Shakespeare and a face like Satan, a close-shaven skull, and long, magnetic eyes of the true cat-green." He is also "the yellow peril incarnate in one man." Later Asian and pseudo-Asian villains - like Flash Gordon's nemesis, Emperor Ming the Merciless, and James Bond's Dr. No - were variations of Fu Manchu.

fundamentalism, fundamentalist

A Christian religious movement that began in the U.S. in the late 19th century and early 20th century to counter liberalism and secularism. It emphasized the inerrancy of the Bible. In recent years, fundamentalist and fundamentalism have become associated with any religious reactionary movement, such as Islamic fundamentalism. The words also have been used as pejoratives. Journalists often, and erroneously, label all conservative Christians, including conservative evangelicals, as fundamentalists. It is best to avoid the words unless a group applies the terms to itself.

gay

Refers to men who are attracted to other men; preferred over homosexual, which connotes clinical context or references to sexual activity. Avoid using as a singular noun. For women, lesbian is generally used, but when possible ask the subject which term she prefers. To include both, use gays and lesbians. In headlines where space is limited, gay is acceptable to describe both. See homosexual, lesbian.

geezer

Ageist terminology. Avoid.

gender assigned at birth (GAAB), MAAB, FAAB

The gender a person is born as. This is referred to as gender assigned at birth because it is not and/or never was the person's true gender - they were born as Z, but were assigned X/Y, due to bio-typical or closely matching genitalia of one of the pre-existing binary genders: male (MAAB) or female (FAAB). See transgender.

gender binary

The assumption that gender is binary - that is, that there are two and only two genders - male and female - which are distinct and disconnected. Many have come to see this as a false dichotomy, given the existence of intersex, transgender people and agender people. See agender, intersex, transgender.

gender dysphoria

In 2013, the American Psychiatric Association released the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V), which replaced the outdated entry Gender Identity Disorder with Gender Dysphoria, and changed the criteria for diagnosis. The necessity of a psychiatric diagnosis remains controversial, as both psychiatric and medical authorities recommend individualized medical treatment through hormones and/or surgeries to treat gender dysphoria. Some transgender advocates believe the inclusion of Gender Dysphoria in the DSM is necessary in order to advocate for health insurance that covers the medically necessary treatment recommended for transgender people. It is best to ask people who have gender dysphoria which pronouns they prefer.

gender expansive

The term gender expansive is increasingly being used for people who challenge cultural expectations regarding gender roles, identities, expressions or norms. Some gender-expansive individuals identify as a man or a woman, some identify as neither, and others identify as a mix of both or on a spectrum between male and female. Some express their gender in ways that differ from stereotypical presentations. Sometimes gender-expansive people use gender-neutral pronouns. Gender-expansive individuals may further describe themselves as nonbinary, gender fluid, or genderqueer. See agender, genderqueer, transgender. Updated February 2021

gender expression

External manifestations of gender, expressed through one's name, pronouns, clothing, haircut, behavior, voice, or body characteristics. Society identifies these cues as masculine and feminine, although what is considered masculine and feminine changes over time and varies by culture. Typically, transgender people seek to make their gender expression align with their gender identity, rather than the sex they were assigned at birth. See gender-expansive, transgender.

gender fluidity

Gender fluidity conveys a wider, more flexible range of gender expression, with interests and behaviors that may even change from day to day. Gender fluid children do not feel confined by restrictive boundaries of stereotypical expectations of girls or boys. In other words, a child may feel they are a girl some days and a boy on others, or possibly feel that neither term describes them accurately. It is best to ask people who are gender fluid which pronouns they prefer. See gender-expansive.

gender identity

One's internal, deeply held sense of one's gender. For transgender people, their own internal gender identity does not match the sex they were assigned at birth. Most people have a gender identity of man or woman (or boy or girl). For some people, their gender identity does not fit neatly into one of those two choices. Unlike gender expression, gender identity is not visible to others. See gender expression.

Gender Identity Disorder

Outdated, avoid. See gender dysphoria.

gender nonconforming

A term used to describe some people whose gender expression is different from conventional expectations of masculinity and femininity. Please note that not all gender non-conforming people identify as transgender; nor are all transgender people gender non-conforming. Many people have gender expressions that are not entirely conventional - that fact alone does not make them transgender. Many transgender men and women have gender expressions that are conventionally masculine or feminine. Simply being transgender does not make someone gender non-conforming. The term is not a synonym for transgender or transsexual and should only be used if someone self-identifies as gender non-conforming. It is best to ask gender non-conforming people which pronouns they prefer.

gender normative

Refers to people whose sex assignment at birth corresponds to their gender identity and expression. See cisgender, cis.

gender role

This is the set of roles, activities, expectations and behaviors assigned to females and males by society. Our culture recognizes two basic gender roles: Masculine (having the qualities attributed to males) and feminine (having the qualities attributed to females). People who step out of their socially assigned gender roles are sometimes referred to as transgender. Other cultures have three or more gender roles.

gender spectrum

A model of gender that breaks the gender binary and takes into account the infinite variations of gender.

gender transition

The process by which transgender people change their physical, sexual characteristics from those associated with their sex at birth. This process occurs over time and may include adopting the aesthetic markers of the new gender; telling one's family, friends and/or co-workers; changing one's name and/or sex on legal documents; hormone therapy; and sometimes, but not always, surgery or other body modification procedures. Not synonymous with sexual reassignment. Avoid the outdated term sex change.

gender variant

Avoid unless used in academic writing.

gender-affirming care/transition-related medical care

A broad term for health care transgender people may pursue, including counseling, hormone replacement therapy, and surgical treatments. Not all transgender people pursue every form of medical treatment available. Many never receive medical care of any kind due to cost, access, or personal choice. When writing about medical care is appropriate and not objectifying, terms like gender-affirming medical care or transition-related medical care will usually suffice. General language is usually better than more specific terms that draw unnecessary attention to trans bodies and medical procedures. Occasionally, stories will require more specific language to describe a procedure. When appropriate and necessary, journalists should generally use the official name of a surgery or treatment. One major exception: avoid the term mastectomy when describing surgical changes to a transmasculine person's chest. Instead, use the terms chest reconstruction surgery or chest masculinization surgery. For more about writing about gender-affirming health care, see the Trans Journalists Association Style Guide's Section 1.3 Guidance on avoiding harmful cliches and stereotypes. Updated March 2021

gender-bender, gender-bending

An individual who intentionally does not conform to predominant binary gender roles or expression. Use only if self-referential or in a quotation where there is a compelling reason. As an adjective, gender-bending.

gender-neutral pronouns

Some people don't feel that traditional gender pronouns, such as she/her and he/him, reflect their gender identities. Transgender, genderqueer and other people who step outside the male-female gender paradigm often adopt new pronouns for themselves. If a person doesn't identify as male or female, it's best to ask which pronouns they use. Here are some alternatives to traditional pronouns: Updated 3/1/2021

genderqueer

A term used by some people who experience their gender identity and/or gender expression as falling outside the categories of man and woman. They may define their gender as falling somewhere in between man and woman, or they may define it as wholly different from these terms. The term is not a synonym for transgender or transsexual and should only be used if someone self-identifies as genderqueer. [People who identify as genderqueer sometimes don't feel comfortable being referred to by standard pronouns like he and she; when possible, ask which pronouns they use. See gender-neutral pronouns for alternatives to standard gendered pronouns.] See agender, transgender, gender non-conforming.

genocide

[The deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic, religious, linguistic, racial or cultural group or nation. Examples of genocide include the Armenian Genocide, the Assyrian genocide, the Greek genocide, the Holocaust, the 1971 Bangladesh genocide, the Cambodian Genocide, the Kurdish Genocide, the Bosnian Genocide, and the Rwandan Genocide.] The term "genocide" did not exist before 1944. It is a very specific term, referring to violent crimes committed against groups with the intent to destroy the existence of the group. Human rights, as laid out in the US Bill of Rights or the 1948 United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights, concern the rights of individuals. In 1944, a Polish-Jewish lawyer named Raphael Lemkin (1900-1959) sought to describe Nazi policies of systematic murder, including the destruction of the European Jews. He formed the word "genocide" by combining geno-, from the Greek word for race or tribe, with -cide, derived from the Latin word for killing. In proposing this new term, Lemkin had in mind "a coordinated plan of different actions aiming at the destruction of essential foundations of the life of national groups, with the aim of annihilating the groups themselves." The next year, the International Military Tribunal held at Nuremberg, Germany, charged top Nazis with "crimes against humanity." The word "genocide" was included in the indictment, but as a descriptive, not legal, term. On December 9, 1948, in the shadow of the Holocaust and in no small part due to the tireless efforts of Lemkin himself, the United Nations approved the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. This convention establishes "genocide" as an international crime, which signatory nations "undertake to prevent and punish." It defines genocide as: [G]enocide means any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such: (a) Killing members of the group; (b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; (c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; (d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; (e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.

gentile

In Judaism, anyone who is not a Jew. It is usually a reference to Christians. Some Mormons use the term to describe non-Mormons.

gerontology/geriatrics

Gerontology is the study of the social, psychological and biological aspects of aging; distinguished from geriatrics, which is the branch of medicine that studies the diseases, disabilities and health of older people.

ghetto

Term used as a synonyms for sections of cities inhabited by poor people or minorities. Avoid this term because of its negative connotations. Often the name of the neighborhood is the best choice. Section, district or quarter may also be used.

God

Capitalize in reference to all monotheistic religions. Also capitalize such references as God the Father, Holy Ghost and Holy Spirit. However, lowercase personal pronouns, such as him and he. Many Christians consider God to be beyond gender, so be sensitive to the context of the story and avoid gender-defining pronouns when appropriate. Orthodox Jews write G-d to avert the sin of erasing or defacing God's name. Journalists should respect these Jews' practice by using G-d in quotes of written material, but otherwise should refer to God.

Good Friday

In Christianity, Good Friday commemorates the day on which Jesus Christ is traditionally believed to have been crucified. It falls just before Easter Sunday, on which Christians celebrate his Resurrection. Part of the Christian Holy Week.

good name

Foreigners in India are often confused when asked, "What is your good name?" The questioner is just asking for the person's name. It is a literal translation of the Hindi usage "Aap ka shubhnam?" ("shubh" means "auspicious").

Gospel, gospel

The word derives from the Old English word Godspell, or "good news." It is a translation of the Greek word evangelion. This refers to the "good news" that Jesus Christ came as the Messiah, was crucified for the sins of humanity, died and then rose from the grave to triumph over death. Of the many gospels written in antiquity, four came to be accepted as part of the New Testament - Matthew, Mark, Luke and John. Capitalize when referring to each or all of the first four books of the New Testament. Lowercase in all other references.

grandfather in, grandfather clause

A way to exempt some people from a zoning or legal change because of conditions that existed before the change (e.g., existing properties would be grandfathered in or older buildings are exempt under a grandfather clause.) The term grandfather clause originated in the American South in the late 1800s as a way to enfranchise poor White people and disenfranchise Black people by waiving high voting requirements for descendants of men who had voted before 1867. Because of this history, use with caution. A good alternative might be legacy as in We will legacy you in.

Great Migration, the

This was a post-Reconstruction move within the United States from the South to the North. From about 1916 to 1970, some 6 million African Americans moved out of the rural South to cities in the Northeast, Midwest and West. People fled lynchings and other forms of violence and segregation. They sought opportunity. After moving, they faced some of the same issues and met new forms of segregation in housing, education, employment and more.

green card

A United States Permanent Resident Card. Actually pink, this identification card allows an immigrant to reside and live permanently in the United States. Green-card holders are also able to work in the U.S., to travel and to receive some government benefits. A green-card holder is not a U.S. citizen but can live in the United States permanently. It can be insulting to ask Latinos born in the United States and Puerto Ricans whether they have a green card, as they are U.S. citizens by birth. See immigrant.

Gullah

Creole blend of Elizabethan English and African languages, born of necessity on Africa's slave coast and developed in slave communities of isolated plantations of the coastal South. Even after the Sea Islands were freed in1861, the Gullah speech flourished because of the islands' separation from the mainland. Access to the islands was by water until the 1950s. See Creole.

gurdwara

A Sikh place of worship that houses the Sikh scripture, the Guru Granth Sahib.

guru

Teacher, particularly used in the major Indian religions of Hinduism, Sikhism and Buddhism. In popular English, it means any sort of knowledgeable guide or mentor.

Gypsy

Gypsy is a word used to indicate Roma people, a traditionally itinerant ethnic group that lives in Europe and has branches in the Americas, Asia and North Africa. The word Gypsy has negative connotations and many Roma people see it as a racial slur. In general, it's best to use Roma people when referring to the ethnic group unless people self-identify as Gypsies, in which case the term should be capitalized. Avoid casual use such as "they lived like gypsies, traveling from place to place" and the pejorative term gyp, (e.g. "I got gypped,") which is likely derived from Gypsy and a negative stereotype of Roma people as swindlers and thieves. Updated February 2021

hadith

Pronounced "ha-DEETH." A report or reports about a saying, action or tradition of Muhammad and his closest companions. Can be used as both a singular and a plural noun. Hadith are viewed by Muslims as explanations of the Quran and are second only to Islam's holy book in terms of guidance and as a source of Shariah (Islamic law). The two most reliable collections are by Bukhari and his student Muslim, both ninth-century Islamic scholars.

hair, African American or Black

When describing a person's hair in news stories, ask what style the hair is, don't assume. Black hair comes in a variety of styles and textures. A few include: afro - Characterized by or being a style of tight curls in a full evenly rounded shape. bald, shaved - Not synonymous. A bald person has naturally lost some or all of his or her hair. A person with a shaved head chose to have his or her hair close to the scalp or completely off, replicating the bald look. braids - Traditional style worn by many African-American girls in which hair is sectioned into parts and then, in each part, three or more strands of hair are intertwined. Also known as plaits. cornrows - Braiding technique close to the head and also known as French braids. dreadlocks, dreds or locks [sometimes spelled locs or loks] - Long, uncombed, twisted or matted locks of hair, a style worn originally by Rastafarians. extensions - Human or synthetic hair used to make a person's existing hair longer. Often used with braiding. Jheri curl - Chemically treated curly hair resembling Shirley Temple-like tresses. Other names were California curl, S-curl, carefree curl and luster curl. Jheri Redding, a Chicago-based entrepreneur and stylist, created the style in the late 1970s, then produced his own line of hair-care products. twists - Style in which hair is sectioned into parts and then, in each part, strands of hair are twirled. weave - Synthetic or human hair added to existing hair or scalp to give one the appearance of a fuller head of hair. [According to 100 Questions & Answers About African Americans, at certain times in history, Black hairstyles "have been very political. People might wear their hair to suit their style sense, personality, history, comfort or convenience. Some people change their hair often. Black hairstyles have creative varieties from natural to straightened to curled and different kinds of braids. Black hair can be long or short, elaborate or shaved, and worn up or down. It can incorporate weaves, extensions and beads. Some people use questions about hair to open up larger conversations and get to know more about the person." For more information see the video "Five Questions About Black Hair."]

hajj

Pronounced "hahj." In Islam, a pilgrimage to Mecca in Saudi Arabia, the birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad. It is the fifth of the Five Pillars of Islam. Every Muslim who is physically capable and financially able is expected to make the hajj at least once. Hajj takes place during the 12th month of the Islamic year, and specific rites take place during a five-day period. Because Muslims follow a lunar calendar, the dates move each year. The festival of Eid al-Adha occurs at the end of hajj. The word hajj is typically not capitalized. A hajji is a person who has undertaken the pilgrimage.

halakhah

Pronounced "ha-la-KHAH." Jewish law, or the set of rules and practices that govern every aspect of life. They are defined by Jewish scripture and teachings. Jews believe that the law was given by God to Moses at Mount Sinai and that it has been interpreted for each generation by respected and learned rabbis.

halal

In Arabic, something that is lawful and permitted in Islam. Halal means lawful foods, objects and activities sanctioned by Islamic teaching. Halal also refers to foods that are permissible for Muslims to eat and drink. The halal process for slaughter requires that a Muslim invoke God's name and cut the throat with a sharp knife so as to drain the blood. Pork is not sanctioned, no matter how it is processed. Blood, intoxicants and alcohol are not halal, either. Forbidden objects and activities are called haram.

hamesh hand

Hamesh is the Hebrew word for hamsa in Arabic. It means five or "five fingers of the hand." In Jewish and Israeli culture the hamsa is often adorned with a star of David or Hebrew letters.

hamsa

Often worn as jewelry, the hamsa is a non-religious, palm-shaped symbol for good luck or protection that pre-dates Islam. It is seen in many cultures, including Latin American, Greek, Ethiopian and Turkish. People from many traditions and religions have adopted it. Some Muslims call it the "hand of Fatima," referring to the daughter of the prophet Muhammad. [The Arabic word hamsa means "five" and refers to the digits on the hand.]

handicapped

The Oxford English dictionary defines a handicap as "a condition that restricts a person's ability to function physically, mentally or socially." Do not describe a person as handicapped unless it is central to the story. Avoid using handicap and handicapped when describing a person. Instead, refer to the person's specific condition. The terms are still widely used when citing laws, regulations, places or things, such as handicapped parking, although many prefer the term accessible parking.

Hanukkah

The Jewish Festival of Lights. It usually falls in early or mid-December. The eight-day holiday celebrates the Maccabees' victory over the Syrians in the second century B.C. The Maccabees were a first- and second-century B.C. Jewish family that brought about the restoration of Jewish religious and political life. They also made several unsuccessful attempts to overthrow Roman rule in Judea. Hanukkah is the preferred spelling, [but Chanukah is also commonly used]. To find the date for Jewish holidays in the current or an upcoming year consult the Jewish holidays page on Hebcal.

Hapa

Once considered derogatory, hapa comes from the Hawaiian phrase hapa haole (pronounced "hah-puh how-lee") meaning "half white/foreigner." It now describes anyone whose heritage is White plus another racial or ethnic group, but especially Asians and Pacific Islanders. The term is now considered by many to be one of positive self-identification.

haraam

Pronounced "ha-RAHM." In Arabic, something that is forbidden or prohibited in Islam.

haram

Pronounced "HAR-em." In Arabic, a sanctuary or sacred territory in which all things are considered inviolable. Mecca and Medina both have this designation.

hard of hearing

he term may be used to refer to people who have a mild to moderate hearing loss that may or may not be corrected with amplification. Those who are hard of hearing usually use speech to communicate. Deaf and hard of hearing became the official terms recommended by the World Federation of the Deaf in 1991. Many people in the Deaf community and organizations, including the National Association of the Deaf, support these terms. Some people with mild or moderate hearing loss may affiliate themselves with the Deaf community and prefer the term Deaf. Alternatively, some who are deaf and don't have a cultural affiliation to the Deaf community may prefer the term hard of hearing. Hard of hearing is almost always acceptable. However, use the term the person prefers.

Haredi, Haredim

A Hebrew term (Haredim in the plural) that literally means "fear" or "anxiety" and is used in the context of a devout believer who "trembles in awe of God." The label can be applied to strictly observant Orthodox Jews instead of the term ultra-Orthodox, but Haredi is not widely used outside of Israel and Jewish media outlets.

HaShem

The word some Jews use in the place of the word God, which is considered to be too holy to utter. It literally means "The Name."

Hasidism

A social and religious movement in Judaism founded in 18th-century Poland. It stresses the importance of devotion in prayer and serving God in ecstasy amid day-to-day life. Hasidic Judaism is usually structured around a "rebbe," or revered spiritual teacher whose interpretations of Jewish law govern the community. Its followers, called Hasidim, are among the most traditional of U.S. Orthodox Jews. Hasidic is the adjectival form.

hate crime

According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, a hate crime is "a traditional offense like murder, arson, or vandalism with an added element of bias. For the purposes of collecting statistics, Congress has defined a hate crime as a 'criminal offense against a person or property motivated in whole or in part by an offender's bias against a race, religion, disability, ethnic origin or sexual orientation.' Hate itself is not a crime-and the FBI is mindful of protecting freedom of speech and other civil liberties."

Hawaiian

Caution. An ethnic group. Refers to a person who is of Polynesian descent. Unlike a term like Californian, Hawaiian should not be used for everyone living in Hawaii. The distinction is not trivial. If Wales were the 51st state, not everyone living in Wales would be Welsh. [Possible alternative: Hawaiʻi resident.] See Pacific Islander.

HBCUs

Acronym for historically black colleges and universities. There are 105 institutions founded primarily for the education of African Americans, although their charters are not exclusionary. Most HBCUs are 50 to 100 years old. HBCU is acceptable on second reference and in headlines.

hearing impaired/hearing impairment

The terms hearing impaired and hearing impairment are general terms used to describe people with a range of hearing loss from impairment partial to complete. The terms are disliked by many because, like the word handicap, hearing impaired describes a person in terms of a deficiency or what they cannot do. The World Federation of the Deaf has taken the stance that hearing impaired is no longer an acceptable term. For those with total hearing loss, deaf is acceptable. For others, partial hearing loss or partially deaf is preferred. It is best to ask the person which term he or she prefers.

henna

A plant used to make ink or hair dye. To make the ink, leaves are ground to powder and mixed with water and lemon juice or oil. The ceremonial application of henna to make designs on the body, usually hands or feet, is called mehndi. Indian women wear mehndi for special occasions such as weddings. The designs start to fade after about a week.

hermaphrodite

Avoid. Derogatory term for intersex individuals. See intersex.

heteronormative, heternormativity

These terms refer to the assumption that heterosexuality is the norm, which plays out in interpersonal interactions and society and furthers the marginalization of queer people.

heterosexism

The attitude that heterosexuality is the only valid sexual orientation. Often takes the form of ignoring lesbians, gay men and bisexuals. For example: a feature on numerous Valentine's Day couples that omit same-sex couples.

heterosexual

An adjective used to describe people whose enduring physical, romantic and/or emotional attraction is to people of the opposite sex. See straight.

High Holy Days

The High Holy Days are the 10-day period beginning with Rosh Hashanah, which marks the beginning of the Jewish New Year, and ending with Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement. To find the date for Jewish holidays in the current or an upcoming year consult the Jewish holidays page on Hebcal.

hijab

Generally used to describe the scarf many women who are Muslims use to cover their head, but it can also refer to the modest dress, in general, that women wear because of the Quran's instruction on modesty. Shiites are more likely to wear hijabs than Sunni Muslims, but women decide whether to wear one based on the dictates of their mosque, community and conscience. [According to 100 Questions & Answers About Arab Americans, this practice of veiling varies by region and class. While some say that it denigrates women, many women who dress this way say it liberates them. In fact, some say it is more oppressive to be expected to dress in revealing ways. Some governments have, at times, banned veiling and at other times required it. In American families, a mother, a daughter or a sister might decide to cover her head while the other does not. Most Arab Americans dress like other Americans.]

Hindi

The primary language of about 30 percent of India's citizens, and one of almost two dozen major languages spoken around that country. It is derived primarily from Sanskrit, using the Devanagari script. Do not confuse Hindi with Hindu, which is a religious designation. See Hindu.

Hindu, Hinduism

India's most popular religious and cultural system and the world's third-largest religion (after Christianity and Islam). Most followers live in India, but there are large populations in many other countries. Its oldest scriptures are the Vedas. Hinduism, also known as Sanatana Dharma ("the eternal natural law"), is one of the world's most ancient religious and spiritual systems and encompasses a broad spectrum of philosophies, ranging from pluralistic theism to absolute monism. Followers believe that God (Brahman), the ultimate reality or truth, can be understood in various ways and often use the two terms interchangeably. This not only reflects the diversity of practice and perspective in Hinduism, but also the belief that this infinite reality is beyond the comprehension of undisciplined minds. Therefore, Hindus celebrate God's various attributes through different representations. Most Hindus believe in one God, who is all-pervasive, though he or she may be worshipped in different forms, in different ways and by different names. As such, Hinduism can be described as monotheistic and henotheistic: monotheistic in its belief in one God and henotheistic in that any one God can be worshipped without denying the existence of other forms or manifestations of God. A basic belief in Hinduism is that the soul does not die but is reborn into another life form when the body dies. Under Hinduism's rule of karma, every act and thought affects how the soul will be reborn. This cycle of birth and rebirth continues until the soul achieves spiritual perfection and is united with the Supreme Being. Hindus believe that all living beings have souls, and some are revered as manifestations of God. These beliefs have evolved over several thousand years and are embedded in ritual, mystical and ascetic practices. There are many regional variations in Hindu practice. Hindus have no formal clergy but do have spiritual teachers, or gurus. Capitalize guru before a name on first reference, and use only the last name on second reference. Swami is a title of respect and reverence conferred on a religious teacher and, in particular, one who has taken vows of celibacy and renunciation; it, too, should be capitalized before a name.

Hindustan

This term once referred to a particular empire in northern India, but is sometimes used to refer generally to the Indian subcontinent or the Republic of India.

Hindustani

An unofficial language spoken in northern India, a mixture of Urdu and Hindi. See Indian languages.

hip-hop, hip hop

Hip-hop [sometimes spelled hip hop, without the hyphen] is often identified as just a music form, but it goes well beyond music. Originating in New York's South Bronx in the 1970s, hip-hop includes four elements: deejaying (also known as DJing or turntabling), MCing (emceeing or rapping), graffiti painting and breakdancing (B-boying). Hip-hop has been adapted by cultures around the world.

Hispanic

An umbrella term referring to a person whose ethnic origin is in a Spanish-speaking country, as well as residents or citizens of the United States with Latin American ancestry, except for those from Brazil, which is not a Spanish-speaking country. Federal policy defines "Hispanic" not as a race, but as an ethnicity; it notes that Hispanics can be of any race. The term Hispanic is more commonly used in the Eastern United States and is generally favored by those of Caribbean and South American ancestry or origin. According to a 2013 Pew Research Center survey of Hispanic adults, 50 percent of respondents said they had no preference for either term. But among those who did express a preference, "Hispanic" was preferred over "Latino" by a ratio of about two to one. Among Hispanic Texans, however, 46 percent said they preferred the term Hispanic, while just 8 percent said they prefer the term "Latino." The U.S. Census Bureau uses terms such as "Hispanic or Latino" and "non-Hispanic or Latino" in its survey questions on ethnicity and race. For more about the Hispanic or Latino question read: "Hispanic Or Latino? A Guide For The U.S. Presidential Campaign," NPR, Aug. 27, 2015 "Which is it, Hispanic or Latino?" CNN, May 3, 2014 "You say Latino," a mini comic by Terry Blas, Aug. 19, 2015 See Chicana/Chicano, Chican@, Hispanic, Latin@, Latina/Latino and Latinx.

Hispanic paradox

The Hispanic paradox refers to studies showing that although Hispanic communities in the United States tend to have a higher risk factor for illnesses, they tend to have a longer life expectancy than non-Hispanics with the same health problems. Several studies have attributed this to family cohesion.

Hispaniola

The large Caribbean Island where Christopher Columbus made his first settlement. The name means "Isle of Spain." It contains two countries: The Dominican Republic on the east, where Columbus landed, and Haiti on the west.

Hmong (also Mong or Muong)

An ethnic group living in southern China, Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand. Laotian civil war in mid-1970s led to an exodus to the United States.

Hmong names

Typically family name first, personal name second, often one-syllable names.

Holocaust

Always capitalize when referring to the murder of 6 million Jews and others during World War II. Lowercase in other uses. The word holocaust is derived from the Greek words "holos" (whole) and "kaustos" (burned), and was historically used to describe a sacrificial offering burned on an altar. The lowercase term holocaust was used to describe the violent deaths of large groups of people beginning in the 18th century, according the Oxford English Dictionary, and was used by Winston Churchill and others to refer to the genocide of Armenians during World War I. The English translation of the Proclamation of Independence establishing the state of Israel in 1948 mentions the survivors of "the Nazi holocaust in Europe." In the years after that, the word gained wide usage to describe the genocide of the Jews by the Nazis. It's been speculated that use of the word holocaust to describe that event may stem in part from the role of fire as a tool of mass destruction in the extermination camps, where the bodies of victims were burned in crematoria and open blazes. In Israel and France, Shoʾah, a biblical Hebrew word meaning "catastrophe," became the preferred term for the genocide, after the release of Claude Lanzmann's 1985 documentary of that name. The term Shoʾah emphasizes the annihilation of the Jews-not the totality of Nazi victims, which also included Germans deemed intellectually, physically, or emotionally unfit; as well as the Roma people (pejoratively known as Gypsies), gay people, and Jehovah's Witnesses. Because of its associations with genocide, some people may object to use of the word holocaust in other contexts, according to The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. For more about the Holocaust, see the website of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Updated April 2021

Holy See

A term of reverence for the Diocese of Rome, it is used to refer to the pope and his Curia, the Roman Catholic Church's administrative offices, when official church actions are taken. The Holy See refers to an entity that is distinct from the city-state of the Vatican, although the two terms are often used interchangeably. For more about the Holy See, see the Vatican's website.

Holy Spirit

The third entity of the Christian Trinity of God, Son and Holy Spirit. Christians believe the Holy Spirit leads people to belief in Jesus and dwells in each Christian. The Holy Spirit is depicted in Christian art as an ascending dove bathed in light or as a flame. Once called the Holy Ghost, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries the term Holy Spirit came into use. It is now the preferred term.

Holy Thursday

The day before Good Friday, when Jesus had his Last Supper with his disciples, washed their feet and instituted Holy Communion. In the Catholic Church, Lent ends whenever the Holy Thursday service begins in any given parish. Also called Maundy Thursday.

Holy Week

In Christianity, the week that begins with Palm Sunday and concludes with Easter Sunday. Palm Sunday commemorates Jesus' triumphal entry into Jerusalem, and Easter commemorates his rising from the dead. Also includes Holy Thursday, which commemorates the Last Supper (Jesus' final meal with his disciples), and Good Friday, the day of Christ's Crucifixion. The Roman Catholic Church has redesignated the period as Passion Week, but Holy Week is still the generally used and preferred term.

homeless

An individual who lacks a fixed, regular and adequate nighttime residence. Some people prefer the term unhoused. When possible, ask which term people prefer. Use person-first language: people experiencing homelessness; avoid homeless people or the homeless.

homo

Pejorative term for homosexual. Use only if there is a compelling reason.

homophobia

Fear, hatred or dislike of homosexuality, gay men and lesbians. Restrict to germane usage, such as in quotations or opinions. Use LGBT right opponents or a similar phrase instead of homophobes when describing people who disagree with LGBT rights activism. See biphobia

homosexual

As a noun, a person who is attracted to members of the same sex. As an adjective, of or relating to sexual and affectional attraction to a member of the same sex. Use only in medical contexts or in reference to sexual activity. For other usages, see gay, lesbian.

Hong Kong

Former British colony. Independent of Britain in 1997 and now one of China's two "special administrative regions" (the other is Macau). Capitalist after many years of British rule, Hong Kong's character was preserved by agreement with the British under China's "One Country, Two Systems" policy. There is continuing tension over what that policy means.

hookah

hujjaj

Travelers on a hajj pilgrimage.

humanist

A rationalist who believes that humanity is capable of morality and self-fulfillment without reliance on supernaturalism.

husband

Acceptable term for a male, legally married partner of a man. Ask which term the subject prefers, if possible. See lover, partner, husband.

hysteria

This term is sometimes used to describe people, especially women, who are frenzied or frantic, overly emotional or out of control. It originates from the Greek word hystera, meaning uterus. The condition was first described in the ancient Egyptian Kahun Papyrus, which dates to 1900 BC and identifies the cause of hysterical disorders to movement of the uterus within the female body. The term hysteria was used in the 19th century and early 20th century to describe "a neurotic condition peculiar to women and thought to be caused by a dysfunction of the uterus," according to the Online Etymology Dictionary. Its meaning changed over time to mean "unhealthy emotions or excitement." In the 19th and early 20th centuries, doctors sometimes "healed" women with so-called hysteria with a clitoridectomy, or surgical removal of the clitoris. Until the 1950s doctors used "hysteria" to describe multiple mental health conditions, primarily affecting women. In 1980 the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders finally removed hysteria from its list of psychiatric disorders. The term, along with the related terms hysterical and hysteric, is pejorative and should be used with caution.

identify as/identifies a

Avoid the phrase "identifies as" to write about a trans person's gender when replacing it with "is" doesn't change the meaning of the sentence. This language questions a trans person's gender by calling it an "identity" instead of just stating someone is non-binary or a man/woman. Journalists never write about cis people's genders this way. Extend the same respect to the trans people. It is only acceptable to use this language when quoting a trans source. Instead use: is Updated February 2021

idol

Be cautious in using this word because it can imply that something is a false god. For example, do not use idol to refer to the representations Hindus use in worshipping. The correct term to use is murti. For similar reasons, idol worship is also inaccurate.

illegal alien

Avoid. Alternative terms are undocumented worker or undocumented immigrant. The pertinent federal agencies use this term for individuals who do not have documents to show they can legally visit, work or live here. Many find the term offensive and dehumanizing because it criminalizes the person rather than the actual act of illegally entering or residing in the United States. The term does not give an accurate description of a person's conditional U.S. status, but rather demeans an individual by describing them as an alien. At the 1994 Unity convention, the four minority journalism groups - NAHJ, Asian American Journalists Association, Native American Journalists Association and National Association of Black Journalists - issued the following statement on this term: "Except in direct quotations, do not use the phrase illegal alien or the word alien, in copy or in headlines, to refer to citizens of a foreign country who have come to the U.S. with no documents to show that they are legally entitled to visit, work or live here. Such terms are considered pejorative not only by those to whom they are applied but by many people of the same ethnic and national backgrounds who are in the U.S. legally." [In February 2021, Tracy Renaud, the acting leader of US Citizenship and Immigration Services, issued a memo instructing the agency's leadership to make the following changes: to no longer refer to people as "illegal alien," "alien," or "undocumented alien" in internal and external communications, and to instead use the terms "noncitizen," "undocumented noncitizen," or "undocumented individual."]* *updated Feb. 17, 2021

illegal immigrant, illegal alien, illegals

Avoid these terms when referring to immigration status. Use undocumented immigrant or undocumented worker instead. Illegal immigrant is a term used to describe the immigration status of people who do not have the federal documentation to show they are legally entitled to work, visit or live here. People who are undocumented according to federal authorities do not have the proper visas to be in the United States legally. Many enter the country illegally, but a large number of this group initially had valid visas, but did not return to their native countries when their visas expired. Some former students fall into the latter category. The term criminalizes the person rather than the actual act of illegally entering or residing in the United States without federal documents. Terms such as illegal alien or illegal immigrant can often be used pejoratively in common parlance and can pack a powerful emotional wallop for those on the receiving end. Never use illegal(s) as a noun. Updated February 2021

illegal, illegals

Avoid. Alternative terms are undocumented immigrant or undocumented worker. This term has been used to describe the immigration status of people who do not have the federal documentation to show they are legally entitled to work, visit or live here. The term criminalizes the person rather than the actual act of illegally entering, residing in the U.S. without documents.

imam

Pronounced "ee-MAHM." In everyday use, any person [in the Muslim community] who leads a congregational prayer. Traditionally, only men have been imams, although women are allowed to serve as imams for other women. To lead prayers, one does not have to be a cleric. In a more formal sense, an imam is a religious leader, but can also be a political leader. Many Shiites believe imams are intercessors with God; many also believe in the Twelve Imams, descendants of Prophet Muhammad whom they consider his rightful successors. The Twelfth Imam disappeared from the world in 873, but followers of Twelve Imams Shiism believe that he is still alive and will return as the Mahdi, or "the guided one," who will restore righteousness before the end of the world. On first reference, uppercase imam when preceding a proper name. On second reference, use only the person's last name. Uppercase imam when referencing the Twelve Imams.

immigrant

Similar to reporting about a person's race, mentioning that a person is a first-generation immigrant could be used to provide readers or viewers with background information, but the relevancy of using the term should be made apparent in the story. Also, the status of undocumented workers should be discussed between source, reporter and editors because of the risk of deportation.

implicit bias, unconscious bias

Attitudes that unconsciously affect [people's] decisions and actions. People often think of bias as intentional, i.e. someone wanted to say something racist. However, brain science has shown that people are often unaware of their bias, and the concept of implicit bias helps describe a lot of contemporary racist acts that may not be overt or intentional. Implicit bias is just as harmful, so it is important to talk about race explicitly and to take steps to address it. Institutions are composed of individuals whose biases are replicated and then produce systemic inequities. It is possible to interrupt implicit bias by adding steps to decision-making processes that thoughtfully consider and address racial impacts.

independent living

A housing arrangement designed for those aged 55 and over who can live with little or no assistance. Housing types can vary from apartment-style living to freestanding homes. In general, the housing is more accommodating to the needs of older adults, and may be more compact, with easier navigation and no maintenance or yard work required. While residents live independently, most independent living communities offer amenities, activities and services.

Indian Country

Indian Country is a legal term used in Title 18 of the U.S. Code. It broadly defines federal and tribal jurisdiction in crimes affecting Indians on reservations. It also has popular usage, describing reservations and areas with Native American populations.

Indian languages

India has 14 officially recognized languages. In addition there are many more fully developed languages. They are distinct and are not merely separate dialects of the same language, there there are many dialects, too. India's 2001 census found 29 languages with 1 million or more native speakers. The most prevalent, Hindi, was spoken by more than 40 percent of Indians. The next seven languages by popularity were Bengali, Telegu, Marathi, Tamil, Urdu, Guajarathi and Kanada. Combined, those languages were used by another 40 percent of Indians.

Indian, Indian American

Use Indian or person from India to refer to a person with ancestral ties to India. Use Indian American to refer to a U.S. permanent resident or citizen with ancestral ties to India. Do not confuse with American Indian. Do not use to refer to indigenous peoples of the United States. REFERENCE: 100 Questions & Answers About Indian Americans

Indigenous

While an official definition of Indigenous is not agreed on, the United Nations has developed an understanding of the term based on self-identification, historical continuity to pre-colonial and/or pre-settler societies, links to territories and resources, distinct social, economic and political systems and possession of distinct languages, cultures and beliefs. In the case of the United States, tribal membership or citizenship denotes Indigenous identity. These factors make the words Indigenous and Aboriginal identities, not adjectives, and NAJA urges outlets to capitalize these terms in order to avoid confusion between indigenous plants and animals and Indigenous human beings. Finally, avoid referring to Indigenous people as possessions of states or countries. Instead of Wyoming's Indigenous people try the Indigenous people of Wyoming. [There are an estimated 370 million Indigenous peoples worldwide, living in 70 different countries, according to the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues.]

indigenous religion

Refers to the myriad religious traditions of local and regional societies where language, kinship systems, mythologies and rituals shape religious practices that may borrow from traditional religion but are unique to the local culture.

Indo

A modifier used to denote something of Indian origin or with an India connection; similar to "Sino" for China. eg: "Indo-U.S. relations" or "Indo-Americans" (preferred term: Indian-Americans).Also increasingly used to refer to the South Asian diaspora and not just India the country. eg: "Indo-American art" may refer to art by South Asians of all backgrounds, not just India.

Indochina

Caution: Refers to Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos, but not nearby Thailand and Burma (Myanmar). Some say term has a colonialist connotation.

Indonesian names

Many have two names, but having only one name is also common. Muslims have complex name rules.

infantile paralysis

Infantile paralysis is short for poliomyelitis and was commonly used in the past to describe polio. Its symptoms include muscle weakness and paralysis. Jonas Salk introduced the polio vaccine in the 1950s and drastically reduced cases of polio in the U.S.Use the term polio rather than infantile paralysis. It is preferable to say "He had polio as a child" or "She contracted polio as an adult" rather than "He suffers from polio" or "He is a victim of polio."

injury/injuries

The word injury is commonly used to describe any harm, damage or impairment to an individual as the result of an accident or other event. Refer to injuries as being sustained or received, not suffered, unless the person in question prefers "suffered."

inmate

Avoid this term when referring to a person who is incarcerated. The Marshall Project, a nonpartisan, nonprofit news organization that covers the U.S. criminal justice system, recommends referring to people who are confined in correctional facilities with constructions that include "person" or "people," a subject's name and/or fixed biographical characteristics like age or state. Examples: incarcerated people imprisoned people people in prison people in jail people jailed in X facility formerly incarcerated people John Doe, who was incarcerated at FCI Memphis Jane Doe, who is serving 12 years in FCI Dublin A 34-year-old detained in Los Angeles County Jail Imprisoned in 1989, Joe Doe has filed an appeal

inner city

The term inner city has been used as a euphemism for lower-income residential districts, sometimes - but not exclusively - referring to Black neighborhoods in a downtown or city center. Instead, use neutral adjectives like city center, downtown or central urban when referring to city neighborhoods and words like under-resourced or low-income when referring to neighborhoods or communities with high poverty rates.

insane asylum/mental health hospital/psychiatric hospital

Hospitals that cared for people with various mental illnesses, often for long periods of time, were once commonly referred to as insane asylums. The term has largely gone out of use as objectionable and inaccurate. Mental health hospital or psychiatric hospital are the preferred terms to describe medical facilities specifically devoted to treating people with mental disabilities.

insane, incompetent

The terms insane, insanity and mentally deranged are commonly used informally to denote mental instability or mental illness but can be considered offensive. The medical profession favors use of the terms mental disorder or psychopathology. In U.S. criminal law, insanity is a legal question, not a medical one. Use mental illness or mental disorder instead of insane or mentally deranged, except in a quote or when referring to a criminal defense.

inscrutable

Caution. Synonym for mysterious, but considered a racially charged adjective, particularly when used to describe Asians or Asian Americans.

institutional racism

When policies and practices put people who are not of the dominant race at a disadvantage. This happens in government, business, education at all levels, news and entertainment media and other systems. Housing policies that turn away single parents, parents with more children or people with lower incomes can be forms of institutional racism. Hiring and promotion patterns can reflect institutional racism. It was a factor in a wave of protests on college campuses that began in 2015. School discipline systems that disproportionately send Black students into the criminal justice system have been called "the school-to-prison pipeline." When people say an institution is racist, they may not be referring to intent, but to the structures and policies of the institution. See systemic racism, White privilege.

intellectual disability

A disability that involves "significant limitations both in intellectual functioning (reasoning, learning, problem solving) and in adaptive behavior, which covers a range of everyday social and practical skills," according to the American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities. Those with IQ test scores of 75 or lower are considered intellectually disabled. Intellectual disabilities typically develop in individuals before the age of 18. This contrasts with congenital disorders such as Down syndrome, which develop before or at birth. Use people-first language, stating that someone is a person with an intellectual disability rather than referring to the person as intellectually disabled.

intelligent design

The belief that some aspects of life forms are so complex that they must reflect the design of a conscious, rational intelligence. Proponents do not identify the designer, but most people involved in the debate assume that intelligent design refers to God. Many supporters of intelligent design reject the theory of evolution and support the idea of creationism. Most intelligent design supporters do not believe that life forms share a common ancestor, although some do.

interdenominational

A congregation or organization that is formally approved or under the jurisdiction of more than one denomination. It is not a synonym for nondenominational.

interfaith

This refers to activities or events that draw people from entirely different religious traditions, such as Christians, Jews, Buddhists and Muslims. It is not a synonym for ecumenical, which refers to a multiplicity of Christian traditions, or interdenominational.

internment, Japanese

During World War II, the incarceration of 120,000 men, women and children of Japanese ancestry, two-thirds of them U.S. citizens. They were ordered to sell their homes and businesses, usually at a steep discount, to whites and then move to "relocation centers." The last internees were released in 1946. Some advocates urge the use of "incarceration" instead of internment as a more accurate depiction. For more information about Japanese American incarceration, see the website of the Japanese American National Museum.

interpreters

Caution. An interview subject may speak limited or otherwise inadequate English. Use of another member of the family as an interpreter can yield flawed translations. A daughter, for example, may hesitate to completely translate her mother's words or the daughter's vocabulary (in English or the parent's native language) may itself be limited. If deadline permits, have an independent native speaker listen to a recording of the original interview.

intersectionality

A lens that recognizes identities such as gender, race, class, sexual orientation and others cannot be examined in isolation from one another; they interact and intersect in individuals' lives, in society and in social systems. This lens also can help clarify the ways an individual, such as a White gay man, can simultaneously experience privilege and oppression.

intersex (adj.)

An umbrella term describing people born with reproductive or sexual anatomy and/or a chromosome pattern that can't be classified as typically male or female. Those variations are also sometimes referred to as Differences of Sex Development (DSD.) Avoid the outdated and derogatory term "hermaphrodite." While some people can have an intersex condition and also identify as transgender, the two are separate and should not be conflated.

intifada

This Islamic term for shaking, uprising and insurrection generally is used to refer to the Palestinian resistance of the Israeli occupation of the Gaza Strip and the West Bank. Specific events mark the beginnings of different intifadas.

invalid

The Oxford English dictionary defines invalid as "a person made weak or disabled by illness or injury." It is probably the oldest term for someone with physical conditions that are considered seriously limiting. However, it is such a general term that it fails to accurately describe a person's condition and is now widely viewed as offensive in that it implies that a person lacks abilities. Avoid using invalid to describe a person with a disability except when quoting someone.

Iranian names

A Persian or Iranian name consists of a given name, sometimes more than one, followed by a family name. Many of the names in the Alf Layla wa-Layla, or "The Thousand Nights and One Night" are Persian, including Scheherazade (various spellings).

Islam

Religion founded in seventh-century Mecca by the Prophet Muhammad, who said Allah (God), through the Angel Gabriel, revealed the Quran to him between 610 and 632, the year of his death. Followers of Islam are called Muslims. They worship in a mosque, and their weekly holy day is Friday. Islam is the second-largest religion in the world, after Christianity. After Muhammad's death, Islam split into two distinct branches - Sunni and Shiite - in an argument over who would succeed him. Sunnis make up an estimated 85 percent of all Muslims. Shiites are the majority in Iran, Iraq, Lebanon and Bahrain, while Sunnis are the majority in other Islamic countries. In Sunni and Shiite Islam, there are various madhhabs, or schools of thought, and other theological traditions. There is no central religious authority, so theological and legal interpretations can vary from region to region, country to country and even mosque to mosque. Capitalize all Islamic titles when used before a name and lowercase otherwise. Use the title and name on first reference and only the person's last name after that. Shiites and Sunnis use a few of the same religious titles but differ on others. Shiites have a more-defined hierarchy than Sunnis. For example, Sunnis call people who lead congregational prayers imams, while Shiites almost exclusively reserve imam to refer to any of the 12 descendants of the Prophet Muhammad who Shiites believe were his rightful successors. Sheikh, on the other hand, is used in both communities, but can be used either as term of respect - to address older men, for example - or for a formally trained scholar. Among Sufi Muslims, sheikh holds a more exclusive status that is reserved for highly trained scholars and heads of Sufi orders. Among Shiites, mullahs are lower-level clergy who generally have only rudimentary religious education. A hujjat al-Islam is more learned than a mullah but does not have the authority to issue legal rulings. Mujtahids and faqihs are jurists with the authority to issue rulings. A higher-level mujtahid is a marja, the most educated of whom are called ayatollahs. In addition to imam and sheikh, Sunni titles include mufti and grand mufti, which indicate a higher status usually conferred by an institution. Grand muftis are usually the top religious scholar in a country. Because the Quran is in Arabic, it is a common misconception that all Arabs are Muslim and all Muslims are Arab; neither is true.

Islamic

An adjective used to describe the religion of Islam. It is not synonymous with Islamist. Muslim is a noun and is the proper term for individual believers.

Islamic fundamentalist

The term fundamentalist, whether applied to Muslims or Christians, is a largely American construct that implies politically conservatism and, sometimes, extremism. Some groups make no distinction between their cause and their interpretation of the religion. Careful reporting doesn't assume that religion is the sole basis for political actions. The term Islamic fundamentalist has been used to refer to people who cite Islam to justify political actions. Fairness and accuracy mean attributing political actions to the group, government or party responsible, and not just to the religion, which may have millions of followers with different beliefs. Avoid constructions like Muslim bomb.

Islamist

Follow AP style, which defines the term as an "advocate or supporter of a political movement that favors reordering government and society in accordance with laws prescribed by Islam" and gives this guidance: "Do not use as a synonym for Islamic fighters, militants, extremists or radicals, who may or may not be Islamists. Where possible, be specific and use the name of militant affiliations: al-Qaida-linked, Hezbollah, Taliban, etc. Those who view the Quran as a political model encompass a wide range of Muslims, from mainstream politicians to militants known as jihadi."

Islamophobia

Fear and prejudice against Muslims based on the idea that Islam is inferior and barbaric and cannot adapt to new realities. It also encompasses the belief that Western and Eastern civilizations have irreconcilable differences in political, economic and social beliefs. Islamophobia existed before Sept. 11, 2001, although attacks on Muslims have grown since then. A 2010 Gallup report found that 48 percent of Muslim Americans said they had been discriminated against in the previous year, and that anti-Islam sentiments had been increasing. Read more about Islamophobia and anti-Muslim sentiment in the West in this Gallup report.

Issei, issei

Term for Japanese immigrants originating from the Japanese language term for "first generation." In the American context, the term is generally understood to apply to those who migrated prior to the cessation of Japanese immigration to the U.S. under the dictates of the Immigration Act of 1924, the bulk arriving after 1885. The vast majority of Issei were thus middle-aged or older during World War II. Other generational terms include Nisei (second generation) for the American born children of the Issei, Sansei (third generation) for the grandchildren of the Issei and Yonsei (fourth generation) for their great-grandchildren. Postwar immigrants from Japan are understood to be a distinct group sometimes referred to as Shin-Issei, the prefex "shin" being "new" in Japanese. [Some Japanese-American institutions, such as Densho Encyclopedia, the digital educational resource on Japanese American internment and Japanese incarceration, capitalize the first letter of Issei, Nisei, Sansei, Yonsei, Gosei, etc. Others capitalize the words when they are used in a generational context, but lowercase those same words when referring to an individual. For example, "Nisei soldiers of World War II" has a generational context. However, you might say, "My uncle, a nisei, served in the 442nd Regimental Combat Team." Some institutions lowercase the words unless they are part of a proper noun, such as Nisei Farmers League.] See Nisei/nisei, Sansei/sansei, Yonsei/yonsei.

Jainism

A sect established in India in the sixth century B.C. as a revolt against Hinduism. It teaches that the way to bliss and liberation from the cycle of birth and rebirth is to live a life of harmlessness and renunciation. Jains do not believe in a creator god; God is any soul who has been liberated from the cycle of birth and rebirth. The supreme principle is nonviolence; Jains believe plants and animals have souls, just as people do, and should be treated with respect and compassion.

Jap

Avoid, a slur. A legacy of World War II.

Japanese names

In Japan, typically family name first, personal name second. But in the United States, Western word order is common. Women's names often end in -ko, or "child," as in Michiko.

Jehovah's Witness

A religious group that believes in one God, referred to by the Hebrew name Jehovah. Jesus is considered to be Lord and Savior but inferior to God. Jehovah's Witnesses are not recognized as Christian by the Catholic, Orthodox or Protestant traditions, primarily because they do not believe in the Trinity. Adherents do not salute the flag, bear arms or participate in politics. They also refuse blood transfusions. Jehovah's Witnesses have no formal clergy titles and do not use honorifics such as the Rev. They refer to baptized members who evangelize as publishers and those who devote greater time to ministry activities as regular pioneers. Full-time workers are called special pioneers. Their gathering places are called Kingdom Halls, not churches.

Jew

Follower of the Jewish faith. Tradition holds that people are Jewish if their mothers are Jewish or if they have gone through a formal process of conversion, but some Jews argue for a more liberal definition. Many Jews consider themselves "secular Jews" whose connection to Judaism is cultural or ethnic rather than spiritual. Jews believe that God called their ancestor, Abraham, to be the father of their nation, [and that through him and his descendants a covenant was transmitted to future generations.] Use Jew for men and women. [Never use jew as a verb, as in he jewed me down. This colloquial expression, meaning to bargain with or to get a lower price, is offensive.] Updated April 2021

Jews for Jesus

This is a proper name of an organization founded by Jews who converted to evangelical Christianity, but see that faith as a fulfillment of the Jewish hope in the Messiah. The organization is part of a broader group of converts who call themselves "Messianic Jews." Jews for Jesus are known for proselytizing to Jews. They observe Jewish holidays, speak Hebrew in their services, read from the Torah and refer to Jesus by the Hebrew name Yeshua. They also call their houses of worship synagogues and their clergy rabbis. Mainstream Jewish groups consider Messianic Judaism deceptive and do not want such converts to call themselves Jews of any kind. Messianic Jews and Jews for Jesus should never be grouped together with mainstream Jews in stories or listings. When reporting on them, clearly state that they are Christian by faith, though Jewish by culture or ethnicity.

jihad

An Arabic word that translates as "struggle" or "striving." It is most commonly used to describe an inward, spiritual struggle for holiness, though traditionally it has also been used to describe defensive military action against non-Muslims. Today militant Muslims use it to call for aggressive armed strikes against non-Muslims, including civilians, and against other Muslims whom they consider impure - all acts condemned by mainstream Islam. Although many in the media translate jihad as "holy war," it does not mean that literally, and the majority of Muslims do not use it that way.

Jim Crow

Jim Crow laws enforced strict segregation between black and white people. The laws were enforced primarily in the South and were used to justify segregation for almost 80 years. They restricted African Americans' access to businesses and public amenities including schools, transportation, housing, retail and restaurants, bathrooms, drinking fountains and more. These laws discouraged interaction between the races, and often cast black people as second-class citizens. Many resisted Jim Crow laws. One was 15-year-old Claudette Colvin, who in March, 1955, refused to give up her seat to a white man and move to the back of the bus in Montgomery, Alabama. Colvin was arrested. Nine months later, Rosa Parks was arrested for doing that, too. [According to the National Association of Black Journalists Style Guide, "Jim Crow was the name of a routine performed by Daddy Rice, a white minstrel show entertainer in the 1830s. Rice covered his face with charcoal paste or burnt cork and sang and danced in caricature of a silly black person. Jim Crow became a racial epithet and synonymous with the brutal segregation and disenfranchisement of African Americans."]

Judaism

The religion of the Jewish people. With its 4,000-year history, it is one of the first recorded monotheistic faiths and one of the oldest religious traditions still practiced today. Its beliefs and history are a major foundation for other Abrahamic religions, including Christianity and Islam. It traces a covenant between the Jewish people and God that began with Abraham and continued through Jacob, Moses, David [as well as and others to today's modern Jews. Jews believe that the Messiah will one day establish a divine kingdom on earth, opening an era of peace and bliss. They believe that God called their ancestor, Abraham, to be the father of their nation, which works toward the goal of establishing this kingdom. Throughout history, Jews have been heavily persecuted. The Holocaust is the most high-profile example. The modern Jewish state of Israel was established in 1948. There are three major branches of Judaism. Reform Jews are the largest branch in the U.S., followed by Conservative and Orthodox Jews. Reconstructionist Judaism and Renewal Judaism are smaller branches that developed in the 20th century. Reform Judaism: Reform Jews believe that the spirit of Jewish law can be adapted to time and place, so they tend to emphasize social justice issues more than dietary laws, Sabbath rules and other particulars of traditional Jewish life. They are represented by the Union for Reform Judaism and the Central Conference of American Rabbis, both based in New York City. The Religious Action Center of Reform Judaism, based in Washington, D.C., is the political voice of the movement. Orthodox Judaism: Orthodox Jews practice strict adherence to traditional Jewish laws, including the rules that prohibit work on the Sabbath and kosher dietary laws that prohibit such things as eating pork products or shellfish and eating meat and dairy products together. Some Orthodox Jews might consider themselves "modern Orthodox," meaning that the men do not keep long beards or wear traditional garb. Most Orthodox congregations are represented nationally by the [Orthodox Union,] and most of its rabbis are members of the Rabbinical Council of America. Conservative Judaism: Conservative Jews follow a middle path between Reform and Orthodox Judaism. Congregations and individuals vary in terms of how observant they are of dietary laws, and though some do not, many drive to synagogue on the Sabbath. They are represented nationally by the United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism and the Rabbinical Assembly. Reconstructionist Judaism: A 20th-century movement, founded by Rabbi Mordechai Kaplan, that views Judaism as a social rather than a God-centered phenomenon. Reconstructionists generally do not believe the Hebrew Scriptures are divinely inspired, reject the idea of God as male or female, are less hierarchical and believe that Jewish law as a guiding principle isn't binding. Reconstructionist rabbis are ordained at the Reconstructionist Rabbinical College in Wyncote, Pa. [Jewish Renewal: Jewish Renewal is a transdenominational approach to revitalizing Judaism, according to Aleph, the Alliance for Jewish Renewal. It combines "the socially progressive values of egalitarianism, the joy of Hasidism, the informed do-it-yourself spirit of the havurah movement, and the accumulated wisdom of centuries of tradition."]

Juneteenth

Oldest known celebration of slavery's ending. From its Galveston, Texas, origin in 1865, the observance of June 19th as black Emancipation Day commemorates freedom and emphasizes education and achievement. It is a day, a week and, in some areas, a month marked with celebrations, speakers, picnics and family gatherings.

Kaaba

Pronounced "KAH-bah." A black, cube-shaped building, about 40 feet tall, in Mecca. Islam's most important mosque was built around the kaaba. Muslims believe that Abraham built the kaaba hundreds of years before the time of Muhammad, whose family belonged to the tribe that cared for the building. The stone kaaba has been rebuilt several times. The "black stone," a relic installed in the kaaba's eastern corner, is said to be from heaven and to date back to the time of Adam and Eve. The kaaba symbolizes the truth, and Muslims set their compass to the truth no matter where they are. This is why they face the kaaba to pray. There are normally people praying around the kaaba at all times. Pilgrims on hajj pray while circling it seven times. Also spelled Ka'bah.

Kabbalah

A doctrine of ancient Jewish mysticism that provides a path for humans to achieve an understanding of the divine mysteries of God and the universe. It teaches that such understanding can only be attained by praying and contemplating the hidden meanings of the Hebrew words and letters of the Torah. It had its greatest following in Europe during the 13th and 14th centuries. Preferred spelling is Kabbalah. Uppercase in all references.

kafiyyeh

A checked scarf-like garment worn on the head by some Arab men. It is traditional, not religious; the kafiyyeh shows identity and pride in culture. Different styles and colors of the kafiyyeh can have significance. May also be spelled keffiyeh or kufiya.

karaoke

Karaoke originated in Japan in the 1970s and means "empty orchestra." In karaoke bars, patrons sing along to recordings of the instrumental parts of popular songs. Karaoke has become a popular way to socialize and relax in other Asian countries, as well. Karaoke came to the United States in the 1990s.

karma

In Buddhism and Hinduism, the universal law of cause and effect; the effect (or fruits) of a person's actions in one's next lifetime. Lowercase in all references.

Kashrut

The body of Jewish law dealing with what foods observant Jews can and cannot eat and how those foods must be prepared and eaten, according to Judaism 101. "Kashrut comes from the Hebrew root Kaf-Shin-Reish, meaning fit, proper or correct. It is the same root as the more commonly known word kosher, which describes food that meets these standards. The word kosher can also be used, and often is used, to describe ritual objects that are made in accordance with Jewish law and are fit for ritual use." See kosher.

keloid

A raised scar that can develop after skin injury. During healing process, the skin cells overproduce, creating a dense, dome-shaped formation. People of African or Asian descent are more likely to get keloids than those with lighter skin.

kesh

The wearing of long uncut hair by Sikhs as a symbol of respect for the natural perfection of God's creation. It is one of the articles of faith known as the Five K's (or kakars) - outward symbols of Sikh faith - ordered by Guru Gobind Singh in 1699.

killing fields

Massacre of civilians in Cambodia by the Communist Khmer Rouge in mid-1970s. Broadly, any site of mass killing. Coined by Dith Pran (1942-2008), a Cambodian refugee and later a photojournalist for The New York Times. Also the title of an Academy Award-winning film (1984) chronicling Dith's epic escape from Cambodia.

kippa, kippah

Koran

Quran is the preferred spelling and is capitalized in all references. The spelling Koran should only be used if it is in a specific title or name. See Quran.

Korean names

Typically family name first, followed by two-part personal name. But many Korean Americans have adopted Western name order. Rules differ for men and women. In Korea, more than a third of the population comes from three historically large clans: Kim, Lee and Park. Add Choi and Chong and the proportion exceeds half.

kosher

In Judaism, refers to ritually pure food prepared in accordance with Jewish dietary laws. Lowercase in all references. Kashrut is the term for Jewish dietary laws, while kosher is the adjective.

Ku Klux Klan

Official name, Knights of the Ku Klux Klan; founded in 1915, a secret organization directed against blacks, Catholics, Jews and other groups. There are 42 separate organizations known as the Klan in America. Some do not use the full name Ku Klux Klan, but all may be called that, and the KKK initials may be used for any on second reference. The two largest Klan organizations are the National Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, based in Stone Mountain, Ga., and the United Klans of America, based in Tuscaloosa, Ala. An Imperial Board, composed of leaders from the various groups, meets occasionally to coordinate activities. Capitalize formal titles before a name: Imperial Wizard James R. Venable, Grand Dragon Dale Reusch. Members are Klansmen or Klanswomen.

kufi

A skullcap worn by some Muslims.

Kwanzaa

A celebration of African heritage and principles. It occurs Dec. 26 through Jan. 1. It grew out of the Black Nationalist Movement in the mid 1960s. Kwanzaa was created by Dr. Maulana Karenga, chairman of Black Studies at California State University. From the Swahili phrase "first fruits of the harvest," Kwanzaa celebrates seven principles, which are also identified in the East African language. They are: umoja (unity) kujichagulia (self-determination) ujima (collective responsibility) ujamaa (cooperative economics) nia (purpose) kuumba (creativity) imani (faith) Kwanzaa also has seven symbols. They are fruits, vegetables or nuts; a mat; a candleholder; seven candles (three red, three green and one black); corn; gifts and a communal cup signifying unity. Kwanzaa was intended to be independent of religion, though some families celebrate Kwanzaa with religious holidays. For more information about the holiday, see The Official Kwanzaa Web Site.

lama

A Tibetan Buddhist teacher or master. Capitalize when used as a title before a name, as in Lama Surya Das, or when referring to the man who holds the title Dalai Lama.

lame

A word commonly used to describe difficulty walking as the result of an injury to the leg. Some people object to the use of the word lame to describe a physical condition because it is used in colloquial English as a synonym for weak, as in "That's a lame excuse." Avoid using lame to describe a person with a disability except when quoting someone.

Laotian names

Typically family name first, personal name second, often multi-syllable names.

Latin@

This post-internet construction simplifies "Latino/Latina" or "Latino and/or Latina." Some academic departments have put this in their names. According to the University of Wisconsin at Madison Department of Chican@ and Latin@ Studies, "The @ ending ('a' at the center of 'o') offers a simultaneous presentation of both the feminine and masculine word endings of Chicana, Chicano, Latina, and Latino and allows the reader/speaker to choose the form she or he prefers." See Chican@.

Latina/Latino

Umbrella terms referring to residents or citizens of the United States with Latin American ancestry. Latina is the feminine form of Latino and means a woman or girl. Use Latina(s) for a woman or women; use Latino(s) for a man or men. Latino is principally used west of the Mississippi, where it has displaced Chicano and Mexican American. In 2011, the Los Angeles Times amended its style guide to advise journalists to use Latino over Hispanic in virtually all circumstances "in keeping with the practices and sensibilities of residents of our region." Federal policy defines "Latino" not as a race, but as an ethnicity; it notes that Latinos can be of any race. The U.S. Census Bureau uses terms such as "Hispanic or Latino" and "non-Hispanic or Latino" in its survey questions on ethnicity. See Chicana/Chicano, Chican@, Hispanic, Latin@, Latine and Latinx. Updated March 2024

Latine

Latine is a gender-neutral or non-binary alternative to Latino and Latina. This term originated from LGBTQIA+, gender non-binary and feminist communities in Spanish-speaking countries. Latine replaces the "a" and "o" with the gender-neutral Spanish letter "e". The letter "e" can be found in non-gendered Spanish nouns like "estudiante" (student). Latine is pronounced la-TEEN-eh; it's similar to Latino, but replace the "o" with the Spanish "e" sound. Latine is increasingly used among Spanish speakers as it's more easily pronounced than Latinx and can be used in plural forms. Updated March 2024

Latinx

Pronounced "La-teen-ex." A gender-neutral word, increasingly used instead of Latino and/or Latina, to refer to people of Latin American cultural or ethnic identity. The -x suffix replaces the standard o/-a ending of nouns and adjectives, used to signify grammatical gender in Spanish. Its plural is Latinxs. Can also be used as an alternative to Latino or Latina for people who don't necessarily identify as female or male. This could include people who identify as agender, nonbinary, gender non-conforming, genderqueer and gender fluid. Be aware that many people who identify as Latino/a or Hispanic are not familiar with the term Latinx. Only 23% of U.S. adults who self-identified as Hispanic or Latino had heard of the term Latinx, and just 3% said they used it to describe themselves, according to a nationally representative, bilingual survey of U.S. Hispanic adults conducted in December 2019 by Pew Research Center. Read more in this article in Latina magazine. Updated February 2021

Latter-day Saints

See Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, LDS Church, Mormon.

lay person

A member of the laity, rather than the clergy. The terms lay person and lay people are each two words. Layman and laywoman, however, are each one word.

LDS Church

Acceptable on second reference for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Lowercase church when using the shortened term.

Lent

The period of penance and fasting preceding Easter, the Christian celebration of Jesus' Resurrection. Lenten observances are most common in the liturgical traditions, such as Roman Catholicism, Orthodoxy and Anglicanism. The observance of Lent developed through the centuries and sometimes varied in its focus and length. Especially for Western Christians, the currently accepted Lenten period recalls Christ's 40-day fast in the desert and the 40 years that the Israelites wandered in the desert between leaving Egypt and entering the Promised Land. Lent was originally to prepare those being initiated into the church at Easter and was then broadened to include various days of fasting and penance by all believers. In most of the Catholic Church, Lent begins on Ash Wednesday and ends on Holy Thursday. Sundays are not counted as days of Lent. Some, still using the old liturgical calendar, count from Ash Wednesday to Holy Saturday. Since 1969, when the document known as the General Norms for the Liturgical Year and the Calendar was released, the Roman Catholic Church has said that Lent ends at the beginning of the Lord's Supper on Holy Thursday. During Lent, Catholics over 14 and under 65 who are able are called on to fast on Ash Wednesday and Good Friday (that is, to go without a main meal during the day) and to abstain from meat on Fridays. Fish is often substituted. The observance of Lent within Protestantism varies from denomination to denomination, church to church, believer to believer. In recent years, even some nonliturgical Protestants, on their own or through their churches, have taken to observing the Lenten season through fasting and penance.

lesbian

Preferred term, both as a noun and adjective, for women who are attracted to other women. Some women prefer to be called gay rather than lesbian; when possible, ask the subject which term she prefers.

LGBT/GLBT/LGBTQ/LGBTQ+/LGBTQQIA*

LGBT is an abbreviation for "lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender." The Q in LGBTQ can stand for either questioning (still exploring one's sexuality) or queer, or sometimes both and it is sometimes written LGBTQQ. LGBTQ+ represents additional identities including intersex, asexual, pansexual and polyamorous. Other terms, including LGBTQIA and LGBTQQIA, sometimes with a * at the end, are sometimes used to represent this collections of diverse communities. LGBTQ and LGBTQ+ are both acceptable in all references for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer and/or questioning and other sexual and gender minorities. In its most recent style guide, updated in March 2023, NLGJA: The Association of LGBTQ+ Journalists recommends using LGBTQ+ as the umbrella term for these groups, and in 2023, the Associated Press Stylebook revised its style to add the plus sign to LGBTQ. In its Media Reference Guide, 11th edition, GLAAD recommends LGBTQ as the umbrella term. The NLGJA Stylebook notes: "It may be tempting for journalists to refer to the LGBTQ+ community. In reality, it is a broad and sometimes loosely bound group of communities comprising people from all races, religions, cultures and walks of life. Referring to LGBTQ+ people is usually more accurate than defining it as one community." The Diversity Style Guide recommends the more inclusive term LGBTQ+. Do not refer to an individual as LGBTQ or LGBTQ+. Updated March 2023

lifestyle

An inaccurate term sometimes used to describe the lives of gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender people. Sexual orientation may be part of a broader lifestyle but is not one in itself, just as there is no "straight" lifestyle. Avoid. See sexual orientation, sexual preference.

linguistic racism

Linguistic racism is discrimination based on accent, dialect or speech patterns. Acts of linguistic racism can be overt or covert. For example, an overt act would be mocking someone for the way they speak. On a covert level, a person may be told they are unintelligible because they speak with an accent or they may be complimented for speaking English well, even if they were born or grew up speaking that language. Certain languages and dialects are particularly undervalued and seen as inferior to dominant, mainstream languages, such as standard English. People who speak Spanish, Asian languages and African American Vernacular English may be especially likely to experience linguistic racism in the U.S.. Common examples of linguistic racism including comments like: "Where are you from?" "You speak English well for someone who looks like you;" and "You don't sound Black." Added June 2021

little person

See dwarf, midget, short stature.

liturgy

Has two sets of meanings, one for Western Christians and the other for Eastern Christians. Among Roman Catholics and Protestants, lowercase liturgy means a standard set of prayers and practices for public worship. It can also be used as a synonym for the service of worship in churches that use such forms - most commonly the Catholic, Anglican and Lutheran. With reference to Orthodox Christians and Eastern Catholics, uppercase Liturgy; avoid the lowercase use of the word with their churches. Churches that tend to vary their services each week, such as most Baptist, Pentecostal and independent churches, are often called nonliturgical.

Lord

Always capitalize when referring to God in a monotheistic faith, as in Lord Jesus or in Lord Krishna.

lover

Term preferred by some individuals for a gay, lesbian, bisexual or heterosexual person's sexual partner. Girlfriend, boyfriend and partner are alternatives.

Lubavitch, Lubavitcher

One of the largest branches of Hasidic Judaism, it originated in Russia in the 18th century. It was founded by Rabbi Schneur Zalman. In 1940, the Rebbe, or head of the movement, Rabbi Joseph Isaac Schneersohn, emigrated from Poland to America, where he was determined to make the Lubavitch into an American religious movement. Under his successor and son-in-law, Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson, the Lubavitch used various forms of American media and institutions, such as schools and camps, to reach out to American Jews the group felt had not been exposed to "authentic" Judaism. Schneerson died in 1994, and a new leader has not been appointed. Lubavitchers still refer to him as "The Rebbe," while they refer to his father-in-law as "The Previous Rebbe." Some groups regard Schneerson as the Messiah and await his return, while others believe he could have been the Messiah if God had willed it. Still others believe he never died and is living in a way that ordinary people cannot perceive. The branch is also called Chabad-Lubavitch. Chabad comes from an acronym for the Hebrew words for wisdom, comprehension and knowledge. Lubavitch is the name of the town in Russia where the movement was based for more than a century. See Chabad.

lupus

Chronic disease that affects immunity. Normally, the body's immune system makes proteins called antibodies to protect against viruses, bacteria and other foreign materials. Lupus causes the immune system to attack healthy tissues and organs. It can harm various parts of the body, especially the skin, joints, kidneys, lungs, brain and heart. Lupus most often affects black women.

Lutheran

A member of a Protestant denomination that traces its roots to Martin Luther, the 16th-century Roman Catholic priest whose objections to certain practices in the Catholic Church began the Reformation. The two major Lutheran bodies in the U.S. are the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA on second reference) and the smaller Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod (Missouri Synod on second reference). Missouri Synod churches are far more theologically conservative than ELCA churches. There are smaller Lutheran bodies as well. In Lutheran practice, the congregation is the basic unit of government and is usually administered by a council made up of clergy and elected lay people. The council is headed either by the senior pastor or a lay person elected from the council. Some Lutheran branches, including the ELCA, have bishops. Members of the clergy are known as ministers. Pastor applies if a minister leads a congregation. On first reference, use the Rev. and the cleric's full name. On second reference use only the cleric's last name.

madman

See crazy/crazed, psycho, nuts, lunatic, deranged, wacko.

madrassa

A Muslim place of learning usually associated with a mosque.

Mahatma

Sanskrit term for "great soul." Became the honorific for M.K.Gandhi during India's struggle for independence.

mainline Protestant

A designation for a group of moderate-to-liberal Protestant churches. The most prominent are the United Methodist Church, the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, the Presbyterian Church (USA), the Episcopal Church, the United Church of Christ, the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), and the American Baptist Churches in the U.S.A.

Malaysian names

Some Malaysians do not use family names, but, as in Burma, use honorifics. Malaysian Chinese and Malaysian Muslims follow special naming rules.

male-to-female (MtF), female-to-male (FtM)

These terms used to be a common way to describe a trans person. In recent years, they've come to be considered outdated and sometimes offensive descriptors. Journalists should avoid this language unless quoting a trans source. Instead use: trans woman, trans man. Updated February 2021

Mandarin

Caution: important differences from Cantonese. The official language of China and Taiwan, derived from different dialects but not itself a dialect, or regional variety of a language, like Cockney English. The term Mandarin refers to the spoken language. One speaks Mandarin but writes Chinese. While the Cantonese dialect is more prevalent in older American Chinatowns, Mandarin is increasingly spoken in newer Chinatowns. China has one written language using characters understood by anyone who is literate, but many spoken regional dialects such as Shanghainese and Fukienese, which are unintelligible to people from other regions. See Cantonese.

manga

A type of comic that developed in Japan. Manga have evolved stylistically and have become popular around the world. Today, many manga characters have big heads and large expressive eyes. With their complex story lines and some adult content, manga have a broad appeal among children, teens and adults.

manong (mah-nong)/manang (mah-nang)

Manong is a term of respect that precedes the first name of older Filipino men; manang for older Filipina women.

mantra

A syllable, word or phrase with spiritual power, it is chanted or held in the mind in connection with meditation or ritual. Mantras are commonly used by Hindus, Buddhists and Jains and are traditionally drawn from Sanskrit scriptures, such as the Vedas. The adherents of some vernacular texts, such as the Hindi Ramcharitmanas, believe their verses have the power of mantra as well. Some of the more powerful mantras consist of a single syllable, the most popular of which is "om."

marriage

In June 2015, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Obergefell v. Hodges that every American has the constitutional right to marry the person they love. When reporting on marriage for same-sex couples, preferred terminology includes marriage equality and marriage for same-sex couples. Note, the terms gay marriage and same-sex marriage should be avoided, as they can suggest marriage for same-sex couples is somehow different than other marriages.

martial arts

Armed and unarmed fighting sports or skills, mainly of East Asian origin. Unarmed martial arts emphasize striking with the feet and hands or grappling. Influenced substantially by Taoism and Buddhism. Kung fu, judo, karate, kendo and archery influenced American popular culture, including the "Star Wars" films and "The Hunger Games." Derivatives of the unarmed forms of combat can be seen in parkour, the French sport of scaling urban settings seen in the films "District B13″ and the "Mission Impossible" series. Caution, like other Asian iconography, martial-arts imagery can be abused in contexts such as editorial cartoons. See Asia, use and abuse of images from; Buddhism; stereotypes; Taoism.

masjid

Urdu word for mosque, a place of prayer and meeting for Muslims. Shot into the limelight because of a 1992 controversy in India over the Babri Masjid in the northern Indian state of Uttar Pradesh.

mass

A term used by Latin Catholics and some high-church Anglicans for a worship service that includes the celebration of Holy Communion. The term cannot be used for services that do not include Communion, including those in which someone distributes Communion hosts that were consecrated outside of that service. Catholic sources say a Mass is celebrated or said; however, The Associated Press accepts only celebrated. Capitalize when referring to the celebration of worship in the Roman Catholic Church. Lowercase any preceding adjectives, as in funeral Mass. Orthodox Christians call their Eucharistic service the Divine Liturgy.

mass incarceration

Mass incarceration is increased rates of imprisonment resulting from tougher penalties, especially for drug offenses. Arrests and mandatory minimum sentences have fueled this since the 1970s. During this period, African Americans have been locked up in numbers out of proportion with crime rates. According to the American Civil Liberties Union, "five times as many Whites are using drugs as African Americans, yet African Americans are sent to prison for drug offenses at 10 times the rate of Whites." Sentences are also longer. In 2013, the U.S. Sentencing Commission reported that sentences of Black men were almost 20 percent longer than sentences of White men convicted of similar crimes. According to the Southern Coalition for Social Justice, the number of women incarcerated has increased 800 percent over the past three decades. Black and Hispanic women have been imprisoned at greater rates than other women. In 2015, some politicians and law enforcement officials began calling for reforms and releases. [For more about racial disparities in incarceration read the NAACP Criminal Justice Fact Sheet.]

master bedroom/bathroom

The terms master bedroom and master bathroom have been used for years to denote the largest and best-appointed bedrooms and bathrooms in a home. But architects, home builders and real estate professionals have begun to avoid the terms because of their racist and sexist undertones. Instead use terms like owner's suite and primary bedroom.

McCarran-Walter Act

Officially known as the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952, it allowed Asians to apply for citizenship but set immigration quotas from each Asian country at only 100 annually. Liberalization of this law, in 1965, allowed the first large-scale migration of Asians into the United States in the 20th Century.

mehndi

Refers to the traditional Indian and diaspora art of intricate hand and body decoration using dyes from the henna plant. Used mainly by brides during marriage ceremonies, it is now becoming popular as an exotic decoration and a non-permanent "tattoo." In recent years, mehndi has gained attention in the West as a result of its use by Western pop stars and actresses.

MENA, Middle Eastern or North African

Abbreviation for the region known as the Middle East and North Africa. People of MENA descent can mark "White, including Middle Eastern" or "some other race" on Census forms. Use Middle Eastern or North African descent on first reference. If you use the MENA abbreviation, explain it.

mental health

A state of well-being in which someone can cope with common stresses and live and work productively to his or her full potential. Note that cultural differences, subjective assessments and competing professional theories all affect how mental health is defined.

mental health professional

Many different types of professionals may work with individuals who are experiencing mental health challenges, including psychiatrists, psychologists, psychotherapists, social workers, marriage and family therapists and others. Any of these professionals may be qualified to comment on a particular story, though HIPAA regulations may limit the information about a patient he or she can legally share. There are a number of types of mental health professionals. The following broad definitions are sourced from Psychology Today. Psychiatrist: A mental health professional able to prescribe psychotropic medications. Some provide emotional therapy as well as medication management. Psychoanalyst: A specific type of psychotherapist trained to work with both an individual's unconscious and unconscious mind. The field was founded by Sigmund Freud. Psychologist: A mental health professional trained in the discipline of psychology and who often does psychological testing and research.Psychotherapist: An umbrella term for mental health professionals trained to treat people for their health problems. Ask the professional how he or should be identified, based on his or her formal training. Avoid using the word shrink in reference a mental health professional except in a quote.

mental illness, mental health disorder

A health condition that changes a person's thinking, feelings or behavior and that causes the person distress and difficulty in functioning. As with many diseases, mental illness is severe in some cases and mild in others, and is not always obvious. Recognize that the terms mental illness and mental health disorder cover a wide range of conditions, and, whenever possible, the specific diagnosis for an individual should be used rather than the blanket term. Mental illnesses also are known as mental disorders. The most common forms of mental illness are anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and schizophrenia disorders. One in four adults experiences mental illness in a given year, according to the National Alliance on Mental Illness, although severity and symptoms vary widely. For more information on mental illness, see the National Institute for Mental Health. Because of perceived stigma, some people are calling for an end to the use of the term mental illness, suggesting instead terms such as person diagnosed with a psychiatric disorder or person with a mental health history. However, the term is still widely used within the medical and psychiatric professions. The American Psychiatric Association offers a useful guide to media on use of appropriate terms. The association recommends using people-first language to describe mental illness in order to avoid defining a person by his or her disability. She experiences symptoms of psychosis is preferable to she is psychotic; he is living with bipolar disorder is preferable to he is bipolar; and she has autism is preferable to she is autistic. Refer to an individual's mental illness only when it is relevant to the story and the diagnosis comes from a proper source. Whenever possible, specify the specific illness a person has rather than mental illness in general. Always refer to someone with a mental illness as a person first. Use quotes when officials or family members use a term such as a history of mental illness to refer to an individual and indicate when appropriate that the diagnosis has not been confirmed.

mentally retarded, mentally disabled, intellectually disabled, developmentally disabled

The terms mentally retarded, retard and mental retardation were once common terms that are now considered outdated and offensive. In 2010, President Barack Obama signed a measure known as "Rosa's Law" that replaced the term mental retardation with intellectual disability in many areas of government, including federal law. Always try to specify the type of disability being referenced. Otherwise, the terms mental disability, intellectual disability and developmental disability are acceptable. Use people-first language. For example, instead of using the mentally disabled as a collective noun, use people with mental disabilities. At times, words that are considered outdated may be appropriate because of the story's historical context. In those cases, attribute the term or note its historic use. Example: The doctor said he was retarded, a term widely used at the time.

messiah, Messiah

A Hebrew term meaning "the anointed one." For Christians, the one and only Messiah is Jesus Christ. Jews await the coming of the Messiah. Capitalize in religious uses and lowercase in secular cases.

Methodist Episcopal Church

American Protestant denomination whose initial progress in ministering to black Americans was thwarted by segregationist policies. The term Methodist originated as a nickname applied to a group of 18th- century Oxford University students known for their methodical application to Scripture study and prayer. The nation's principal Methodist body is the United Methodist Church, which was formed in 1968 by the merger of the Methodist Church and Evangelical United Brethren Church. It has 10 million members. The three major black denominations are African Methodist Episcopal Church, African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church and Christian Methodist Episcopal Church.

Mexican, Mexican-American

Use "Mexican" when referring to anyone of Mexican citizenship, and use "Mexican American" when referring to those of Mexican ancestry who are permanent residents or citizens of the United States.

microaggressions, racial microaggressions

Slights and snubs based on racial discrimination. Some are unintentional. Microaggressions can be questions or expressions about a person's identity or abilities. They can be behaviors. Racial microaggressions include judgments like "You don't act like a normal Black person," and "You probably can't afford that." They can be actions like locking the car door when a person perceived as a threat walks by. There is evidence these experiences pile up and can hurt mental health and performance at work or school. The term microaggression has been around since the 1970s. According to Columbia University's Dr. Derald Wing Sue, there have been 5,500 microaggression studies since 2005. [For an interesting discussion of the term microaggression, see The Seattle Times' "Under Our Skin" project.]

Middle East

A transcontinental region centered on Western Asia, Southeastern Europe and Northern Africa. According to the Associated Press, the term applies to southwest Asia west of Pakistan and Afghanistan (Iran, Iraq, Israel, Kuwait, Jordan, Lebanon, Oman, Bahrain, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, the eastern part of Turkey known also as Asia Minor, United Arab Emirates and Yemen), and northeastern Africa (Egypt and Sudan). Mideast is also acceptable, but Middle East is preferred. The corresponding adjective is Middle-Eastern and the derived noun is Middle-Easterner.

Middle Passage, the

The transatlantic voyages between Africa and the Americas that claimed the lives of approximately 1.8 million African slaves over a period of about 350 years. An estimated 12 million slaves were packed into slave quarters in the belly of ships. See slavery.

midget

See dwarf, little person, short stature.

midlife

References to people in midlife are more inclusive than using boomer(s), a term identifying one's birth cohort. Midlife generally identifies the years between people's early 40s and early 60s, but precision is somewhat slippery. Be aware that middle age traditionally was considered to begin at age 35, when 70 was regarded as a typical benchmark for very old age. Increasingly, the large and generally active baby boomer generation is likely to extend the concept of midlife well into the 60s, according to Paul Kleyman, editor of Aging Today.

militant

Commonly used to describe an aggressive activist working for a cause; a person eager to engage in a struggle to achieve his or her goal; can be used to mean any individual engaged in warfare, a fight, combat, or generally serving as a soldier. A militant view sometimes constitutes an extremist position. A militant state denotes being in a physically aggressive posture supporting an ideology or cause. Should not be used in place of terrorist. Militant is deemed to be a neutral term, whereas terrorist indicates reprehensible behavior by an individual or organization regardless of the motivations. Avoid using to describe a black person who is simply hostile, belligerent or controversial.

Million Man March

Washington rally held on Oct. 16, 1995, and organized by Nation of Islam leader Louis Farrakhan and the Rev. Benjamin Chavis to draw attention to the social conditions to black men and to urge them to assume control over their lives. Some reports say approximately 900,000 black men congregated on the Washington Mall; march organizers say over a million men were there.

Million Woman March

Philadelphia march and rally held on Oct. 25, 1997, and organized by community activists Asia Coney and Phile Chionesu and seeking to build coalitions within the black community. An estimated 1.5 million black women gathered on Philadelphia's Benjamin Franklin Parkway for the event.

minister

Most Protestant denominations use the term minister to describe their clergy, but it is not a formal title and is not capitalized. It is also used in Catholicism, with a strong distinction drawn between ordained ministers (priests and deacons) and lay ministers (including, for example, Eucharistic ministers, who take Communion to the sick, and youth ministers). The Nation of Islam also uses the term, and in that case it is a title and should be capitalized before the person's name.

minority, racial minority

These terms have historically referred to non-White racial groups, indicating that they were numerically smaller than the dominant White majority. Defining people of color as "minorities" is not recommended because of changing demographics and the ways in which it reinforces ideas of inferiority and marginalization of a group of people. Defining people by how they self-identify is often preferable and more respectful. The term "minority" may be needed in specific cases (such as "minority contracting" and "minority-owned businesses") to reflect data that is collected using those categories. Avoid referring to an individual as a minority. See people of color, model minority.

misgender

The act of referring to someone by the wrong gender. This may involve using incorrect pronouns or using gender-specific words that don't conform to the person's gender identity or gender expression. Some media organizations have adopted the practice of avoiding pronouns and gender-specific words in breaking news coverage such as crime stories when the person's gender can't be confirmed.

mixed-status couple, mixed-status family

Usually refers to couples or families with members who have different immigration status. A mixed-status family, for example, might have a father who is an undocumented immigrant, a mother who is a legal resident and a child who was born in the United States and is a citizen. Mixed-status relationship and mixed-status couple are also sometimes used by health workers to describe a sexual relationship in which one partner is HIV-positive and the other is HIV-negative, according to AIDS.gov, a website managed by the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services.

mixed, mixed-race

See biracial, multiracial, mixed-race, two or more races

model minority

The belief that a particular ethnic, racial or religious group achieves greater success than the population average. In the United States, this myth most often refers to Asians. Concerns are that the myth implies that some people get ahead because of the group they are in, or that group members who do not succeed are inferior. The myth also ignores the history and ongoing experiences of discrimination these groups face and masks socioeconomic diversity within these groups.

Modern Orthodox

A movement within Orthodox Judaism that tends to integrate traditional Jewish practices and beliefs with life in the secular world while retaining a distinctive Jewish identity and presence. Modern Orthodox will keep strictly kosher and carefully observe the Sabbath, and they will often wear a yarmulke, or skullcap, for example, but not always. Former U.S. Sen. Joseph Lieberman is a widely known example of a follower of the Modern Orthodox movement. The term Modern Orthodox is accepted among Jews, but as with any movement it can encompass a wide spectrum of beliefs and behaviors so it is advisable to clarify with the subjects of a story where they see themselves within Modern Orthodoxy.

Mongolian names

Extremely complex naming rules involving patronymics, matronymics and clan names. Beware second reference.

Mongoloid

The term was used in the late 19th century to refer to people who had Down syndrome, due to the similarity of some of the physical characteristics of the disorder to Eastern Asian people who were called Mongoloid, according to the Oxford English dictionary. It is considered a highly derogatory word to describe someone with Down syndrome. Always avoid the use of mongloid to refer to someone with Down syndrome.

Montgomery bus boycott

Yearlong protest in the Alabama city that galvanized the civil-rights movement and led to the 1956 Supreme Court decision declaring segregated seating on buses unconstitutional. See civil rights movement.

Moonie

A derogatory term for a member of the Unification Church. Journalists should not use it except in direct quotes. See Unification Church.

Mormon Church

See Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints.

Moslem

An outdated term for Muslims. It should not be used unless it is part of a proper name.

Motown

Formerly black-owned record company that became the most commercially successful and culturally influential of the 1960s, producing a distinct musical style and many singing icons. Motown Records is now part of the Universal Music Group. Can also be used as an adjective to describe the musical style or city in which it originated, Detroit.

MSM

Abbreviation for "men who have sex with men." It is a behavioral and public health category, used in a medical or scientific context. Does not reference sexual identity and is not synonymous with gay and bisexual men. See down low.

mulatto

A person who has a white parent and a black parent. Avoid using term; considered to be insensitive. Better to use biracial. See biracial.

mullah

A Shiite term for lower-level clergy. Capitalize the title when it precedes a name.

multiple personality disorder

See dissociative identity disorder.

multiple sclerosis (MS)

A disease of the central nervous system that disrupts the flow of information within the brain and between the brain and body, according to the National Multiple Sclerosis Society. MS symptoms vary widely and may include trouble with walking or movement, numbness and vision problems. It is acceptable to describe a person as "someone with multiple sclerosis," followed by a short explanation of how the disease is manifested in that person. Avoid saying a person suffers from or is afflicted with the disease. MS is acceptable on second reference.

Mumbai

The current term for the Indian city previously known as Bombay. Mumbai comes from the local Marathi language. The renaming of some Indian cities and states began with the end of Imperial British rule in 1947. A 1956 reorganization of states, changes to local languages and differences between Indian and British English caused more and changes continue. Other Indian cities have also formally switched to the names in their native languages, including Kolkata, formerly Calcutta.

murti

Pronounced "MOOR-tee." In Hinduism, an image or icon of God used during worship. A manifestation, embodiment or personification of the divine. Do not use the word idol as a synonym.

muscular dystrophy

Muscular dystrophy could refer to any of more than 30 genetic diseases characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the muscles that control movement, according to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Onset could be infancy, childhood, middle age or later. It is acceptable to describe a person as "someone with muscular dystrophy," followed by a short explanation of what the condition entails. Avoid saying a person suffers from or is afflicted with the disease. MD is acceptable on second reference.

Muslim American

Do not hyphenate. Do hyphenate, however, when the term is used as a compound modifier, as in Muslim-American community.

Muslim, Muslims

A Muslim is a follower of Muhammad and the tenets and practices of Islam. The word Muslim is a noun; use the adjective Islamic when referring to the Islamic faith or the Islamic world.

Mx.

Pronounced "mix," Mx. is a gender-neutral courtesy title preferred by some transgender or nonbinary people who do not identify as either male or female and so do not want to use "Mr." or "Ms." It is also sometimes used by people who don't want to reveal their gender. The New York Times, one of the few newspapers that still uses courtesy titles, first used Mx. in an article in 2015. Shortly after, Philip B. Corbett, the associate masthead editor for standards and overseer of The Times' newsroom style manual, wrote a Times Insider column about it.

Myanmar

Pronounced MEE-YAHN-mar. See Burma.

NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People was founded Feb. 12, 1909 by a multiracial group of activists, who called themselves the National Negro Committee. Its founders were Ida Wells-Barnett, W.E.B. DuBois, Henry Moscowitz, Mary White Ovington, Oswald Garrison Villiard and William English Walling. From its beginning, the NAACP's mission has been to improve the legal, educational and economic lives of black people. It is headquartered in Baltimore. Acronym is acceptable in all references. NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund Inc.: Founded in 1940 under leadership of Thurgood Marshall, the Legal Defense Fund provides legal assistance to poor black citizens. It was originally affiliated with the NAACP, but it has been an entirely separate organization since 1957, with a national office in New York and regional offices in Washington and Los Angeles. Its nearly two dozen staff lawyers are assisted by hundreds of cooperating attorneys across the nation. Use Legal Defense Fund on second reference.

nation

Federally recognized tribes are considered self-governing - or sovereign nations - by Congress. See American Indian, Native American, tribe.

Nation of Islam

A religious and political organization formed in 1930 by Wallace Fard Muhammad with the stated aim of "resurrecting" the spiritual, mental, social and economic condition of Black people in America and the world. Its tenets differ markedly from those of traditional Islam. Elijah Muhammad took over the organization in 1934 and preached separation of Blacks and Whites, in addition to calling for a strong morality. After his death in 1975, Elijah Muhammad's son, W. Deen Mohammed, assumed leadership. (Note the different spelling of the last name.) Mohammed began moving the Nation toward mainstream Sunni Islam and shunning Black separatist views. He essentially dismantled the Nation and created his own organization. In 1976, Louis Farrakhan left the Nation of Islam, but in 1978 he and his supporters decided to rebuild the original organization. Followers should be referred to as members of the Nation of Islam. The term Black Muslim, once associated with the organization, is now considered derogatory and should be avoided. Nation of Islam clergymen use the title minister, which should be capitalized on first reference before a name. On second reference, use only the person's last name. See Islam.

National Negro League

Professional baseball league for blacks founded in 1920 by pitcher Andrew Rube Foster. During Jim Crow era, Major League Baseball excluded blacks so they formed their own teams with blacks in all key roles. The Negro League was widely successful and supported in black communities. Other black leagues followed, including Eastern Colored League and Southern Negro League. Jackie Robinson integrated Major League Baseball in 1947. Last black clubs folded in the early 1960s.

Native American, Native

Native American and American Indian are both generally acceptable and can be used interchangeably, although individuals may have a preference. Native American gained traction in the 1960s for American Indians and Alaska Natives. Over time, Native American has been expanded to include all Native people of the continental United States and some in Alaska. Native American and American Indian can be used interchangeably, however, the term is used only to describe groups of Native Americans -- two or more individuals of different tribal affiliation. Journalists should always identify people by their preferred tribal affiliation when reporting on individuals or individual tribes. The term Native can be used as an adjective to describe styles, for instance, Native fashion, Native music, or Native art. Journalists should exercise caution when using the word, though, as it is primarily used as slang. [For more about how people feel about the terms Native American, Native and American Indian read: "Blackhorse: Do You Prefer 'Native American' or 'American Indian'? 6 Prominent Voices Respond," Indian Country Today Media Network "Native American vs. American Indian: Political correctness dishonors traditional chiefs of old," Native Times] [For more about how people feel about the terms Native American, Native and American Indian read: "Blackhorse: Do You Prefer 'Native American' or 'American Indian'? 6 Prominent Voices Respond," Indian Country Today Media Network "Native American vs. American Indian: Political correctness dishonors traditional chiefs of old," Native Times] There are millions of people who identify as American Indian or who have Native ancestry, according to 100 Questions, 500 Nations: A Guide to Native America. That does not make them all American Indians in the eyes of tribes or the federal government. The federal government considers someone American Indian if he or she belongs to a federally recognized tribe. Individual tribes have the exclusive right to determine their own membership. Tribal governments formally list their members, who must meet specific criteria for enrollment. Some require a person to trace half or a quarter of his or her lineage, for instance, to the tribe, while others require only proof of descent. [Use native-born to describe someone who is born in the United States but isn't American Indian.] [In 2016, President Barack Obama signed legislation (HR 4238) that replaced the term American Indian with Native American in federal laws.]

Native Hawaiian

Known as Kanaka Maoli in Hawaiian, Native Hawaiians trace their lineage and language to Polynesians, including Tahitians, Maoris and Samoans. Starting in 2000, the federal government recognized Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders as a distinct group, including in Census counts.

Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, U.S. Census definition of

The U.S. Census Bureau, which adheres to the 1997 Office of Management and Budget standards on race and ethnicity, defines Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander as "a person having origins in any of the original peoples of Hawaii, Guam, Samoa, or other Pacific Islands." The Census Bureau notes: "The racial categories included in the census questionnaire generally reflect a social definition of race recognized in this country and not an attempt to define race biologically, anthropologically, or genetically. In addition, it is recognized that the categories of the race item include racial and national origin or sociocultural groups."

Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander

This umbrella term, used by the U.S. Census Bureau and other agencies, includes people who can trace their roots to the original peoples of Hawaii, Guam, Samoa or other Pacific Islands.

Negro

Use African American or black. Do not use to describe a person of African descent. Do not use Negress. (See African American, black and race.) Term acceptable in organization names and historical references, for example, National Council of Negro Women or Negro National Anthem. The word Negro was adopted from the Spanish and Portuguese and first recorded in the mid-16th century. It remained the standard term between the 17th-19th centuries and was used by prominent black American campaigners such as W. E. B. DuBois and Booker T. Washington in the early 20th century. Since the Black Power movement of the 1960s, however, when black was favored as the term to express racial pride, Negro and related words such as Negress were dropped and now are out of date, even offensive in some cases.

Negro Codes

Negro National Anthem

This began as the 1899 poem Lift Ev'ry Voice and Sing by James Weldon Johnson. Set to music by Johnson's brother, J. Rosamond Johnson, this became known as the Negro National Anthem or Hymn. It was presented on Feb. 12, 1900, in Jacksonville, Florida, by 500 schoolchildren at a celebration of Abraham Lincoln's birthday. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People adopted Lift Ev'ry Voice and Sing as its official song. The song represents the resilience and strength of Black people. It begins: "Lift ev'ry voice and sing, Till earth and heaven ring. Ring with the harmonies of Liberty; Let our rejoicing rise ..." Listen to the Chicago Community Chorus sing Lift Ev'ry Voice and Sing. Audio used courtesy of Keith Hampton, artistic director/founder, the Chicago Community Chorus.

neo-paganism

A term used to describe contemporary paganism, as opposed to ancient paganism. Some groups or individuals describe themselves as "pagan" because they trace their belief and practices back to ancient times and the emphasis on the natural world and goddess worship. Others prefer "neo-pagan" because their faith blends the old and the new.

Nepali

People from Nepal are known variously as Nepalese or Nepali, the latter of which is favored in current usage -- though U.S. press uses Nepalese when referring to those in the United States.. As such,the word Nepali can be both a noun and an adjective. As a noun, it can refer to the people of Nepal as well as the official state language, Nepali. As an adjective, it can be used, for example, to refer to a Nepali hat, or a Nepali sari, or a Nepali government official.

neuroatypical, neurodiverse

Neuroatypical and neurodiverse are terms used to describe people of atypical developmental, intellectual and cognitive abilities. In other words, they are used to refer to people who have autism or another developmental difference. People who are not on the autism spectrum and don't have other developmental differences are sometimes called neurotypical or neurologically typical. Currently, these terms are not widely accepted in the medical community, but are used by some people in the autism community and those striving to avoid ableist language. Instead of suggesting autism is a disorder, these terms recognize the differences, abilities and strengths of people with autism and other developmental conditions. The National Institute of Stroke and Neurological Disorders lists the following as signs that a person is neurodiverse: a lack of babbling or pointing by the age of 12 months poor eye contact no smiling or social responsiveness not responding to their name fixation on lining up toys or objects that appears more than typical no single words by the age of 16 months no two-word phrases by age of 2 years In older individuals, signs can include: low social interaction inability to initiate or hold a conversation lack of social play repetitive language intense, focused interest, usually on an object or subject fixation on certain routines or rituals See neurotypical, neurologically typical.

neurodiversity

Neurodiversity is the concept that neurological differences like autism are the result of normal, natural variations in the human brain. Australian sociologist Judy Singer coined the term neurodiversity in the late 1990s in a paper about the autism spectrum, but the term is now sometimes used to include people with other neurological differences, including dyslexia, Tourette Syndrome and dysgraphia. American writer Harvey Blume popularized the word in a 1998 article for The Atlantic, that said, "Neurodiversity may be every bit as crucial for the human race as biodiversity is for life in general. Who can say what form of wiring will prove best at any given moment? Cybernetics and computer culture, for example, may favor a somewhat autistic cast of mind." Neurodiversity recognizes that people with neurological differences often have certain strengths and abilities because they see the world in a different way. The Neurodiversity Movement is a social justice movement that seeks civil rights, equality, respect and full societal inclusion for the neurodivergent.

neurotypical, neurologically typical

Neurotypical and neurologically typical (sometimes abbreviated NT) are terms used to describe people with typical developmental, intellectual and cognitive abilities. In other words, they are used to refer to people who don't have autism, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, or another developmental difference. People who are on the autism spectrum, or who have other developmental differences, are sometimes referred to as neurodiverse or neuroatypical. Currently, these terms aren't widely used in the medical community, but they are increasingly being used by some people in the autism community and those searching for alternatives to ableist language. Instead of suggesting autism is a disorder, these terms recognize the differences, abilities and strengths people with autism and other developmental conditions have. Neurotypical individuals are often described in relation to individuals with autism or other developmental differences, so they may have: little to no problem interacting with people or engaging in conversation no noticeable speech delays as children no sensory issues, such as not being able to tolerate crowds, loud noises, or being too hot or too cold more ability to adapt to change. See neuroatypical, neurodiverse.

New Age movement

A spiritual movement that developed in Western society in the late 1960s. Adherents link elements of religion with psychology and parapsychology. It remains a loose network of spiritual seekers, teachers, healers and other participants. Followers construct their own spiritual journeys, which are heavily influenced by the mystical elements of many organized religions, as well as native practices such as shamanism and neo-paganism.

niggardly

Means stingy or miserly. It is sometimes perceived as insulting because it sounds like the offensive word nigger. Be careful with usage.

nigger

Racial slur; a contemptuous term for a Black person. The word nigger was first used as an adjective denoting a Black person in the 17th century and has had strong offensive connotations ever since. It remains one of the most racially charged words in the language. Ironically, it has acquired a new strand of use in recent years, being used by Black people in referring to other Black people. Also known as the n-word. Nigga is a variation of nigger that also has gained traction in recent years. It is used frequently in entertainment culture, especially in rap lyrics and comic stand-up routines. Some people consider it altogether different than nigger, considering it a term of affection or just neutral. Many still consider it a slur, no matter the spelling. Do not use unless there is an extremely compelling reason to do so, and a supervisor approves it.

niqab

A veil worn by some women who are Muslims; it covers all of their face except the eyes.

nirvana

This English word means bliss; a state of oblivion to care and pain. In Buddhism, attaining a state of freedom from the endless cycle of personal reincarnations. From the Sanskrit for "act of extinguishing."

Nisei, nisei

Term for the children of Japanese immigrants, originating from the Japanese language term for "second generation." In the American context, the term is generally understood to apply specifically to the American-born-and thus U.S. citizen-children of Japanese immigrants who arrived prior to the cessation of Japanese immigration to the U.S. under the dictates of the Immigration Act of 1924. The bulk of Nisei were thus children or young adults during World War II. "Nisei" also implies being raised in the U.S. and speaking English as a first language, with a separate term-Kibei Nisei or just Kibei-applied to those who were born in the U.S. but mostly raised or educated in Japan. Other generational terms include "Issei" (first generation) for the immigrant generation, "Sansei" (third generation) for the children of the Nisei, and "Yonsei" (fourth generation) for the grandchildren of the Nisei. [Some Japanese-American institutions, such as Densho Encyclopedia, the digital educational resource on Japanese American internment and Japanese incarceration, capitalize the first letter of Issei, Nisei, Sansei, Yonsei, Gosei, etc. Others capitalize the words when they are used in a generational context, but lowercase those same words when referring to an individual. For example, "Nisei soldiers of World War II" has a generational context. However, you might say, "My uncle, a nisei, served in the 442nd Regimental Combat Team." Some institutions lowercase the words unless they are part of a proper noun, such as Nisei Farmers League.] See Issei/issei, Sansei/sansei, Yonsei/yonsei.

Nollywood

West Africa's film industry, based in Lagos, Nigeria. The term derives from Hollywood and Bollywood, India's center of filmmaking in Mumbai (formerly known as Bombay, the source of the B in Bollywood). In a column for The New York Times' Times Insider, Norimitsu Onishi, chief of newspaper's southern Africa bureau, describes how he coined the term: Back in 2002, on a phone call to an editor, I was trying to explain that I'd been working hard, really, during a visit to Lagos, my favorite city in West Africa, the region I was covering at the time. I'd spent a few days hanging out in the district of Surulere, which had emerged as Nigeria's moviemaking capital. It seemed filmmakers were busy shooting on every street corner, frantically churning out what were then called home videos. Young would-be actresses and actors came from all over the country, wanting to be discovered. Over hot pepper soup and Gulder beer at Winis, a hotel that served as a studio and the site of never-ending parties, producers and directors told me with typical Nigerian ambition and bravado that they were building the new Hollywood. I even flirted with the possibility of playing the role of an evil white man, a bit part in a production called "Love of My Life." It's like Hollywood or Bollywood but in Nigeria - Nollywood! I told my editor. A few days later, my article appeared on the front page, under a headline that christened the world's newest movie powerhouse: "Step Aside, L.A. and Bombay, for Nollywood." Fourteen years later, Nigeria's movies have won fans across Africa and the African diaspora worldwide, and they are known to all as ... Nollywood. The term was quickly picked up by filmmakers, scholars and journalists. According to the website for the documentary "This is Nollywood," Nigeria's booming film industry is the world's third largest producer of feature films after Hollywood and Bollywood, but most films there are made on shoestring budgets. The average production there is shot in 10 days for about $15,000.

non-binary gender

Gender identities that don't fit within the accepted binary of male and female. People can feel they are both, neither, or some mixture of the two.

non-binary pronouns

Avoid the term "non-binary pronouns." This is inaccurate because not all non-binary people use the same pronouns, and people of other genders use they/them pronouns. While many non-binary people use they/them pronouns, other non-binary people also use he/him, she/her, ze/hir, and other pronouns. Instead use: gender-neutral pronouns, they/them pronouns, or pronouns. See gender-neutral pronouns. Updated March 2021

non-disabled

Non-disabled has come into usage as a way to refer to someone who does not have a disability. Non-disabled or does not have a disability are acceptable terms when referring to people who do not identify as having a disability. In general, avoid using able-bodied.

nonbinary, non-binary

An umbrella term for people who experience their gender identity and/or gender expression as falling outside the binary of man and woman. While nonbinary (sometimes written with a hyphen, non-binary,) is considered a trans identity, some people who identify as nonbinary do not consider themselves transgender. When possible, consult your source. Some people define their gender as falling somewhere on a spectrum between man and woman, some may see their gender as fluid and others may define gender in different terms altogether. Some Indigenous communities and other cultures have other words to describe gender variance, including Two-Spirit (sometimes written two spirit) and Third Gender. People who identify as nonbinary often don't feel comfortable being referred to by conventional pronouns like he and she; when possible, ask which pronouns they use. See gender-neutral pronouns for alternatives to standard gendered pronouns.

noncitizen, undocumented noncitizen

Noncitizen is a term for someone who is living in a place but is not a citizen of that country. The term is increasingly being used by U.S. government agencies. An undocumented noncitizen is someone living in that country without official permission. In February 2021, Tracy Renaud, the acting leader of US Citizenship and Immigration Services, issued a memo instructing the agency's leadership to make the following changes: to no longer refer to people as "illegal alien," "alien," or "undocumented alien" in internal and external communications, and to instead use the terms "noncitizen," "undocumented noncitizen," or "undocumented individual."

nuts

obese, obesity

In general, it's best to use "people-first" language when writing about people with obesity. Unless a person prefers one of these terms, don't use obese or fat as an adjective or label. Say a person with obesity or a person who is overweight. Other acceptable neutral phrases include "individuals with higher weight/BMI'" or "people living with obesity." Use neutral terms like weight or excess weight rather than words that carry judgment like weight problem, fat or severely obese. While some people in the Fat Acceptance Movement embrace the words fat or fatness, these terms are offensive to many people and should be used only in a context where people prefer this language. Rethink Obesity: A media guide on how to report on obesity, produced by Obesity Australia, offers this guidance on language: Problematic: Preferred: obese people people with obesity people who suffer from obesity people who are affected by obesity The woman was obese. The woman was affected by obesity. There are many obese and overweight people. There are many people who are affected by obesity. weight problem, fat, severely obese weight, excess weight people who are severely or morbidly obese people with a BMI in the obese range Obesity is a lifestyle issue. Obesity is a complex and multifactorial disease/chronic condition. Diet and exercise are crucial to weight loss. Healthy eating and physical activity play an important role in weight loss. Guidelines for Media Portrayals of Individuals Affected by Obesity, produced by the Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity at the University of Connecticut, The Obesity Society and the Obesity Action Coalition, also offers useful guidance. The Obesity Action Coalition offers this resource: People-First Language for Obesity The World Obesity Federation offers these Do's and Don'ts When Talking About Obesity. Updated March 2022

obituaries (LGBT)

When reporting survivors, list partners of gay, lesbian, bisexual or transgender deceased in an order equivalent to spouses of heterosexual deceased.

obsessive-compulsive disorder

An anxiety disorder characterized by unreasonable thoughts and fears that lead to repetitive and often ritualized behaviors or compulsions. OCD may exhibit as a fear of contamination, disarray or intrusion, according to the Mayo Clinic. People with OCD usually exhibit both obsessions and compulsions but sometimes exhibit only one or the other. OCD is often treated by pharmaceutical drugs, psychotherapy methods or a combination of the two. Refer to someone as having OCD only if the information is relevant to the story and the person has been formally diagnosed by a reputable source. Do not use OCD as an adjective for someone who obsesses over certain things but has not been formally diagnosed as having OCD. Use obsessive-compulsive disorder on first reference; OCD is acceptable in second reference.

Okies

A pejorative term for people from Oklahoma dating from the Dust Bowl and Great Depression, when thousands of poor people left the state, many heading to California.

older (people, adults, individuals, Americans and so on)

A national survey of nearly 100 age-beat journalists found that this is the top choice term, seen by reporters as the more neutral and flexible general descriptor for people in later life. (The 2007 Journalists Exchange on Aging survey was coordinated by Paul Kleyman, editor of Aging Today, and Steve Slon, editor of AARP: The Magazine).

om

In Hinduism, the mantra of the divine. The ancient Sanskrit name for the absolute. All mantras begin with om.

openly gay/openly lesbian

As a modifier, openly is often relevant only when referencing historical figures and to allow for the possibility of previous closeted figures: Harvey Milk was the first openly gay San Francisco supervisor. Tammy Baldwin was the first openly lesbian member of the U.S. House of Representatives. Mention a subject's sexual orientation only when relevant. Avoid words like acknowledged, avowed, admitted, confessed or practicing because of their inaccuracy or negative connotations. Updated February 2021

opposite sex

Can be seen as offensive or inaccurate for people who don't identify as male or female or who see gender as a continuum rather than a binary construct. Consider using the phrase different sex instead, as in "The study compared children of same-sex couples with those of different-sex parents."

Oreo

Disparaging term for someone deemed to have shunned his or her black culture and who acts white. Referring to the cookie, means being black on the outside, but white on the inside; latter-day version of pejorative Uncle Tom. Do not use. See Uncle Tom.

Oriental

Use to describe things and not people. This term has been used in the past to describe people from Asia and those of Asian descent but it is widely considered offensive. It is appropriate to refer to Oriental medicine, a centuries-old system of medicine still practiced today, as well as Oriental rugs or art. The term has its origins in oriens, the Latin word for east. In 2016, President Barack Obama signed legislation (HR 4238) that replaced the term Oriental with Asian American in federal laws. Updated February 2021

Orthodox Church

Any of the several Eastern Christian churches that are rooted in the Middle East or Eastern Europe but that do not give allegiance to the Roman Catholic pope. The term Orthodox was adopted by the Eastern Church to signify its adherence to the original apostolic traditions, teachings and style of worship. The Orthodox Eucharistic service is called the Divine Liturgy, and worship is very sensual, involving incense, chants and the veneration of icons. The Roman Catholic and Orthodox churches were united until 1054, when the Great Schism occurred, mainly as a result of disputes over papal authority. The pope in Rome claimed supremacy over the four Eastern patriarchs, while the Eastern patriarchs claimed equality with the pope. Although the split was officially made in 1054, divisions began more than two centuries earlier. Today the spiritual head of Orthodoxy is the ecumenical patriarch of Constantinople, who has no governing authority over the other patriarchs but is called "first among equals."

Orthodox Judaism

The most conservative of the three major branches of Judaism, it strictly adheres to traditional teachings and acceptance of Jewish principles of faith and law. Capitalize in all references. Hasidism is a movement within Orthodox Judaism.

orthodox, orthodoxy

A term used to denote a clear doctrine that implies correct belief according to a particular religion or philosophy. Lowercase except when referring to Judaism or the Eastern branches of Christianity or as part of a denominational name, such as the Orthodox Presbyterian Church.

out

A person who self-identifies as lesbian, gay, bisexual and/or transgender in their personal, public, and/or professional lives. For example: Ricky Martin is an out pop star from Puerto Rico. Preferred to openly gay.

outing (from "out of the closet")

The act of publicly declaring (sometimes based on rumor and/or speculation) or revealing another person's sexual orientation or gender identity without that person's consent. Considered inappropriate by a large portion of the LGBT community. Publicly revealing the sexual orientation or gender identity of an individual who has chosen to keep that information private. Also a verb: The magazine outed the senator in a front-page story. See coming out, closeted.

pagan

Generally, a person who does not acknowledge the God of Judaism, Christianity or Islam and who is a worshipper of a polytheistic religion. Many pagans follow an Earth-based or nature religion. The modern religious movement known as neo-paganism has adopted the name as a badge of faith. Note: Some pagans prefer to see the term capitalized.

Paki

A derogatory slang word for people of Pakistani origin. Is the South Asian equivalent of Jap or the "N word." Do not use under any circumstances. If you are quoting someone saying this, be sure totreat the word with the same caution you would treat Jap. Used often in England as a racial epithet against South Asians in general (especially by skinheads).

Pakistani languages

Urdu and English are the official languages of Pakistan. Other languages include: Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashtu and Balochi. Bengali used to be an official language until East Pakistan became the country of Bangladesh in 1971 (Bengali remains the official language of Bangladesh.

Palestine

Historically, Palestine was a country east of the Mediterranean Sea. Today the region includes current-day Israel. As a distinct region, Palestine was under Ottoman control (a Turkish empire) and then British control until 1948, when the nation of Israel was created. Areas of Palestine became Israel and part of Jordan. Today, Palestine refers to the territories under Palestine National Authority control in the West Bank, which remains under Israeli occupation and in the case of the Gaza Strip, contains a variety of Israeli strictures. The United National General Assembly in 2012 upgraded Palestine to a non-voting observer state. Palestinians share a collective national identity and are moving toward independence and self-rule as a country. Negotiations continue between Palestinian authorities and the Israeli government to find a permanent agreement. The Palestinian National Council is the parliament.

Palm Sunday

The sixth Sunday in Lent and the beginning of the Christian Holy Week before Easter. Palm Sunday marks Jesus' entry into Jerusalem. The day gets its name from the biblical reference to crowds throwing palm fronds before Jesus as he entered the city. Also known as Passion Sunday, though Palm Sunday is the preferred term.

Pan-Africanism

Pan-Africanism is a combination of political ideologies. It stresses the shared origins, economic and social interests held by people of African descent. A basic goal is to unify people worldwide through their African origins and culture. Pan-African unity is seen as essential to economic, political and social progress. The movement goes back to at least the mid 19th century and has roots in Africa, Europe and the Americas. Dr. W.E.B. DuBois convened a Pan-African Congress in 1919 in Paris. According to the Pan-African Alliance, Marcus Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement Association is credited with creating the Pan-African flag in 1920. The flag has horizontal red, black and green stripes. Red represents the blood that links all Black people. Black represents their shared ancestral past. Green represents the unification of Africa. Pan-Africanism has also been represented by green, yellow and red.

pangender

Having a fluid identity. Might be expressed as both male and female, or shift from one gender to the other. Falls under the umbrella term genderqueer.

pansexual, omnisexual

One whose primary attraction is to a person, regardless of their gender. Because the labels heterosexual and homosexual imply the gender of both the person and the object of their attraction, it is often difficult or irrelevant to identify with these labels when a person's gender is non-binary. For this reason many people opt for the label pansexual or omnisexual.

paraplegia/paraplegic

The impairment or loss of movement in the lower extremities and torso. It is typically caused by a spinal cord or brain injury. Referring to someone as a paraplegic is offensive to some as it implies that their condition defines them. Avoid referring to an individual as a paraplegic. Instead, say the person has paraplegia. Sometimes people with paraplegia refer to themselves as a "para." If so, use in quotes. See quadriplegia/quadriplegic.

parent

In general, along with mother and father, the proper term for a gay, lesbian, bisexual or transgender person, whether single or in a relationship, raising a child or children. Because of the blended nature of many families led by LGBT parents, ask the subject which term he or she prefers, when possible. Mention a parent's sexual orientation, genetic relationship to the child or conception technique only when germane. See families.

Parsi, Parsis

Pronounced "PAHR-see." An ethnic group in India that follows Zoroastrianism.

partition

The partition of 1947 refers to the division of British India upon independence into India and Pakistan. The partition, one of the largest forced migrations in history, occurred on two sides of British India--in the western Punjab region, and in the eastern Bengal region--where Muslims represented a majority of the population. Ensuing violence resulted in the deaths of tens of thousands.

partner

A commonly accepted term for a people in a committed relationship. It is frequently used in gay or lesbian relationships but also for heterosexuals who are not legally married and relationships where one or both partners are gender nonconforming. See husband, lover, relationships.

Pashtun

Ethnic group of approximately 18 million people who live primarily along the Durand Line, in Afghanistan and Pakistan. The rulers of Afghanistan for almost three centuries, the Pashtun Taliban broke a four-year hiatus from this rule when they took over Afghanistan in 1996. Although the Pashtun of Pakistan maintain semi-autonomy from Pakistan, they continue to fight for an independent state thatwould unite the Pashtun on both sides of the Durand Line.

passing

This is when someone appears to be and identifies as a member of another race. Historically, some African Americans passed as White to avoid racial injustice. In his novel Black Like Me, white journalist John Howard Griffin underwent treatments to turn his skin black. He wrote about the discrimination he experienced when he appeared to be African American.

Passover, Pesach

A major Jewish holiday commemorating the freedom of the Israelites from slavery in Egypt under the leadership of Moses, who was directed by God. The account is found in Exodus, the second book of the Hebrew Scriptures and the Christian Old Testament. Passover takes its name from God's instruction to the Israelites to mark the upper part of their homes' doors with lamb's blood so the Angel of Death would "pass over" their homes as he killed the firstborn male of each family in Egypt during the 10th plague. Passover, also called by its Hebrew name Pesach (pronounced "PAY-sakh"), is celebrated in late March or early April and lasts for seven days in Israel, though most outside of Israel celebrate for eight days. On the first two nights of Passover, it is traditional for a Jewish family to gather for a special dinner called a seder in which the story of the Exodus is retold.

Patel motel

Expression that comes from the true stereotype that Indians run a lot of hotels. The Asian American Hotels Owners Association reports that half the hotels in the United States are owned by Indians and 70 percent of all Indian hotels owners are named Patel, a common Indian name.

Pearl Harbor

Use sparingly as metaphor or analogy because it may invite stereotypes.

people of color

People of color is a generally acceptable term to describe people of races other than White. While it can be a useful to have an inclusive umbrella term, it is also important whenever possible to identify people by their specific racial/ethnic group as each has its own distinct experience. Be aware that the term evokes strong feelings among many people and some don't like the idea of lumping people of different racial/ethnic groups together. Avoid using POC. For an interesting discussion of the term, see The Seattle Times' "Under Our Skin" project, which was published in June 2016. Other readings: "The Perils of People of Color" by E. Tammy Kim, The New Yorker, July 29, 2020 "Which People?" by Rachelle Hampton, Slate, Feb. 13, 2019 "Is It Time To Say R.I.P. To 'POC'," NPR Code Switch, Sept. 30, 2020 'People of color' are protesting. Here's what you need to know about this new identity," by Efrén Pérez, The Washington Post, July 2, 2020 "The Phrase "People of Color" Needs to Die," By Damon Young, GQ, Aug. 29, 2020 Updated February 2021

people-first language

Language that avoids defining a person in term of his or her disability. In most cases, this entails placing the reference to the disability after a reference to a person, as in a person with a disability rather than the disabled person. The National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities of the Centers for Disease Control & Prevention offers an easy-to-follow guide on people-first language. The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association acknowledges that utilizing people-first language sometimes can result in awkward sentence structuring. As such, the organization states that "deviations from people-first language should be allowed in cases when the only alternative is awkward sentence structure." Use people-first language whenever possible.

PFLAG

Formerly Parents, Families and Friends of Lesbians and Gays, this organization in 2014 changed its name to simply PFLAG to be more inclusive. "Founded in 1972 with the simple act of a mother publicly supporting her gay son, PFLAG is the nation's largest family and ally organization," according to the organization's website. "Uniting people who are lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer with families, friends, and allies, PFLAG is committed to advancing equality and full societal affirmation of LGBTQ people through its threefold mission of support, education, and advocacy." PFLAG has over 400 chapters and 200,000 members and supporters crossing multiple generations of American families in major urban centers, small cities, and rural areas in all 50 states.

Phillippine names

Typically follows Western name order. Spanish names common as vestige of Spanish imperialism. Use of nicknames common. Muslims may follow special naming rules.

Pilipino

Also Filipino, Pinoy (pee-noy)/Pinay (pee-nai). Tagalog, meaning a Filipino man; pinay means woman. The Philippines, claimed by Spanish explorers, was named after King Philip II of Spain (1527-1598).

pink triangle

Now a gay pride symbol, it was the symbol gay men were required to wear in Nazi concentration camps during World War II. Lesbians sometimes also use a black triangle.

Polock, Polack

A derogatory word for a Pole or a person of Polish descent. The word derives from Polak, which means a Polish male or a person of Polish nationality, which has a neutral connotation. In the 1970s sitcom "All in the Family," the character Archie Bunker (played by Carroll O'Connor) frequently referred to his son-in-law, Mike Stivic (Rob Reiner), as a "dumb Polack."

polyamorous

Engaging in more than one consensual intimate relationship at a time, or being non-monogamous. Not to be confused with pansexual.

polygamy

The practice of having more than one spouse at a time. It was practiced by Mormons in the 1800s but was officially outlawed by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in 1890. Members who are polygamists are excommunicated from the LDS church, but some Mormon offshoot groups still practice it. Polygamy is permitted in Islam, according to the Quran, which states that men can marry up to four women if they can be "equally just" to all of them.

post-racial

A controversial term that describes a society that's devoid of racial preference, discrimination and prejudice.

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

An anxiety disorder that can develop after traumatic events such as military combat, natural disasters, terrorist incidents, serious accidents, traumatic brain injury, physical and sexual assault in adults or children, and any other traumatic experience. PTSD can be diagnosed a month or more after the traumatic event has occurred. An anxiety disorder generally caused by undergoing an extremely emotional traumatic event, according to the National Center for PTSD. Such events may include assault, war, sexual assault, natural disasters, car accidents or imprisonment. Symptoms may include reliving the traumatic event, avoidance of certain behaviors, negative emotions or physical symptoms such as dizziness or nausea. Refer to someone as having PTSD only if the information is relevant* to the story and the person has been formally diagnosed by a reputable source. Post-traumatic stress disorder is correct on first reference; use PTSD on second reference. The term flashback may be used to denote reliving an event that triggered the PTSD.

poverty line, poverty threshold

Represents the level of income deemed adequate to live in a particular place. In the U.S. the Federal Poverty Level is calculated every year by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and is used to determine eligibility for federal programs and benefits. Poverty lines are typically anchored to minimum nutritional requirements plus a modest allowance for non-food needs.

poverty violations

Fines and fees for petty violations such as fare-hopping on public transit, playing loud music, speeding, driving with a suspended license or expired registration, zoning violations for unkempt property, wearing "saggy pants," and failure to appear in court.

powwow

Use only when referring to the title of a specific American Indian event. Avoid if referring to a general gathering because the term evokes a stereotypical image of American Indians. Comes from the Narragansett word for shaman. It is a celebration and social gathering, honoring sacred American Indian traditions through dancing, drumming, singing and the gathering of people. A powwow may be held to honor an individual or for a special occasion. Most commonly, it is a social event.

practicing (LGBTQ+)

Avoid this term to describe someone's sexual orientation or gender identity. Use "sexually active" as a modifier in circumstances when public awareness of an individual's behavior is germane.

pre-lingually deaf/postlingually deaf/late-deafened

Prelingually deaf refers to individuals who were born deaf or became deaf prior to learning to understand and speak a language, according to Gallaudet University, a university for the education of the deaf and hard of hearing in Washington, D.C.Postlingually deaf or late-deafened describes a person who lost hearing ability after he or she learned to speak a language. The terms are acceptable, although explanation may be required for a general audience.

preferred pronouns

Avoid using the term "preferred pronouns." Someone's pronouns are not a preference, but rather the only appropriate way to refer to that person. The term "preferred pronouns" is only appropriate when someone uses more than one set of pronouns and has a preference for one over the other. Instead use: pronouns. Updated March 2021

Pride Day

Short for gay/lesbian pride, this term is commonly used to indicate the celebrations commemorating the Stonewall Inn riots of June 28, 1969. Pride events typically take place in June. See Stonewall.

primitive

Avoid using potentially insulting term to describe a person or people.

pro-choice

A term used to describe people who support abortion rights. Abortion, however, is a more nuanced issue, with many people supporting abortion in some circumstances, but not all. Journalists should instead use the term pro-abortion rights or a similar description.

pro-life

A term used to describe people who oppose abortion. Abortion, however, is a more nuanced issue, with many people opposing abortion rights in most, but not all, circumstances. Journalists should instead use a description of their views, such as opposed to abortion or against abortion rights.

progressive

A term that emerged as a way to refer to people of faith who are liberal-to-moderate in their political views. It is a disputed term because it implies that other groups are regressive, which carries a negative connotation.

projects, the

This term is commonly used to refer to low-income housing projects. It can carry a negative connotation. Instead, use neutral terms like low-income housing project or public housing.

pronouns

If sources share a transgender or gender-nonconforming identity on the record, ask which pronouns they use and incorporate them into your report as needed. They/them/their are acceptable as nonbinary, singular pronouns if the subject uses them. Alternative nonbinary pronouns, such as zie/zim/zis, are acceptable if requested but may require extra explanation in a story or broadcast. Clarity for the audience is paramount. If a subject's gender identity is not relevant to a story but the person uses a nonbinary pronoun, confusion may result if it is used without explanation. Therefore, it may sometimes be helpful to explain that a subject uses a nonbinary pronoun. Journalists should use their judgment on whether a passage can be recast for clarity, whether use of the pronoun creates more confusion than it solves, and whether it makes sense to explain the pronoun in the story. For example, the meaning of the sentence Robert Sanchez, a member of the group of environmentalists, said they disagree with points of the organization's mission hinges on whether they refers to Sanchez or environmentalists. The options for recasting would depend on the context available to the journalist and on the story's audience. Avoid references to preferred pronouns because doing so implies that calling people other than what they want to be called is a viable alternative. Avoid references to chosen pronouns because they are not always chosen. Instead, when relevant: Sanchez, who uses the pronoun they or Sanchez, whose pronouns are they/them/their. Be aware that some people use "rolling pronouns" - such as he/they or she/they. Nonbinary and genderfluid people may use different types of pronouns to signify the importance of their nonbinary identity or to honor different sides of their personality. Some people prefer to have their pronouns used alternately throughout a conversation or a text; others, particularly genderfluid people who fluctuate from one gender identity to another, may prefer one pronoun set over another on different days. If you're confused, ask. Updated March 2023

proselytize

The act of seeking converts to a faith. However, many Christian groups - particularly the Roman Catholic Church - draw a strong distinction between proselytizing and evangelizing. Proselytizing is viewed as the use of unethical methods - such as coercion, bribery or threats - to bring conversions. Evangelizing is considered a pressure-free effort to present the faith and invite others to freely accept it. This distinction explains why Pope John Paul II frequently condemned proselytizing while encouraging - and engaging in - evangelization. Do not use the word proselytize unless you know it is being used in a negative context. Evangelism (Protestant) or evangelization (Catholic or Orthodox) are the preferred terms.

psycho

psychotic/psycho

A broad term used to describe symptoms of certain mental health problems. Symptoms may include delusions or hallucinations or other loss of contact with reality. People with psychosis are described as psychotic. In common usage, psychotic often is used in the same way as the word crazy, and thus can be offensive and inaccurate. Use the words psychotic and psychosis only when they accurately describe a medical experience. Avoid using psychotic to describe a person; instead refer to a person as having a psychotic condition or psychosis. Avoid using the terms colloquially.

Puerto Rico

Puerto Rico is a territory of the United States. Spain held Puerto Rico as a colony for more than 400 years and ceded it to the United States in 1898 at the end of the Spanish-American War. It has been under U.S. rule as an unincorporated territory ever since. Puerto Ricans were made citizens in 1917, though they had not requested it. In 1952, with Congressional approval, Puerto Ricans voted to become a commonwealth. This did not fundamentally change the relationship between Puerto Rico and the United States.

Punjab

Both a state in north India and a province in eastern Pakistan. At partition, the British split Punjab, dividing it between the two neighbors. The name Punjab means "five waters," or "five rivers,"and signifies the land drained by the Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej rivers, which are tributaries of the Indus River.

Punjabi

The primary language of Punjab and one of the main regional languages in India. A person from Punjab is referred to as a Punjabi.

qawwali

Pronounced "kuh-WAH-lee." Devotional songs of the Sufi tradition of Islam. Do not capitalize.

quadriplegia/quadriplegic

Quadriplegia is defined as the paralysis of all four limbs as well as the torso. It often is caused by a spinal cord or brain injury and is characterized by the loss of sensory and motor function. Paraplegia is similar but does not affect the arms. People with these conditions often are referred to as quadriplegics and paraplegics, but these terms are considered offensive by some. Use people-first language, such as "a person with quadriplegia" rather than quadriplegic, since this implies that the condition defines them. Sometimes people with quadriplegia refer to themselves as "quads." If so, use in quotes. (NCDJ)

Quakers

This group's formal name is the Religious Society of Friends, but Quakers can be used in all references. Members typically refer to themselves as Friends. Historically, Quakers are considered Christian; some Quakers today consider themselves nontheistic. Their worship and business gatherings are called meetings. Although there is no recognized ranking of clergy over lay people, meeting officers are called elders or ministers, and these terms should be capitalized when used before a name. Many Quaker ministers in the Midwest and West use the Rev. before their names.

queen

Originally a pejorative term for an effeminate gay man but often used acceptably as slang among LGBTQ people. Offensive when used as an epithet. Use only if there is a compelling reason.

queer

Traditionally a pejorative term, queer has been appropriated by some LGBT people as a self-affirming umbrella term. However, it is not universally accepted even within the LGBT community and should be avoided unless describing someone who self-identifies that way or in a direct quote. When Q is seen at the end of "LGBT," it typically means queer and/or questioning.

quinceañera

Pronounced "keen-see-nyair-ah." A Hispanic celebration of a girl's 15th birthday, signifying her transition from youth to adulthood. This is both a social and religious event and, like many other Hispanic traditions, emphasizes the importance of family. A quinceañera typically begins with a mass that is attended by the girl's parents, grandparents, godparents and family. The mass is followed by a reception with food, family, music, dancing and more. In past times, the quinceañera signified that a girl was prepared for marriage. In contemporary times, it tends to mean that a girl is ready to begin formal dating. Some families will throw a quinceañera for a son.

quotas

A specific or presubscribed number than must be met to reach a certain goal. A buzzword often used in the affirmative action debate, however, it is not synonymous with affirmative action, which is a practice, activity or program aimed at correcting the enduring effects of discrimination and helping to diversify businesses, organizations and schools.

Quran

Pronounced "ku-RAHN." The holy book of Islam, which Muslims believe is the direct word of God as dictated in Arabic to Muhammad by the Angel Gabriel during the month of Ramadan beginning in 610 to about 632. The Quran contains laws for society, as well as descriptions of heaven and hell and warnings on the end of the world. It also includes stories of figures found in the Hebrew and Christian Scriptures, but Muslims believe the Quran supersedes those holy writings. Quran is the preferred spelling and is capitalized in all references. The spelling Koran should only be used if it is in a specific title or name.

rabbi

Hebrew word for teacher and the title used by Jewish clergy. On first reference, capitalize before a name. On second reference use only the cleric's last name.

race

A person's race should not be mentioned unless relevant. This also applies to references to ethnicity, sexual orientation and religion. Derogatory terms or slurs aimed at members of a racial or ethnic group may not be used unless having a direct bearing on the news, and then only with the approval of the senior editor in charge. Avoid stereotypes. Race and ethnicity may be relevant in some stories, including the following: Crime stories - A highly detailed description of a suspect sought by police can contain [skin color]. Be sure the description is properly attributed. Do not use descriptions that include only a few items or are vague, such as tall, dark clothes. [A detailed description might include a person's complexion, facial features, distinguishing marks or tattoos, etc.] Biographical or announcement stories - Be careful about using race or ethnicity to describe a person as the first to accomplish a specific feat. Firsts are important, but race and ethnicity shouldn't be overemphasized. Reserve race or ethnicity for significant, groundbreaking or historic events such as winning a Nobel Prize, being named chief justice or becoming mayor. By overplaying race or ethnicity, one's achievement may seem dependent on that instead of ability. See ethnicity.

race card, "play the race card"

To say someone is "playing the race card" is to say they are injecting race into a discussion. To say someone is doing this can be an attempt to deflect, diminish or discredit race's effects. Black feminist scholar bell hooks writes that the expression "trivializes discussions of racism, implying it's all just a game." She calls this a backlash against talk about race, "more often than not representing it as mere hysteria."

race, U.S. Census definitions of

According to its website, the U.S. Census Bureau adheres to the 1997 Office of Management and Budget standards on race and ethnicity, which guide the Census Bureau in classifying written responses to the race question: White - A person having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa. Black or African American - A person having origins in any of the Black racial groups of Africa. American Indian or Alaska Native - A person having origins in any of the original peoples of North and South America (including Central America) and who maintains tribal affiliation or community attachment. Asian - A person having origins in any of the original peoples of the Far East, Southeast Asia, or the Indian subcontinent including, for example, Cambodia, China, India, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Pakistan, the Philippine Islands, Thailand, and Vietnam. Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander - A person having origins in any of the original peoples of Hawaii, Guam, Samoa, or other Pacific Islands. The 1997 OMB standards permit the reporting of more than one race. An individual's response to the race question is based upon self-identification.

rainbow flag

A flag of six equal horizontal stripes (red, orange, yellow, green, blue and violet) symbolizing the diversity of the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender communities.

Ramadan

Pronounced "rah-mah-DAHN." Islam's holy month, during which Muslims fast from sunup to sundown. Ramadan commemorates the time during which the faithful believe Allah sent the Angel Gabriel to Muhammad in Mecca and gave him the teachings of the Quran. The end of Ramadan is marked by Eid al-Fitr. Because Islam follows a lunar calendar, Ramadan shifts each year as calculated by Western calendars.

Rashomon

Arguably the most influential work of fiction on modern journalism. Originally called "In a Grove" and written by Ryunosuke Akutagawa, the story was made into the acclaimed movie "Rashomon" (1950). It tells the story of a crime witnessed by different people and their differing memories of the same crime. Its application to modern journalism was quickly understood. Rashomon (Japanese for "castle gate") is a dilapidated area in Kyoto, Japan.

Rastafarians

Members of a political and religious movement among blacks in Jamaica and several other countries. This messianic movement dates back to the 1930s. Rastafarians believe that Haile Selassie (originally known as Ras Tafari), a former emperor of Ethiopia, is the only true God and consider him the messiah. They believe that black people are the Israelites reincarnated and have been subjected to the white race in divine punishment for their sins; they will eventually be redeemed by repatriation to Africa. These beliefs, first enunciated in 1953, can be traced to several independent proponents, particularly Marcus Garvey. Some Rastafarian rituals include the use of marijuana, considered a holy weed, and the chanting of revivalist hymns. Reggae music is the popular music of the movement.

Reconstruction

Period after the Civil War in which attempts made to rebuild the South and solve the political, social, and economic problems arising from the readmission to the Union of the 11 Confederate states that had seceded at or before the war. Most historians consider Reconstruction to have taken place 1865-1877. Newly emancipated blacks with the help of government and supporters assisted in reconstructing society.

Reconstructionist Judaism

A 20th-century movement, founded by Rabbi Mordechai Kaplan, that views Judaism as a social rather than a God-centered phenomenon. Reconstructionists generally do not believe the Hebrew Scriptures are divinely inspired, reject the idea of God as male or female, are less hierarchical and believe that Jewish law as a guiding principle isn't binding. Reconstructionist rabbis are ordained at the Reconstructionist Rabbinical College in Wyncote, Pa.

recovery, treatment (mental illness)

Recovery from mental illness is a process of change through which individuals improve their health and wellness, live a self-directed life, and strive to reach their full potential. Recognize that a diagnosis of mental illness is not forever. Mental illness is treatable and recovery is possible. Sharing stories of people who have sought treatment and recovered or are managing their condition successfully goes a long way toward reducing misconceptions.

red

A good-luck color in several cultures, including Indian and Chinese. It is a favored color for weddings in both cultures and it is the traditional color for the bindi worn by Indian women.

redlining

Redlining is a discriminatory practice that puts financial services out of reach for residents of certain areas based on race or ethnicity. It can be seen in the systematic denial of mortgages, insurance, loans and other financial services based on location rather than on an individual's qualifications and creditworthiness. Coined by sociologist John McKnight in the 1960s, the term derives from how the federal government and lenders would literally draw a red line on a map around the neighborhoods they would not invest in based on demographics alone. Black neighborhoods in cities were most likely to be redlined. Investigations found that lenders would make loans to lower-income White people but not to middle- or upper-income African American residents of the same neighborhoods.

redneck

A derogatory term for whites. Do not use.

redskin

Avoid. An overtly racist term that can be compared to the N-word. Some media organizations no longer use the term when referring to the Washington NFL franchise. The Native American Journalists Association strongly urges news outlets to limit use of racial team names and images. [For more about the history of the term, see this Washington Post article: "A Brief History of the Word 'Redskin' and How it Became a Source of Controversy." See Redskins (NFL team).

Redskins (NFL team)

Succumbing to mounting public and financial pressure, the NFL team formerly known as the Washington Redskins announced plans on July 3, 2020 to "thoroughly review" the team's name, which many had decried for years for its racist connotations. On July 13, 2020 the team announced it would retire the controversial name and call itself the "Washington Football Team" pending adoption of a new name. The team's former website, redskins.com now refers to a new site, washingtonfootball.com. The team had been using the Redskins name since 1933. Native American groups and others had been calling for a name change for decades, noting the term redskin is offensive and perpetuates racial stereotypes. In 2013, the National Congress of American Indians issued the report "Ending the Legacy of Racism in Sports & the Era of Harmful 'Indian' Sports Mascots." "We'll never change the name," team owner Dan Snyder told USA Today in 2013. "It's that simple. NEVER - you can use caps." In the wake of the social uprising that followed the killing of George Floyd by Minneapolis police in May 2020, the team's top sponsor, FedEx, threatened to cancel the remaining $45 million of its stadium naming rights contract if the team didn't change the name. Within days, the team relented. See redskin.

rehab

See treatment/treatment center/rehab center/detox center.

relationships (LGBTQ+)

Lesbian, gay and bisexual people use various terms to describe their commitments. Ask individuals which term they prefer, if possible. If not, "partner" is generally acceptable. See husband, wife, lover, partner.

religious left

A term used to describe people of faith with liberal political views. Journalists can refer to the so-called "religious left," but it is best to specify which groups they are referring to and what action they are promoting. See religious right and progressive.

religious right

A term used to describe people and groups whose religious beliefs inform their conservative political and social views. The term dates to 1979, when the Rev. Jerry Falwell formed the Moral Majority. Since then, politically active religious conservatives have diversified in their goals and approaches. Journalists should refer to the so-called "religious right" or religious conservatives. It is best to specify which groups the term refers to and what they are promoting. See religious left.

religious titles

The Religion Stylebook offers this guidance on religious titles for the major religious traditions as well as traditions in which titles are likely to be unfamiliar to many journalists: For all faiths, the title Dr. is generally not used before the names of scholars or clergy who hold academic doctorates. If the person's academic credentials are important to the story, it is better to give specifics, as in Jane Doe, who holds a doctorate in systematic theology, led the discussion. Never combine Dr. with other titles, such as the Rev. Dr. Baptist churches: All members of the Baptist clergy may be referred to as ministers. Pastor applies if a minister leads a congregation. Use the Rev. on first reference before a clergy's name. On second reference use only the last name. Buddhism: Titles for Buddhist teachers or masters are capitalized when used with a name but lowercase otherwise. The title of lama generally precedes a name; rinpoche, sensei and roshi generally follow the name, but practice varies, especially in the United States. (For example, a well-known Japanese Zen teacher is always referred to as Maezumi Roshi; a well-known American Zen teacher is Roshi Bernard Glassman.) To determine how to refer to a particular Buddhist teacher, ask or try looking up the name through a database or other Web tool. Teachers may be addressed by their titles (e.g., "Rinpoche, may I ask a question?"). Dalai Lama is capitalized when referring to the man who holds the title and no name is used; dalai lama is lowercase otherwise. Buddhists address the Dalai Lama as Your Holiness in person and His Holiness in writing. Ordained monks in Theravada Buddhism are given the honorific Venerable before their names. Church of Christ, Scientist: This denomination, also called the Christian Science Church, has lay leaders called readers who lead its worship services. The faith also has practitioners, who are self-employed healers. Capitalize these titles before a name, and on second reference use only the last name. Do not use the Rev. in any references. Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints: Apostle is a title used for the church's highest-ranking members. The senior, or longest-serving, apostle serves as the church president and carries that title. Other titles used by Mormons are bishop, elder and sister. Capitalize all of these when used before a name. The terms minister and the Rev. are not used. Eastern Orthodox churches: The patriarch of Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) is known as the ecumenical patriarch; he is regarded as "the first among equals." Capitalize this title if used before a name, but not otherwise. In the Eastern Catholic and Orthodox churches, a metropolitan heads an ecclesiastical province, a metropolitan see, and ranks below the patriarch. Capitalize metropolitan when used as a title before a name. Eastern Orthodox archbishops and bishops frequently follow a monastic tradition in which they are known only by a first name. In those cases, repeat the title before the name in subsequent references. Archbishop may be replaced by the Most Rev. on first reference. Use the Rev. before the name of a priest on first reference; on second reference use only his last name. Episcopal Church: Among Protestant churches, the Episcopal Church has titles that are particularly challenging. Capitalize titles before a name but lowercase otherwise. Note that some positions have more than one title or honorific. Because some U.S. congregations have broken ties with the Episcopal Church and affiliated with Anglican bishops, be sure to make clear in stories about such disputes whether a bishop is Anglican or Episcopal. The presiding bishop is the chief pastor and primate who leads the national Episcopal Church. She is addressed as the Most Rev. All other bishops use the title the Rt. Rev. before their name. Priests and deacons use the title the Rev. Priests who head a chapter, or governing body of a cathedral, are called deans and are addressed as the Very Rev. Archdeacons are addressed with the honorific the Venerable, as in the Venerable Jill Smith. Women and men in religious communities are called brother or sister and may be ordained. A diocesan bishop has jurisdiction over a diocese and is sometimes known as the Ordinary. They may be assisted by other bishops, known as bishops suffragan. In addition, bishops who retire or resign from their diocese may assist in another diocese in some capacity; the church variously refers to them as assistant bishops, bishops assisting or assisting bishops. The archbishop of Canterbury is the spiritual head of the Anglican Communion, of which the Episcopal Church is part. Capitalize the title when used before the holder's name. He is also referred to by the honorific the Most Rev., as in the Most Rev. Justin Welby, archbishop of Canterbury, but it is sufficient to refer to him as Archbishop of Canterbury Justin Welby. Hinduism: Hindus have no formal clergy but do have spiritual teachers, or gurus. Capitalize guru before a name on first reference, and use only the last name on second reference. Swami is a title of respect and reverence conferred on a religious teacher and, in particular, one who has taken vows of celibacy and renunciation; it, too, should be capitalized before a name. Islam: Capitalize all Islamic titles when used before a name and lowercase otherwise. Use the title and name on first reference and only the person's last name after that. Shiites and Sunnis use a few of the same religious titles but differ on others. Shiites have a more-defined hierarchy than Sunnis. For example, Sunnis call people who lead congregational prayers imams, while Shiites almost exclusively reserve imam to refer to any of the 12 descendants of the Prophet Muhammad who Shiites believe were his rightful successors. Sheikh, on the other hand, is used in both communities, but can be used either as a term of respect - to address older men, for example - or for a formally trained scholar. Among Sufi Muslims, sheikh holds a more exclusive status that is reserved for highly trained scholars and heads of Sufi orders. Among Shiites, mullahs are lower-level clergy who generally have only rudimentary religious education. A hujjat al-Islam is more learned than a mullah but does not have the authority to issue legal rulings. Mujtahids and faqihs are jurists with the authority to issue rulings. A higher-level mujtahid is a marja, the most educated of whom are called ayatollahs. In addition to imam and sheikh, Sunni titles include mufti and grand mufti, which indicate a higher status usually conferred by an institution. Grand muftis are usually the top religious scholar in a country. Jehovah's Witnesses: Jehovah's Witnesses have no formal clergy titles and do not use honorifics such as the Rev. They refer to baptized members who evangelize as publishers and those who devote greater time to ministry activities as regular pioneers. Full-time workers are called special pioneers. Judaism: Rabbi and cantor should be capitalized before a name on first reference. On second reference, use only the person's last name. Nation of Islam: Its clergymen use the title minister, which should be capitalized on first reference before a name. On second reference, use only the person's last name. Pentecostalism: There are dozens of Pentecostal denominations as well as many nondenominational churches that are Pentecostal, so titles vary greatly. Common titles are bishop, minister, elder and superintendent; capitalize them before a name. Evangelist is another common title, but do not capitalize it, even with a name. Some clergy use the title of the Rev., but some do not. Protestant churches: Customs vary in different traditions. Many, but not all, use the Rev. before a clergy member's name on first reference. Do not include the honorific unless you are certain it is acceptable in that tradition. Among those that do not use the Rev. are Churches of Christ and the Seventh-day Adventist Church. Some Protestants use other titles for their clergy, including pastor, bishop or brother. Capitalize when used before a name. Quakers have no recognized ranking of clergy over lay people. Their meeting officers are called elders or ministers, and these terms should be capitalized when used before a name. Many Quaker ministers in the Midwest and West use the Rev. before their names. On subsequent references to Protestant clerics, use just the last name. Roman Catholic Church: A pope should be referred to by his full papal name on first reference, as in Pope Benedict XVI. On subsequent references, use the pope, the pontiff or just his papal name (without Roman numerals), as in Benedict. Catholics also refer to the pope as the Holy Father, a term that should be used only in quotes. For cardinals, archbishops, bishops and deacons, capitalize the title when used with a name on first reference, as in Cardinal Bernard Law, but lowercase otherwise. On second reference, use just the person's last name. For priests, use the Rev. before the name on first reference; on subsequent references, use just the last name. Monsignor can be substituted if a priest has received that title. Catholics commonly address priests as Father; use this only in quotes, and capitalize it with or without a name attached, as in She said, "We asked Father what we should do." For nuns, sisters and brothers, capitalize sister, mother or brother before the name on first reference. In subsequent references, use just the last name for those who keep surnames; otherwise, continue to use the full name, as in Mother Teresa. The title Venerable is applied to a person posthumously if a pope has approved the first stage in his or her official cause for canonization, as in Venerable Fulton Sheen.

reparations

Reparations are made to right past wrongs. They are often payments. The United States has paid more than $1.5 billion to settle claims made by black farmers in a class-action lawsuit against the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The case was called Pigford v. Glickman. It was about discrimination in farm loans and assistance paid between 1981 and 1996. In 1989, U.S. Rep. John Conyers (D-Detroit) began introducing bills to create a commission to study more sweeping reparations for events dating back to slavery. Those bills have not advanced. Japanese Americans interned during World War II have received $1.6 billion in reparations and a formal apology from the U.S. government. Native Americans have received several payments including a $3.4 billion settlement in 2012.

reservation

Indian reservations are areas of land reserved by the U.S. government as permanent tribal homelands. The United States established its reservation policy for American Indians in 1787. In 2015 there were 326 reservations. About 56 million acres are in reservations and trust land. More than 60 percent of American Indians live away from reservations.

residential care homes

Residential care homes offer personalized services to small groups of adults who live together in a home. These homes provide lodging, meal services and assistance with daily living activities. Other terms include adult family homes, board and care homes, or personal care homes.

retarded

See mentally retarded, mentally disabled, intellectually disabled, developmentally disabled.

reverse discrimination, reverse racism

These phrases are used in lawsuits and in accusations that affirmative action puts men and non-minorities at a disadvantage for college admission, scholarships and jobs. Research shows that this scarcely happens. A 1995 Brandeis University study of 3,000 discrimination suits found that about 100 had charged reverse discrimination. The course ordered relief in six of those cases.

Roma, Romany, Romani

The Roma, or Romani (also spelled Romany) are a traditionally itinerant ethnic group, who live mostly in Europe; branches of the ethnic group live in the Americas, Asia and North Africa. They are often called Gypsies (or Gipsies) but that term has negative connotations of illegal activity and many Roma don't identify with it. They are also known as Gitanos in Spain. Romany (with a y) usually refers specifically to Romanichals, the native Romani subgroup in England. Mounting evidence -- genetic as well as linguistic - suggests that the Roma originate from northern India. Many of the words and grammatical rules of the Romani language are similar to those of the Hindi language. Irish Travelers are sometimes called "gypsies" as well but they are distinct from the Roma people. The Roma/Romani and Travelers are often confused because of their similar itinerant lifestyles. The Roma were among the groups singled out for persecution on so-called racial grounds by the Nazis before and during World War II, according to the Holocaust Encyclopedia. They continue to face discrimination in Europe and other parts of the world.

Roman Catholic Church

It is the largest Christian community in the world and in the U.S. The Roman Catholic Church considers itself to be the one, true, and full expression of the church founded by Jesus Christ. (The word catholic means "universal.") It traces its origins to the Church of Rome, which was one of several pre-eminent churches in the apostolic age of the first century. (Others were in Jerusalem, Antioch, Alexandria and elsewhere.) The Catholic Church believes that through St. Peter - considered the first bishop of Rome, where he was martyred - the Church of Rome early on exercised a primacy and authority over the other churches. That authority continued to be exercised under the successors to Peter, bishops who later came to be known by the title of pope. The Catholic Church says the basis of the Petrine and papal authority starts with Jesus' commission to Peter in Matthew 16:18. The assertion and its practice were always matters of dispute. The first major fracture came in the 11th century, when Western, Latin-Rite Christianity under the bishop of Rome split with the patriarchs of the Orthodox churches in the East, based in Constantinople. The Catholic Church still considers Eastern Orthodoxy a true church with which it has few significant doctrinal differences - the authority of the pope being one of them. Rome characterizes much of Protestantism as not comprising true churches but rather "ecclesial communities." The Roman Catholic Church was known simply as the Catholic Church until the Protestant Reformation, when the authority of the pope became a source of contention. Catholics began to use the Roman appellation to reinforce their unity under the pope, and the primacy of the papacy has become one of the distinguishing marks of modern Catholicism. Catholic belief and practice are ordered around seven sacraments - Holy Eucharist, baptism, confirmation, penance (confession), matrimony, holy orders (ordination) and the sacrament of the sick. The pope's seat of power is the Holy See at the Vatican. He selects bishops and members of the College of Cardinals. Cardinals usually are bishops, but that is not a requirement. When a new pope must be chosen, the cardinals gather in a conclave to select him.Outside of Rome, the church's principal organizational units are archdioceses, headed by archbishops, and dioceses, headed by bishops. Both report directly to Rome. The highest office in the Catholic Church is that of bishop; the pope is the bishop of Rome. In reality, the hierarchical structure among ordained clergy is pope, cardinal, archbishop, bishop, monsignor, priest and deacon. Women are barred from holy orders.

Rosh Hashanah

Pronounced "rohsh-huh-SHAH-nuh." The Jewish New Year, celebrated according to the Hebrew calendar sometime between the middle of September and the middle of October. To find the date for the holiday in the current or an upcoming year consult the Jewish holidays page on Hebcal.

rumspringa

Some Amish allow their youth, after age 16, to spend a couple years free of the most intense restrictions of their faith while still living with their parents. The purpose is to make sure they are committed to their faith before they are baptized. The vast majority decide to remain within the Amish community.

Russian Orthodox Church

Branch of the Eastern Church of Christianity with headquarters in Moscow. It is the largest of the national and ethnic churches of Eastern Orthodoxy. See Eastern Orthodox.

Sabbath

The day of the week observed for rest and worship. Most Christian traditions observe the Sabbath on Sunday. Judaism - along with some Christian traditions such as Seventh-day Adventists - observes the Sabbath on Saturday. (Jews' observance of the Sabbath begins at sundown Friday [and is often referred to by the Hebrew word Shabbat].) Capitalize in religious references but lowercase when talking about periods of rest.

safe neighborhood, bad neighborhood

Avoid judgmental terms about neighborhoods or districts. Instead use more specific terms such as low-income neighborhood or areas with high crime rates.

safe sex, safer sex

Sexual practices that minimize the possible transmission of HIV and other infectious agents. Some publications prefer "safer sex" to denote that no sexual contact is completely safe.

Sambo

Historically, term was used to describe a happy black slave. Today, it is an offensive term. Do not use in copy.

sandsucker

Avoid. Racial slur. Derogatory term for Arabs.

Sansei, sansei

Term for third-generation Japanese Americans, originating from the Japanese language term for "third generation." In the American context, the term is understood to refer to the grandchildren of Japanese immigrants who arrived prior to the cessation of Japanese immigration to the U.S. under the dictates of the Immigration Act of 1924. The vast majority of Sansei were born after the war, and their generational range parallels that of the baby boomers. Other generational terms include Issei (first generation) for the immigrant generation, Nisei (second generation) for the American-born children of the Nisei, and Yonsei (fourth generation) for the children of the Sansei. [Some Japanese-American institutions, such as Densho Encyclopedia, the digital educational resource on Japanese American internment and Japanese incarceration, capitalize the first letter of Issei, Nisei, Sansei, Yonsei, Gosei, etc. Others capitalize the words when they are used in a generational context, but lowercase those same words when referring to an individual. For example, "Nisei soldiers of World War II" has a generational context. However, you might say, "My uncle, a nisei, served in the 442nd Regimental Combat Team." Some institutions lowercase the words unless they are part of a proper noun, such as Nisei Farmers League.] See Issei/issei, Nisei/nisei, Yonsei/yonsei.

Sanskrit

Sanskrit is one of the oldest languages in the world that is still being used. It is the root for many other languages, including Hindi, Punjabi, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Oriya, Bengali, Gujarati and Nepali. Sanskrit literature often consists of poetry, philosophical and dharma texts. It is widely used for religion and ceremony. Sanskrit is known for its precise alphabet, compact writing system and complex grammar rules. Some, but not all Sanskrit-based languages use the Devanagari script or variations of it. [To learn more about Sanskrit go to Omniglot, the online encyclopedia of writing systems and languages.]

sari (also saree)

A traditional garment worn by a women in India, Bangladesh, Nepal and Sri Lanka. It is essentially a piece of fabric about 6 yards long that is wrapped around the body. It is generally wrapped around the waist and draped over the shoulder, leaving the midriff bare. Types of fabric, styles and prices vary. A sari is sometimes worn with a blouse.

schizo, schizoid

Avoid. Slang words derived from schizophrenic and generally used inaccurately, to mean "of two minds." Instead of using schizophrenia (or its derivatives) to describe something other than the illness, find other words. A person who can't make up his mind is indecisive. A situation that keeps changing is unsettled.

schizophrenia, schizophrenic

A severe and chronic mental illness characterized by distorted recognition and interpretations of reality, affecting how an individual thinks, feels and acts, according to the National Institute of Mental Health. Common symptoms include visual and auditory hallucinations, delusional and disordered thinking, unresponsiveness, a lack of pleasure in daily life and other social issues. It does not involve split personalities. Less than 1 percent of the general population has schizophrenia, and it is treated mostly through the use of pharmaceutical drugs. Avoid using schizophrenic as an adjective, but rather refer to a person as diagnosed with schizophrenia or living with schizophrenia. Also avoid using the term for nonpsychiatric conditions, such as a rapidly changing situation or an indecisive person. Similar guidelines apply to words like psychotic, bipolar, anorexic and OCD (obsessive-compulsive disorder). Refer to someone as having schizophrenia only if the information is relevant to the story and if the person has been formally diagnosed by a licensed medical professional. Use people-first language, stating that someone is a person with schizophrenia or a person diagnosed with schizophrenia rather than a schizophrenic or a schizophrenic person. Do not use the word schizophrenic colloquially as a synonym for something inconsistent or contradictory.

Scotch, Scots, Scottish

All three of these words may be defined, as an adjective, as "of or relating to Scotland or its people," and as a noun as "the Scots language," but in modern usage, the words have different connotations. In fact, some people from Scotland may take offense if you refer to them as Scotch. Scottish is the preferred adjective; when referring to the people, culture or ancestry of the people of Scotland, it is generally correct to describe them as Scottish. Scots is most often used to refer to the dialect of English found in Scotland. Scotch is generally used as an adjective to refer to certain food products, such as Scotch pie, Scotch broth, Scotch eggs or Scotch whisky (spelled whiskey in American English.) For more background, read about these words on The Grammarphobia Blog. Updated March 2024

Scottsboro

In 1931, two white women stepped from a train box car in Paint Rock, Ala., and falsely accused nine black teenagers of rape while on the train. The case became a cause celebre and a symbol of racism and injustice in the South; the teenagers came to be known as the Scottsboro Nine or Scottsboro Boys. After several retrials, worldwide protests, two Supreme Court rulings, four of the nine were freed after six years in jail. In 1976, Gov. George Wallace pardoned all nine.

sect

Refers to a group that has broken off from another. Avoid this label unless you are sure it fits; it often carries negative connotations.

Section 8, Housing Choice Voucher Program

Section 8 is a common shorthand for the Housing Choice Voucher Program, funded by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development to help very low-income families, older people and disabled people to afford decent, safe and sanitary housing in the private market. The phrase refers to Section 8 of the United States Housing Act of 1937. Housing Choice Voucher Program is the more accurate and current term.

secular humanism

An outlook that emphasizes human rather than religious values. Secular humanism stresses reason, scientific inquiry, individual freedom and responsibility, human values and compassion, and the need for tolerance and cooperation.

secularism

The belief that religion and religious considerations have no place in public life and education.

seder

The ritualized dinner held in Jewish homes on the first night or first two nights of Passover. The word seder means "order" in Hebrew. It commemorates the Jews' escape from slavery in Egypt as described in the book of Exodus, and it features special foods and the reading of the Haggadah, a compilation of biblical passages, prayers, hymns and rabbinic literature.

seizure

senior housing, senior apartments

Age-restricted multi-unit housing with self-contained living units for older adults, usually aged 55+, who are able to care for themselves. Senior apartments generally do not offer additional services such as meals or transportation.

senior, senior citizen

Use the term sparingly; can be discriminatory in nature; the preferred terminology is older adults.

Sephardi

Pronounced "suh-FAR-dee." A Jew of Portuguese, Spanish or North African descent. Originally, Sephardi meant a Jew descended from the Iberian Peninsula, but it has now come to mean Jews who are not Ashkenazim, including Jews from Arab countries and Greece. Sephardic Jews are estimated to make up 20 percent of the world's Jewish population. The plural form of Sephardi is Sephardim. See Ashkenazi.

seroconversion

Scientifically observable alteration of blood or other bodily fluids from HIV-negative to HIV-positive. The verb is "seroconvert." See HIV.

seronegative

Synonymous with HIV-negative. See HIV.

seropositive

Synonymous with HIV-positive. See HIV.

service animal/assistance animal/guide dog/Seeing Eye dog

Service animals are trained animals, mostly dogs, which provide services to people with disabilities. They also are sometimes called assistance animals, guide dogs, or Seeing Eye dogs. The federal definition of a "service animal" applies to "any guide dog, signal dog or other animal trained to do work or perform tasks for the benefit of an individual with a disability." This may include animals that guide individuals with impaired vision, alert individuals with impaired hearing to intruders or sounds, provide minimal protection or rescue work, pull a wheelchair or fetch dropped items. If they meet this definition, animals are considered service animals under the Americans with Disabilities Act, regardless of whether they have been licensed or certified. For more information, go to Frequently Asked Questions about Service Animals and the ADA, a document prepared by the U.S. Department of Justice, Civil Rights Division, Disability Rights Section. Service animal, assistance animal and guide dog all are acceptable. Avoid use of Seeing Eye dog as Seeing Eye is a registered trademark of The Seeing Eye school in Morristown, N.J. Be aware that the issue of licensure and/or certification of service animals is a contentious issue in the disability community, so it may be best to refer to the federal definition.

sex change

Avoid this antiquated term. See gender transition, sex reassignment.

sexual orientation

Describes an individual's enduring physical, romantic and/or emotional attraction to another person. Gender identity and sexual orientation are not the same. Transgender people may be straight, lesbian, gay, or bisexual. For example, a person who transitions from male to female and is attracted solely to men would identify as a straight woman.

sexual preference

Avoid. Politically charged term implying that sexuality is the result of a conscious choice. Instead use sexual orientation.

sexual reassignment

The medical and surgical process by which transgender people change their physical, sexual characteristics to reflect their gender identity. May include surgery and/or hormone therapy. Sexual reassignment surgery can be a part of gender transition but is not necessary. Not all transgender people choose to or can afford to have such surgery. Avoid overemphasizing the role of surgery in the transition process. Avoid the outdated term sex change.

sexually transmitted infection (STI)

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) were formerly known as sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). The new name is intended to emphasize that anyone can be infected with an STI even without showing symptoms of disease. STIs can be transmitted through vaginal, anal and oral sex, as well as other intimate skin-to-skin contact.

Shabbat

Hebrew word for Sabbath. The Jewish Sabbath is from sundown Friday to sundown Saturday. Shabbat is observed by lighting candles on Friday night (this is usually done by the woman of the house) and sharing a special family meal. Religious services that include a reading from the Torah happen on Saturday morning, after which families gather for a Shabbat lunch. Shabbat ends with the lighting of a three-wicked "havdalah" candle and the passing around of a fragrant spice box, the scent of which is supposed to carry the peace of Shabbat into the work week. Orthodox Jews refrain from driving, turning lights on or off and a number of other activities that are considered "work" on Shabbat.

shaman

A spiritual leader in a tribal society who heals people by channeling spirits, often in an altered state. Sometimes referred to as a medicine man or witch doctor. It is a description rather than a formal title; do not capitalize, even when used with a name.

Shariah

The way or path that Muslims follow to achieve God's will on Earth. It requires Muslims to live righteously, to protect and expand their community and to establish a just society. Shariah describes the ideal relationship between people and God and in their interactions with each other. Shariah's principles come from the Quran, the hadith and other considerations, depending on the sect.

sheesha

sheikh

Most Islamic clergymen use the title sheikh like a Christian cleric uses the Rev. Sheikh also is used as a secular title. Capitalize it when used before a name, but lowercase otherwise. [According to 100 Questions & Answers About Arab Americans, the term can also be used for the leader of a family, a village or a tribe in Arab and Arab-American communities.]

Shiism, Shiite

Shiism is the name of the smaller of the two major branches of Islam. It developed after the death of the Prophet Muhammad, when his followers split over who would lead Islam. The Shiism branch favored Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law 'Ali ibn Abi Talib. Its followers are called Shiites. Use Shiite instead of Shi'ah unless in a quote or as part of a name. Uppercase in all uses. See Islam, Sunni.

Shinto

Japan's indigenous religion. It has no formal doctrine and stresses nature, harmony and personal cleanliness. In 1868, it was declared Japan's official religion after the emperor regained power from the shoguns. After World War II, the religion was separated from the state. Uppercase in all references.

Shiva

Pronounced "SHEE-vah." A popular representation of God in Hinduism. He is worshipped as the lord of time and change. Brahma is the name used for God when God's role as creator of the universe is described. God is referred to as Vishnu when God's role as preserver is emphasized. The divine is always understood to be one. Shiva's consort has the names of Parvati, Kali and Durga. Also spelled Siva (pronounced "SEE-vah").

short stature

See dwarf/little person/midget/short stature.

sickle-cell anemia

Inherited chronic anemia found chiefly among blacks, characterized by abnormal red blood cells. Unlike normal red cells, which are usually smooth and donut-shaped, sickle-shaped red cells cannot squeeze through small blood vessels. Instead, they stack up and cause blockages that deprive organs and tissues of oxygen-carrying blood. The disease has no cure but can be treated with drugs and or blood transfusions.

Sikhism

The traditional pronunciation is "SICK-ism," but it is commonly pronounced "SEEK-ism." The Sikh religion is the fifth-largest organized religion in the world. Followers are called Sikhs (meaning students). It originated in 15th-century Punjab (now North India and Pakistan) when Guru Nanak, the first Sikh teacher, turned against the caste system, forced conversion and empty ritual in medieval Hinduism and Islam. Through devotional (bhakti) poetry and music, he taught that all religions lead to One Formless God, that all people, including women and the poor, are equal, and that all may realize liberation here and now through living an honest life of love and service (seva). Nine gurus succeeded him, and in 1699, the 10th teacher, Guru Gobind Singh, formed Sikhs into the Khalsa: a spiritual sister- and brotherhood where men share the last name Singh ("lion") and women share the name Kaur ("daughter of kings"). All were given five articles of faith (the Five Kakaars), including long uncut hair, which men and some women wrap in a turban. The 11th and lasting Sikh teacher is the Guru Granth Sahib, the Sikh holy book, also known as the Adi Granth. Sikhism has no clergy, but spiritual guides may be called gurus; capitalize this title before a name.

Singh

A last name shared by all men who practice the Sikh religion, it means "lion." The 10th Sikh teacher, Guru Gobind Singh, gave Sikhs the same last names as a sign of equality (traditional last names in 17th-century North India indicated caste).

sister, sista

Terms used to refer to a family member or an affectionate, respectful name for a church member, sorority member or another black woman. Be mindful of appropriateness in news copy. May use in quotes.

skullcap

A small, close-fitting headpiece worn in some religious traditions, particularly by men. Other names for it include yarmulke or kippa (worn by Jews), zucchetto (worn by Roman Catholic prelates) and kufi (worn by Muslims).

slant

Avoid use to describe eyes, a racial slur.

slavery

The first black African slaves in the American colonies arrived in the early 1600s. As the colonies grew, the demand for slave labor also increased. By 1750, 200,000 slaves lived in the colonies, the majority of them living and working in the South. Hundreds of thousands of slaves were brought to America during The Middle Passage and millions others died along the way. Slaves were forced to work farms and plantations, enduring brutality, cruelty, abuse and suffering. As injustices of slavery grew, resistance efforts formed, including the Underground Railroad. This secretive system of transporting slaves from safe house to safe house, helping them escape to free states or Canada, operated for years with Harriet Tubman, a former slave, as one of its leading figures. In 1861, the Civil War pitted the South, which favored slavery, against the North, which opposed it. [Several other political and economic factors also caused the conflict.] President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on Jan. 1, 1863, declaring an end to slavery. In 1865, the 13th Amendment formally abolished slavery in the country. See Juneteenth, Middle Passage and Underground Railroad.

slope

Avoid use to describe eyes; a racial slur. See eye shape.

sodomy laws

Historically used to selectively persecute gay people, the state laws often referred to as "sodomy laws" were ruled unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court in Lawrence v. Texas (2003). "Sodomy" should never be used to describe gay, lesbian or bisexual relationships or sexuality. See sodomy.

soul food

Items popular originally in the South and traditionally eaten by black people. The cuisine originated during slavery when slaves were given leftovers or undesirable cuts of meat by their owners, which was supplemented by vegetables the slaves grew themselves. Today, the dishes include collard greens, fried chicken, ham hocks, black-eyed peas, yams and cornbread.

South Asia

South Asia or Southern Asia is a term used to represent the southern region of the Asian continent. It is bounded on the south by the Indian Ocean and on land by West Asia, Central Asia, East Asia, and Southeast Asia. The terms Indian subcontinent and South Asia are both used to describe the region. South Asia includes Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal, India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka.

South Asian

This collective term refers to people from Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal and Sri Lanka. Desi American is a term commonly used by people from India, but not by all South Asians. Check with the source/individual to confirm how they prefer to be identified and ensure that identifying their race/ethnicity is essential to the content.

South Asian diaspora

Because of the British colonial legacy and large-scale immigration, there are substantial pockets of people of South Asian heritage outside of South Asia. In some cases - Fiji, Guyana, Mauritius, Suriname and Trinidad and Tobago - South Asians make up at least a third of the population. Other countries with large South Asian communities: Malaysia, Singapore, South Africa, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom and the United States.

South Asian names (India, Pakistan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and others):

Names currently used in South Asia and the South Asian Diaspora follow dozens of complex rules and vary by community. As a general rule, it is a good idea to ask an interview subject which name is his or her the first name and which is the surname. One Hindu may follow old caste traditions and have what he considers a first name and a last name, but his biological son may have a different name. Similarly, Sikh and Muslim names can vary by generation. Also, names and orders of names that were used in South Asia often get confused when immigrants arrive in the United States, forcing them to adopt names and spellings more "convenient" for mainstream America. Be careful about generalizing about South Asian names, not all of which are Hindu or Muslim names. There are many South Asian Christians, as well as South Asian Jews, and it may not be obvious from their names that they are South Asian. Moreover, there are some South Asians who have a one-word name.

Southeast Asia, Southeastern Asia

A subregion of Asia that consists of the countries that are geographically south of China, east of India, west of New Guinea and north of Australia. The region lies near the intersection of geological plates, and has heavy seismic and volcanic activity. Southeast Asia consists of two geographic regions: Maritime Southeast Asia, which includes Brunei, Christmas Island, East Malaysia, East Timor, Indonesia, Philippines and Singapore; and Mainland Southeast Asia, also known as Indochina, which includes Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar (Burma), Thailand, Vietnam, and West Malaysia.

Southern Cross

Confederate battle flag used during the Civil War, which remains offensive to some black Americans because it represents the Confederacy and the era of slavery. The flag has a red background, with two blue stripes in a cross, and 13 white stars inside the stripes. Some have described the Southern Cross as a proud symbol of Southern heritage. The Ku Klux Klan and other racist hate groups have also appropriated it. According to the Southern Poverty Law Center, more than 500 extremist groups use the Southern Cross as one of their symbols.

Spanglish

An informal hybrid of Spanish and English. It is used among people who know both languages and who switch between languages when on language describes what they are trying to say better than the other. Linguists call that code switching.

spastic/spaz

special rights

Politically charged term used by opponents of civil rights for the LGBT community. Avoid. LGBT rights, equal rights or gay and lesbian rights are alternatives.

special/special needs/functional needs

The term special needs was popularized in the U.S. during the early 20th century during a push for special needs education to serve people with all kinds of disabilities. The word "special" in relationship to those with disabilities is now widely considered offensive because it euphemistically stigmatizes that which is different. Avoid using these terms when describing a person with a disability or the programs designed to serve them, with the exception of government references or formal names of organizations and programs. It is more accurate to cite the specific disability or disabilities in question. The term functional needs is preferred when a term is required. For example, addressing the functional needs of people with disabilities could be used when referring to a facility or program.

spina bifida

The literal translation of spina bifida is split spine, according to the Spina Bifida Association. The condition is a neural tube defect that occurs when the spinal column does not close all the way in the womb. It is the most common neural tube defect in the U.S. There are four types of spina bifida. For complete definitions, visit the Spina Bifida Association website. Complications from spina bifida range from minor physical problems to severe mental and physical disabilities. It is acceptable to describe a person as "someone with spina bifida," followed by a short explanation of what their condition entails.

sponsorship

Sponsorship is a growing movement in the professional world that connects people in positions of authority with high-potential employees a few rungs below them on the corporate ladder. In this way senior professionals can use their clout to not just mentor but advocate for junior professionals, particularly people from groups that have been marginalized or overlooked. Many employers are formalizing sponsorship programs as a way to achieve better diversity, equity and inclusion in management and leadership positions. Added April 2023

sports stereotypes

Avoid characterizations of black athletes as naturally being better than athletes of other ethnic backgrounds. Such depictions are reminiscent of slavery, when owners described their male slaves as bucks and tried to breed them with female slaves to produce superior slaves.

Sri

Among some Indians it is a term of respect. Saying Sri before a man's name is similar to saying "mister."

stereotypes

The word comes from the ancient Greek for "fixed impression." Walter Lippmann (1889-1974), an American journalist, popularized the word, a printing-press term, as a metaphor for "a picture in our heads" that could be true or, more often, false. Examples of stereotypes include geisha, delivery boy, manicurist and Samurai (all used metaphorically).

Stonewall

The Stonewall Inn tavern in New York City's Greenwich Village was the site of several nights of raucous protests after a police raid on June 28, 1969. Although not the nation's first gay civil rights demonstration, Stonewall is now regarded as the birth of the modern gay civil rights movement.

straight

Heterosexual; describes a person whose sexual and affectional attraction is to someone of the opposite sex. As a noun, use "heterosexual" or "straight person."

stricken with

stuttering/stammering

A speech disorder characterized by repeated or prolonged words, sounds or syllables that affect the flow or fluency of speech, according to the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders. Stuttering often is involuntary and can be accompanied by rapid blinking or lip tremors. Stuttering symptoms manifest in early childhood. While many children outgrow stuttering, a small percentage of adults stutter as well. The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association notes that most stuttering can be treated by behavioral therapies.There is some ambiguity about the difference between stuttering and stammering and which term is appropriate in different contexts. However, organizations such as the NIDCD, Mayo Clinic and the National Stuttering Association generally use the term stuttering to refer to the speech disorder. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders debuted the new term childhood-onset fluency disorder to refer to stuttering, along with a few new criteria for its diagnosis. However this term is not yet widely used. The word stuttering is preferred over stammering. Do not refer to an individual as a stutterer. Rather, use people-first language, such as a person who stutters. Refer to stuttering only if it is relevant to the story.

suffers from

suicide

[Avoid using the phrase "commits suicide," which suggests criminal activity. Instead use non-stigmatizing language like "took his own life" or "died by suicide."] Evidence suggests that certain types of media reporting are tied to an increase in suicides (also known as suicide contagion). When not handled carefully, each of the following elements has been shown to raise the risk of suicide for people tempted to imitate the publicized behavior: Placement - If you determine the story is newsworthy, don't dramatize the event by placing it on the front page-or by placing "suicide" in the headline. (In headlines, "dies" is appropriate.) Details - Avoid exact details on locations and methods. Photos/videos - Avoid photos or videos of the location or method of death, as well as dramatic images of grieving family and friends or memorial services. Language - The words committed, succeeded or failed are inaccurate. Appropriate wording is that someone died by suicide, took his life or killed herself. Don't oversimplify - Suicide is complex and often has many factors. It is almost certainly inaccurate to cite a single cause as, for example, "recent money woes" or "a fight with a spouse." Suicides usually result when a confluence of events and circumstances makes life temporarily unbearable. Mental health disorders and/or substance abuse are associated with 90 percent of suicides. Often, even family and friends do not recognize the warning signs or the underlying mental health problems leading to a suicide. [For more information on covering suicide consult these resources: Reporting on Suicide Suicide Facts at a Glance, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and these resources from the Dart Center for Journalism and Trauma: In Depth: Covering Suicide A Tip Sheet on Covering Suicide from Al Tompkins Tip Sheet: Covering Military/Veteran Suicides Suicide on College Campuses Suicide and the Media]

suicide bombing

Use of explosives carried to a target on the body of the attacker or in a vehicle operated by him or her. Especially fearsome attack because the attacker cannot be bargained with since he or she is determined to die. Similar to the Japanese kamikaze attacks of World War II. Thought to have been invented in the early 1980s by the Tamil Tiger separatists in Sri Lanka.

suicide contagion

More than 50 research studies worldwide have found that certain types of news coverage can increase the likelihood of suicide in vulnerable individuals. The magnitude of the increase is related to the amount, duration, and prominence of coverage. Risk of additional suicides increases when the story explicitly describes the suicide method, uses dramatic/graphic headlines or images, and repeated/extensive coverage sensationalizes or glamorizes a death. ​ Suicide contagion, or copycat suicide, occurs when one or more suicides are reported in a way that contributes to another suicide. See suicide for more information on how to cover suicide responsibly.

Sunni

Pronounced "SOO-nee." The largest denomination in Islam, followed by about 85 percent of Muslims. The plural form is Sunnis. See Shiism, Shiite

swastika

It is one of the most popular symbols for Hindus, Jains and Buddhists. The word swastika is derived from Sanskrit words that mean "auspicious," "luck" and "well-being." It is also a sign of the Sun-God Surya and his generosity. The swastika is one of the 108 symbols of Lord Vishnu and represents the sun's rays, without which there would be no life. The swastika is used in religious and civil ceremonies in India, both public and private. The swastika used by the Nazis was a perverted version of the ancient Hindu swastika.

systemic racism

Social values that support personal and institutional discrimination. As a social concept, systemic racism explains how people of color must adapt to a society not built for them, while white people readily fit in. See institutional racism.

Tagalog

Pronounced tah-GAH-log. The official language of the Philippines, but also one of scores of local and regional dialects.

Taipeng Revolution

One of the bloodiest conflicts in world history. A continuing theme in modern Chinese history is the central government's fear of separatist movements leading to catastrophic violence. Perhaps 20 million or more Chinese died in a long civil war, contemporaneous with the American Civil War, in which fewer than 1 million Americans were killed. It was led by a Chinese national who thought he was Jesus' younger brother.

Tao

Pronounced "Dow." The ever-changing energy of the universe that flows all around in the form of nature. In Taoism, Tao is unknowable and therefore cannot be defined. In Confucianism, Tao is the correct manner of conduct that stems from universal standards and ideals that govern right and wrong.

Taoism, Daoism

Pronounced "DOW-ism." A school of philosophical and religious teachings that stem from Tao. Taoism is one of the major religions in China, although it was forcefully suppressed during Maoist Communist rule. When tolerance of some religions was restored in China in the early 1980s, Taoism began to flourish again.

Tejano

A Texan of Mexican descent. Tejano derives from "Coahuiltejano," a name given to the citizens of the Mexican State Coahuila y Tejas, now Texas. Tejano culture includes folk music synthesized from European and Mexican styles and contributions to Tex-Mex cuisine. Hispanic and Anglo-Saxon settlers who lived in the area during the 18th century created a bilingualism that later shaped the Tejano language.

telenovela

A type of "limited-run" television drama that is very popular in Latin America and has had success in the United States and elsewhere. Telenovelas are similar to traditional U.S. soap operas but they have distinctive qualities. The run time for telenovelas are a fixed duration, with episodes shown five to six days a week and an average of 120 episodes per telenovela.

Thai names

Typically personal name first, family name second, with long multi-syllable names, especially if Chinese. On second reference, personal name is sometimes used.

third gender

Term often used in anthropological studies to set apart identities other than man or woman that appear across different cultures. See androgyne, agender, genderqueer, non-binary gender.

Third World

Originally used to distinguish nations that were aligned with neither the West nor with the East during the Cold War. Commonly used to describe underdeveloped countries of Africa, Asia and Latin America. These nations and the people there are often cast as being uncivilized or primitive. Avoid using term because of its negative connotations. Better to say developing countries. Use in quotes only if necessary.

Tiananmen Square

The vast public square at the center of Beijing, capital of China. In 1989, as many as a million protesters, led by students, demonstrated in favor of democracy, prompting a lethal crackdown by the Communist government on June 4. Number of deaths still unknown, but totaling at least in the hundreds. The crackdown is a central event in modern Chinese history.

tolerance (drug)

A condition in which higher doses of a drug are required to produce the same effect achieved during initial use, which often leads to dependence.

Torah

The Jewish sacred writings found in the first five books of the Hebrew Bible (Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy). Also called "the Five Books of Moses," the Torah is copied by specialized scribes onto parchment scrolls and is treated with great care and respect by Jewish congregations. The term Torah is sometimes also used to describe the larger body of Jewish law and Scripture.

totem

A representation of a person or likeness such as an animal or plant that is revered by a tribe or group. It is a part of many American Indian and African religious practices.

Tourette syndrome/Tourette's syndrome/Tourette's disorder

Tourette syndrome is a neurological disorder characterized by tics, or sudden, purposeless and rapid movements or vocalizations, according to the National Alliance on Mental Illness. Such tics are recurrent, involuntary and non-rhythmic, with the same tics occurring each time. The disorder was originally named for French neurologist Dr. Georges Gilles de la Tourette, who first described the condition in 1885, according to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. While those with Tourette syndrome often can suppress tics by focusing on them, the disorder also can be treated with medication, relaxation techniques and therapy. Although involuntary cursing is commonly thought to be a key trait of the disorder, only a minority of those with Tourette syndrome exhibits this symptom. Terminology for the disorder is varied. It is interchangeably referred to as Tourette syndrome, Tourette's syndrome and Tourette's disorder. However, prominent mental health organizations such as NINDS, the Mayo Clinic, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, as well as the Tourette Syndrome Association refer to it as Tourette syndrome. Use Tourette syndrome, with no possessive or capitalization of syndrome. Refer to someone as having Tourette syndrome only if the information is relevant to the story and if the person has been formally diagnosed by a licensed medical professional. Use people-first language, stating that someone is a person with Tourette syndrome or a person diagnosed with Tourette syndrome. Avoid the acronym TS as it is not widely known. [For more information about Tourette syndrome see the Tourette Syndrome Association website, the National Alliance on Mental Illness Tourette's Syndrome Fact Sheet or the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke's Tourette Syndrome Fact Sheet.]

towelhead

Avoid; a slur used to describe South Asians.

tranny

Often a pejorative term for a transgender person, it is now being reclaimed by some transgender people. Offensive when used as an epithet and should be avoided except in quotes or as someone's self-identified term.

Transcendental Meditation

A form of meditation made popular by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, who introduced it in 1955. TM is acceptable on second reference.

transfeminine

A term used to describe people who were assigned male at birth but identify with a feminine gender identity more than a masculine gender identity. This term is not interchangeable with trans woman, although trans women may identify as transfeminine. Transfeminine can be used to describe gender expression or as a gender identity in its own right. The masculine equivalent of transfeminine is transmasculine.

transgender

Refers to individuals whose gender identity and/or expression may not match their physical, sexual characteristics or sex assigned at birth. Some female and male cross-dressers, drag queens or kings, female or male impersonators and intersex individuals may also identify as transgender. Use the name and personal pronouns that are consistent with how the individual lives publicly. When possible, ask which term the source prefers. Do not use transgendered. Offensive when used as a noun; use transgender people, transgender man or transgender woman. In cases where space is an issue, such as headlines, using trans as a shorthand adjectival form is acceptable. See gender transition, intersex, sexual reassignment. Transgender people may use a number of terms to describe themselves. For more guidance on transgender terminology and coverage, visit the NLGJA Journalists Toolbox article at www.nlgja.org/toolbox/transgender and the GLAAD Media Reference Guide on Transgender Issues.

transmasculine

A term used to describe people who were assigned female at birth but identify with a masculine gender identity more than a feminine gender identity. This term is not interchangeable with trans man, although trans men may identify as transmasculine. Transmasculine can also be used to describe gender expression or as a gender identity in its own right. "This term includes non-binary people, gender fluid people, genderqueer people-anyone assigned female at birth whose gender falls in the more masculine range," Jo Eckler, PsyD, a licensed clinical psychologist based in Texas and author of I Can't Fix You-Because You're Not Broken, said in a 2020 interview with Health. "The term transgender is often used as an umbrella term that encompasses anyone who does not identify with the gender they were assigned at birth. So trans men and transmasculine people are both transgender." The feminine equivalent of transmasculine is transfeminine.

transracial

Across or crossing racial boundaries. The term is most often used in adoption to describe families where a child is adopted by parents of a different race. In 2015, the term was used to describe Rachel Dolezal, a NAACP chapter president who made international news when she was outed as a white woman who identified herself as black.

transsexual

Avoid this outdated term in favor of transgender and transgender people unless a person or community prefers the term; it can carry misleading medical connotations.

transvestite

Avoid this outdated term.

treatment/treatment center/rehab center/detox center

Treatment is defined by the American Society of Addiction Medicine as the use of any planned, intentional intervention in the health, behavior, personal and/or family life of an individual suffering from alcoholism or another drug dependency designed to achieve and maintain sobriety, physical and mental health and maximum functional ability. A treatment center is an establishment usually run by psychiatric or medical professionals. Treatment is an acceptable term for medical interventions, and treatment center is acceptable for the establishment in which such practices take place. Use treatment center in place of rehab or detox center. A person enrolled in a treatment center should be referred to as a patient.

tribal affiliation

Reporters should identify Indigenous people by their specific tribes, nations or communities. Headlines and text should also refer to tribes by their proper names, not a catch-all phrase like Oklahoma Native American Tribe or Native American group. While many Indigenous people share a common history of oppression and colonialism, tribal nations are diverse and different; failing to use the actual name of the tribe you are reporting on is neither accurate, fair nor thorough and undermines diversity by erasing the tribe's identity. The practice never happens when reporting on other places or groups, as shown here: INCORRECT: Pope Brings Message of Brotherly Love To Pennsylvania City Asian Country Pushes Legal Overhaul That Would Bolster State Power Native American Tribe To Open First Marijuana Resort In The U.S. CORRECT: Pope Brings Message Of Brotherly Love To Philadelphia China Pushes Legal Overhaul That Would Bolster State Power Santee Sioux Nation To Open First Marijuana Resort In The U.S. Updated January 2024

tribal council

The governing body of a tribe is usually referred to as the tribal council, and is elected by adult members of the tribe. Heading the council is one elected chairperson, president, chief or governor who is the recognized leader. The council performs legislative aspects of tribal government. See American Indian, Native American, tribe.

tribal warfare

Avoid. Eurocentric term for ethnic conflict among people of color.Example: The conflict between Hutus and Tutsis in Rwanda was called tribal warfare, but the civil war in the former Yugoslavia between Serbs, Croats, and Muslims was "ethnic cleansing." Both are ethnic conflicts or civil wars.

tribe

Use with caution. Use nation or ethnic group except for specific entities like a tribal council on a reservation or when a Native group or other group calls itself a tribe. Within the United States, many Native Americans prefer the term nation because their people have signed treaties with the United States that recognize them as nations. Some Native Americans prefer their national affiliation instead of using the generic term Native American, e.g., Navajo, Hopi, Cherokee. In Africa, avoid referring to different ethnic groups as tribes. Hutu and Tutsi are ethnic groups, just like Serbs, Croats and Muslims in the former Yugoslavia. A federally recognized tribe is an American Indian or Alaska Native tribal entity that is recognized as having a government-to-government relationship with the United States, with the responsibilities, powers, limitations, and obligations attached to that designation, according to the Bureau of Indian Affairs. See American Indian, Native American, Native.

trigger

Psychological triggers are words, images or sounds that activate phobias, panic attacks or flashbacks to unpleasant events or trauma. The concept of triggering originated with early psychoanalytical diagnoses of posttraumatic stress disorder, called "war neuroses," in WWI veterans. News reports covering sensitive topics, such as abuse, assault, addiction, suicide, combat and violence, frequently contain descriptive scenarios that can deeply effect audiences. People with certain mental illnesses and phobias may find content shocking if it unexpectedly sparks unpleasant memories. Trigger warnings communicate that upcoming content may produce unpredictable and unwelcome reactions for some readers. They give audiences a choice in whether or not to proceed with consuming the information. However, some readers object to trigger warnings and view them as patronizing and stifling to academic freedom. If you're an educator, consider alerting students ahead of time if content contains graphic descriptions of traumatic events. It also may be appropriate to include such warnings in material for broadcast or digital distribution. Triggers can be hard to predict and vary from individual to individual, but communicating the nature of your content builds trust in audiences. Don't use the term "trigger warning" in a flip or casual way.

Trinity

This key doctrine in Christianity says that God, the Son and the Holy Spirit together make up the one Godhead. The exact nature and definition of the Trinity were central in the split between the Eastern and Western Christian churches.

trust land

Land held by the United States for the use and benefit of American Indian tribes. Virtually all trust land is on reservations. Tribes also can purchase land and petition the federal government to hold it in trust, protecting the land from encroachment or seizure. See reservation.

turban

A head covering in desert or other hot climates that does not necessarily have ethnic or religious significance and is not solely Arab. People wear turbans for different reasons, and there are different types of turbans. Sikh men wear turbans that peak at the forehead to take care of their hair, which they do not cut, and to promote equality among themselves and to declare their identity. Turbans make Sikhs distinctive in India, where they are a minority. In the United States, Sikhs have been attacked by people who assumed the turbans meant they were Muslims. Most Muslims do not wear turbans, though their religious may wear them. It's typically spherical or conical. The shape of turbans varies by country. See Sikhism.

U.S. territories

The United States has five major (permanently inhabited) territories: American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands. People born in all U.S. territories but American Samoa are considered American citizens. Individuals born in American Samoa are considered U.S. nationals, but not U.S. citizens, which means they can reside in the U.S. indefinitely but must apply for citizenship if they want to become citizens. Here are what people of each territory are called: American Samoa American Samoans Guam Guamians Northern Mariana Islands Northern Mariana Islanders Puerto Rico Puerto Ricans U.S. Virgin Islands Virgin Islanders

ultra-Orthodox

A term sometimes applied to strictly observant Jews such as Hasidim who are distinguished by their style of dress, physical appearance and attention to religious ritual. Some Jewish communities described as ultra-Orthodox, such as the Lubavitch Hasidim, find the term offensive. Agudath Israel of America, an umbrella group that includes other Hasidic and many non-Hasidic Orthodox Jews, also objects to the term. Other groups do not. The term is also commonly used to describe right-wing religious parties in Israeli politics. Haredi (or Charedi) is another term sometimes used as an alternative to ultra-Orthodox, though it is not widely known. Be aware that Modern Orthodox is a separate category of Orthodox Judaism, and it is an acceptable term.

uncle

In many cultures, this is a term of respect, not necessarily family relationship. An Arab American, for example, might call an older Arab male uncle ("ammo").

Uncle Tom

A term of contempt. Based on the main character, an elderly black man, in Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin, a novel that protested the use of slavery. In today's terms, it means a black person who treats whites as superiors or who is eager to please them. Do not apply it to a person.

Uncle Tom's Cabin (or Life Among the Lowly)

1852 antislavery novel and controversial bestseller by Harriet Beecher Stowe that increased sentiment against slavery. Main character Uncle Tom is a pious and faithful slave sold by his master to a brutal plantation owner, who later beat Uncle Tom to death. Before dying Uncle Tom prayed for his master's repentance and salvation. Some historians credit the novel with helping to prompt the Civil War. See slavery.

unconscious bias

See implicit bias, unconscious bias.

Underground Railroad

In the United States before the Civil War, a vast network of people organized to free slaves from the South. It started in the colonial period and reached its peak in the early 1830s. An estimated 100,000 slaves were freed using the secretive system of safe houses and transportation. Slaves often used songs to relay messages of escape. Notable figures include John Fairfield in Ohio, the son of a slaveholding family, who made many daring rescues; Quaker Levi Coffin, who assisted more than 3,000 slaves; and Harriet Tubman, who made 19 trips into the South and escorted over 300 slaves to freedom.

undocumented immigrant, undocumented individual

Preferred terms to illegal alien, illegal immigrant, or illegal(s). This term describes the immigration status of people who do not have the federal documentation to show they are legally entitled to work, visit or live here. Some Latinos say this term more accurately describes people who are in the United States illegally because the word points out that they are undocumented, but does not dehumanize them in the manner that such terms as aliens and illegals do. [In February 2021, Tracy Renaud, the acting leader of US Citizenship and Immigration Services, issued a memo instructing the agency's leadership to make the following changes: to no longer refer to people as "illegal alien," "alien," or "undocumented alien" in internal and external communications, and to instead use the terms "noncitizen," "undocumented noncitizen," or "undocumented individual."]* *Updated Feb. 17, 2021

undocumented worker

Preferred term to illegal alien, illegal immigrant or illegal(s). This term describes the immigration status of people who do not have the federal documentation to show they are legally entitled to work, visit or live here.

Unification Church

The formal name of this organization founded by the Rev. Sun Myung Moon is the Holy Spirit Association for the Unification of World Christianity, but Unification Church is acceptable in all references. Moon launched it in 1954 in South Korea, six years after the Presbyterian Church of Korea excommunicated him for beliefs it said were incompatible with traditional Christianity. Among other beliefs, followers reject the Trinity, saying instead that God is a single being with male and female aspects. Members are often called Moonies, but the term is considered derogatory; they call themselves Unificationists. Use Moonies only in direct quotes.

Unitarian Universalist

The Unitarian Universalist Association encourages a wide spectrum of belief. Many members believe in God, but atheists also find a home in this denomination. Unitarian Universalists do not believe Jesus was divine and are not considered Christians, although they would welcome Christians - or just about anyone - in their churches. They employ a congregational form of government.

United Church of Christ

A mainline Protestant denomination and the largest of the Congregationalist denominations. The word church is applied only to individual, local churches. Clergy members are known as ministers. Pastor is used if a minister leads a congregation. On first reference, use the Rev. before the name. On second reference, use only the last name.

United Methodist Church

The largest Methodist denomination and the second-largest Protestant body in the United States. Officially, the denomination is The United Methodist Church, but the Religion Stylebook follows Associated Press style in not capitalizing "The" as part of the name.

United Negro College Fund

Nation's largest, oldest and most comprehensive minority higher education assistance organization. UNCF provides operating funds for 37 member historically black colleges and universities, scholarships and internships for students at more than 1,100 institutions and faculty and administrative professional training. May use UNCF on second reference.

Unity Church

A denomination that says it promotes "practical Christianity." It is the primary church in the "New Thought" movement, which teaches belief in monism, the universal presence of creative energy, or God, within the world and within all people. Some adherents accept traditional Christian beliefs about Jesus, but many do not.

Untouchables

Dalit (capitalized) is a more respectful and current term for castes once called "untouchables." M.K. Gandhi coined the term Harijan ("children of God") to refer to these castes.

urban

Urban is widely used as a euphemism for Black people, a way to connote but not directly point to African American neighborhoods or culture. Urban music, urban fiction, urban comedy and urban neighborhoods are often used as codewords for culture and districts associated with Black people and the phrases sometimes imply stereotypes of poverty and crime. In 2020, the Recording Academy, the organization that presents the Grammys, and some major record companies and radio stations, announced they would cease using the term urban music. Use urban with caution, but it is acceptable to use the word in a neutral context, such as "housing values in the urban neighborhood are rising."

urban music, urban contemporary

"Urban" and "urban contemporary" have been used for decades as catchall terms to categorize rhythmic music made by Black artists - primarily R&B and hip-hop - but connotations associated with these names have often segregated those artists from mass-market platforms such as Top 40 radio. In June 2020, in response to the resurgence of the Black Lives Matter Movement in the U.S. and around the world, Republic Records announced that it would "remove 'urban' from the label's verbiage in describing departments, employee titles and music genres," saying that "over time the meaning and connotations of 'urban' have shifted and developed into a generalization of Black people in many sectors of the music industry, including employees and music by Black artists." In the same month the Recording Academy - the parent organization of the Grammy Awards - announced that it would rename the "Best Urban Contemporary Album" category "Best Progressive R&B Album" and rename "Best Rap/Sung Performance" category to "Best Melodic Rap Album."

Urdu

One of the official languages of Pakistan; also spoken in many partsof India, especially in the state of Uttar Pradesh. Also the language used in ballads known as ghazals. Urdu is written in a Perso-Arabic alphabet. Persian uses an adapted Arabic script which is further adapted to accommodate Urdu.

Vatican, Vatican City

The pope and his administrative clergy live in this 108-acre city-state that is the temporal headquarters of the Roman Catholic Church. Vatican City is an independent state in the center of Rome. The cathedral of the pope - the bishop of Rome - is the Basilica of St. John Lateran on the other side of Rome. In recent centuries popes have resided more often at the Vatican, which is built around St. Peter's Basilica. St. Peter's Basilica sits above the tomb where the remains of St. Peter, who Catholic tradition regards as the first pope and bishop of Rome, are believed to rest. The popes were for centuries temporal rulers of a large swath of central Italy. But when Italy was united as a single nation in 1860, the Papal States became part of the new secular government, and the pope's kingdom was reduced to the city of Rome. In 1870 Italian troops defeated the last papal forces and took Rome as the nation's capital. The pope refused to recognize the new situation and became a self-declared "prisoner of the Vatican" until 1929, when the Vatican and the government of Benito Mussolini resolved the impasse in a concordat. The Vatican was given a sum of money as compensation for the confiscation of its holdings, and Vatican City was recognized as a legal governing entity. Popes were also allowed to travel outside the Vatican's confines. The Vatican has its own flag, coins, postage stamps, media, train station and police, as well as the ceremonial troops known as the Swiss Guard. Vatican City includes St. Peter's Square, St. Peter's Basilica, the Sistine Chapel painted by Michelangelo, the Vatican Museums and other priceless works of art. Vatican City stands alone in datelines. For more about the Vatican, see its official website.

vegetative state/comatose/non-response

A vegetative state is defined as the absence of responsiveness or consciousness in which a patient shows no awareness of his or her environment. Patients may exhibit eye movements and other involuntary movements. A minimally conscious state is one in which a patient has some awareness of self and/or the environment. Referring to a person in a vegetative state as a vegetable is considered offensive. It is preferable to use precise medical terminology or, if that is not possible, terms such as comatose or non-responsive. If using the term vegetative state, use people-first language, such as a person in a vegetative state. Avoid referring to someone as a vegetable or "veg" as such words dehumanize the person.

veiling

This is a religious practice, related to Islam, and not a specifically Arab tradition. While some say that veiling denigrates women, many women who dress this way say it liberates them. Some say it is more oppressive to be expected to dress in revealing ways. This practice of modesty, called hijab, is not universally observed by Muslim women and varies by region and class. Some governments have, at times, banned veiling and at other times required it. In American families, a mother, a daughter or a sister might decide to cover her head while the other does not. Most Arab Americans dress like other Americans.

victim, suffering from, afflicted with, stricken with

Don't make an assumption about how someone with a mental illness [or other condition] is handling his or her life. Use value-neutral terms. Not preferred: She suffers from anxiety. Preferred: She's being treated for an anxiety disorder or She is diagnosed with an anxiety disorder.

victim, survivor

There is much debate about the terms victim and survivor, especially when used in the context of sexual assault and domestic violence. When possible, journalists should ask sources which terms they prefer. Use the Right Words: Media Reporting on Sexual Violence in Canada, a guide produced by femifesto, a Toronto-based, feminist organization that works to shift rape culture to consent culture, offers this guidance on use of these words: Victim: The word "victim" conveys that "someone committed a crime against this person, and that they were injured by it." But the word victim can imply "passivity, acceptance of one's circumstances, and a casualty." "Victim" is also "a noun which identifies a person solely according to what someone did to them; it conveys nothing about what they did to resist or respond, or anything about any other identity they may have. In this way, it also plays into our ideas about what a victim really looks like: passive, perfectly compliant with police and prosecutors' demands, not angry, sexually pure (which isn't just about personal history, it's about race, class and other identities and what meanings are attached to them)." "Victim" can be seen as ignoring coping and resistance strategies that people who have experienced sexual assault develop to survive violence. Survivor The term "survivor" can convey agency and resilience. It can be seen to imply "ingenuity, resourcefulness, and inner strength." At the same time, "the word survivor, is, like victim, a noun. It describes a person according to their experiences of (and resistance to) violence, and nothing more: it is one-dimensional." Replacing "victim" with "survivor" can mean a total rejection of "victim." "Rejecting 'victim' and everything that goes with it canbe particularly harsh on people with identities such that society expects them to be strong, e.g. black women." Alternative Language Examples of alternative language you can use to avoid the victim/survivor dichotomy: "a person who was subjected to sexual violence" "a person who was sexually assaulted" "a person who survived sexual abuse" "complainant" (applicable in court cases) This language depicts sexual assault as something that happened to a person -- it doesn't define their whole life in relation to the experience of violence.

Vietnamese names

Typically written family name first, personal name last. On second reference, the personal name is sometimes used. But in the United States, Western word order is common.

Vodou, Voodoo

A religious tradition born in West Africa that is derived from animism, ancestor worship and polytheism. Slaves brought from West Africa transplanted Vodou to the New World. As practiced in the Caribbean and areas along the U.S. Gulf Coast, Vodou merged West African traditions with Roman Catholic beliefs, adding saints to rituals. The term Vodou, which should always be capitalized, is the acceptable spelling in academic circles and the Haitian community. Other common spellings include Vodun, Voodoo and voodoo, but generic uses of voodoo can be offensive to those who practice the religion. Avoid using phrases such as "voodoo economics," except in direct quotes. The Associated Press Stylebook continues to use Voodoo.

Voting Rights Act

Enacted on Aug. 6, 1965, it empowered the federal government to oversee voter registration and elections in communities, especially in the South, that had used tests to determine voter eligibility and or where registration or turnout was less than 50 percent in the 1964 presidential election. It also banned discriminatory literacy tests and expanded voting rights for non-English speaking Americans. The laws effects were wide and powerful. By 1968, for example, nearly 60 percent of eligible blacks were registered to vote in Mississippi. The Voting Rights Act was extended in 1970, 1975, and 1982 and despite some setbacks and debates had an enormous impact by helping elect black lawmakers at the local, state and national levels.

walking distance, walkability, walkable

The terms walking distance and walkability are commonly used in the context of real estate and urban planning. Be aware that they may be seen as excluding people who use wheelchairs or who have mobility disabilities. Instead use accessible or pedestrian friendly (people who use wheelchairs are considered pedestrians).

West Indies

A group of islands in the Caribbean Sea that includes the Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, United States Virgin Islands, the Leeward Islands and Windward Islands, Guyana, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago. They acquired that name because Spanish explorers erroneously thought they had sailed to India.

wheelchair/wheelchair-bound/confined to a wheelchair

People who use mobility equipment such as a wheelchair, scooter or cane consider their equipment part of their personal space, according to the United Spinal Association. People who use wheelchairs have widely different disabilities and varying abilities. It is acceptable to describe a person as someone who uses a wheelchair, followed by an explanation of why the equipment is required. Avoid confined to a wheelchair or wheelchair-bound as these terms describe a person only in relationship to a piece of equipment. The terms also are misleading, as wheelchairs can liberate people, allowing them to move about, and they are inaccurate, as people who use wheelchairs are not permanently confined in them, but are transferred [or transfer themselves] to sleep, sit in chairs, drive cars, etc.

White flight

White flight is the sudden or gradual large-scale migration of White people from areas becoming more racially or ethnoculturally diverse. Avoid.

White privilege

Advantages for people with white skin. This includes advantages they might not even know about. It can be a product of systemic racism. Advantages can be economic, social or educational. One kind of privilege is freedom from barriers, suspicions or expectations that non-White people experience daily. Another can be freedom from judgment or denial surrounding success or aspirations. For example, if two people acquire the same job or car, the White person's success might be taken for granted while the Black person is asked how he or she managed it. See institutional racism, systemic racism.

White, U.S. Census definition of

The U.S. Census Bureau, which adheres to the 1997 Office of Management and Budget standards on race and ethnicity, defines White as "a person having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa." The Census Bureau notes: "The racial categories included in the census questionnaire generally reflect a social definition of race recognized in this country and not an attempt to define race biologically, anthropologically, or genetically. In addition, it is recognized that the categories of the race item include racial and national origin or sociocultural groups."

White, white

People who share a lineage that can be traced directly or indirectly to Europe. Don't use Caucasian. There has been much discussion about whether the w in White and the b in Black should be capitalized. In the summer of 2020, after the killing of George Floyd by Minneapolis police sparked protests around the country (and around the world), most style guides that had previously called for lowercasing Black changed their position. Hundreds of media organizations, including the Associated Press, The New York Times, The Los Angeles Times, McClatchy newspapers and NBC-owned television stations, called for capitalizing Black when referring to race. However, the style gurus were divided when it came to White. Most media organizations still lowercase White. Some noted exceptions: The Washington Post, Fox News, D Magazine, The Conscious Style Guide. One month after announcing its decision to capitalize Black, the Associated Press asserted it would not capitalize White. "Some have expressed the belief that if we don't capitalize white, we are being inconsistent and discriminating against white (sic) people or, conversely, that we are implying that white is the default," John Daniszewski, vice president for standards, wrote on the venerable news organization's blog. "We also recognize the argument that capitalizing the term could pull white people more fully into issues and discussions of race and equality. We will closely watch how usage and thought evolves, and will periodically review our decision." In a June 2020 statement announcing its endorsement of the capitalization of Black, the National Association of Black Journalists wrote, "NABJ also recommends that whenever a color is used to appropriately describe race then it should be capitalized, including White and Brown." The Center for the Study of Social Policy also makes an impassioned case for the capitalization of White as well as Black. "We believe that it is important to call attention to White as a race as a way to understand and give voice to how Whiteness functions in our social and political institutions and our communities," staff members Ann Thúy Nguyễn and Maya Pendleton wrote in a post on the organization's website. "Moreover, the detachment of 'White' as a proper noun allows White people to sit out of conversations about race and removes accountability from White people's and White institutions' involvement in racism. The American Psychological Association Style Guide also recommends capitalizing both White and Black, but it advises against using other "colors to refer to other human groups; doing so is considered pejorative." The Diversity Style Guide has long advocated for the capitalization of White as well as Black. For more discussion about whether to capitalize the w in White see: "Why 'White' should be capitalized, too," Nell Irvin Painter, The Washington Post "The Case for Capitalizing the B in Black," Kwame Anthony Appiah, The Atlantic "Why we capitalize 'Black' (and not 'white')," Mike Laws, Columbia Journalism Review See Caucasian; White privilege; White, U.S. Census definition of.

Wicca

There are many forms of Wicca, but most share a worship of the divine feminine, or Goddess, and a reverence for nature and its cycles. It is traditionally believed to be based on the symbols, celebrations, beliefs and deities of ancient Celtic peoples. Many scholars consider it the largest segment of neo-paganism, saying it can be traced back to Gardnerian Witchcraft, founded in the United Kingdom during the late 1940s.

wigger

A derogatory term used for a white person who mimics language, dress and mannerisms of blacks; a white person who acts black.

witch

A practitioner of natural magic; often a follower of a pagan religion, such as Wicca.

withdrawal (drug)

Symptoms that occur after regular use of a drug has been abruptly reduced or stopped. Symptom severity depends on the type of drug, the dosage, and how long and how frequently it has been taken.

workforce housing

This term is shorthand for housing for people who aren't technically low income, but still have trouble affording housing in an expensive market. The Urban Land Institute defines it as housing for people making 60 to 120 percent of area median income and it is typically intended for teachers, police officers, nurses and other middle-income service workers. Since the phrase is used to contrast with "standard" affordable housing, which is generally aimed at people making less than 60 percent of area median income, it can be seen as implying that low-income people aren't working. Use with caution. Alternatives include housing for middle-income workers and affordable housing for essential workers.

worship, worshipped, worshipper

Worship is the act of offering devotion and praise to a deity or deities. It is most often used in reference to formal religious services, but also applies to private prayer and other acts done to honor or revere the sacred. Many evangelical Protestants have a tendency to use it specifically in reference to music - especially contemporary praise music - sung in church. Thus, the leader of the contemporary singing group may appear in the church bulletin as "praise and worship leader."

Xmas

Do not use this shortened form of the word Christmas.

yarmulke

Pronounced "YAH-mi-kuh." Yiddish name for the skullcap traditionally worn by Jewish men in synagogue, and by some Jews at all times. It is a symbol of humility and submission to God. It is sometimes also referred to by its Hebrew name, kippah (or kippa), which means "dome."

yellow journalism

Archaic, possibly anti-Semitic rather than anti-Asian. Refers to the "Yellow Kid," a young boy from a cartoon strip popular in New York tabloids of the 1890s and, thus, synonymous with tabloid sensationalism. The boy wore a yellow nightshirt. He was Eastern European, possibly Jewish, and was bald because his hair had been shorn because of lice, a common sight in Lower East Side tenements.

yellow peril

Avoid, a slur. An imagined invasion of the United States at the beginning of the 20th century by Asian "hordes," specifically Japanese, who had become successful entrepreneurs in California agriculture. Led to racialist pulp fiction.

yellow skin, Asian-ness of

A persistent vestige of the age of scientific racism. Yellow skin is a sign of jaundice, a symptom of various diseases, including hepatitis. Stephen Jay Gould (1941-2002), the paleontologist, traced the terminology to Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (1752-1840), who coined "Caucasian." Blumenbach, a German naturalist, derived his terminology from Carl Linnaeus (the 18th-century Swedish botanist who developed such classifications as "homo sapiens") and the medieval theory of physiology that human temperament arises from the presence of various fluids, or "humors." ("Sense of humor" comes from this theory.) Linnaeus said the black, or relaxed, humor dominated in Africa and the white, or muscular, humor in Europe. Linnaeus wrote that the "luridus, melancholicus, rigidus."

yin/yang

A symbol from Chinese philosophies such as Taoism and Confucianism representing two forces continually interacting in humans and in the universe; balance between the two is ideal. Yin is the darker, female, passive force; yang is the lighter, male, active.

Yom Kippur

Pronounced "yohm ki-POOR." The Jewish Day of Atonement, which takes place on the 10th day of the Jewish month of Tishri - September or October of the Gregorian calendar. Yom Kippur is marked by spending the day in prayer; forgoing food, drink and work; and repenting for misdeeds of the past year. To find the date for the holiday in the current or an upcoming year consult the Jewish holidays page on Hebcal.

Yonsei, yonsei

Term for fourth-generation Japanese Americans, originating from the Japanese language term for "fourth generation." In the American context, the term is understood to refer to the great-grandchildren of Japanese immigrants who arrived prior to the cessation of Japanese immigration to the U.S. under the dictates of the Immigration Act of 1924. The vast majority of Yonsei were born a generation or more after the World War II, and given the boom in intermarriage rates among Japanese Americans starting in the 1960s, many are of mixed race heritage. Other generational terms include Issei (first generation) for the immigrant generation, Nisei (second generation) for the American born children of the Nisei, and Sansei (third generation) for the children of the Nisei and parents of the Yonsei. [Some Japanese-American institutions, such as Densho Encyclopedia, the digital educational resource on Japanese American internment and Japanese incarceration, capitalize the first letter of Issei, Nisei, Sansei, Yonsei, Gosei, etc. Others capitalize the words when they are used in a generational context, but lowercase those same words when referring to an individual. For example, "Nisei soldiers of World War II" has a generational context. However, you might say, "My uncle, a nisei, served in the 442nd Regimental Combat Team." Some institutions lowercase the words unless they are part of a proper noun, such as Nisei Farmers League.] See Issei/issei, Nisei/nisei, Sansei/sansei.

Zionism, Zionist

A modern movement in Judaism rooted in the establishment of a separate Jewish nation, based on God's biblical promise that Israel would forever belong to Abraham and his descendants as a nation. Many Zionists do not have religious motives, but believe a Jewish state is necessary because of the long history of persecution of Jews. That goal was realized with the establishment of the state of Israel in 1948. Zionism refers to Mount Zion, the site of the ancient Temple in Jerusalem. A Zionist is a supporter of Zionism.

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Helping media professionals write with accuracy and authority

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English language Glossary of Racial equity

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English language Glossary of Racial equity

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Racial Equity Tools Glossary

Words and their multiple uses reflect the tremendous diversity that characterizes our society. Indeed, universally agreed upon language on issues relating to racism is nonexistent. We discovered that even the most frequently used words in any discussion on race can easily cause confusion, which leads to controversy and hostility. It is essential to achieve some degree of shared understanding, particularly when using the most common terms. In this way, the quality of dialogue and discourse on race can be enhanced.

Language can be used deliberately to engage and support community anti-racism coalitions and initiatives, or to inflame and divide them. Discussing definitions can engage and support coalitions. However, it is important for groups to decide the extent to which they must have consensus and where it is okay for people to disagree. It is also helpful to keep in mind that the words people use to discuss power, privilege, racism and oppression hold different meanings for different people. For instance, people at different stages of developing an analysis tend to attach different meanings to words like discrimination, privilege and institutional racism. Furthermore, when people are talking about privilege or racism, the words they use often come with emotions and assumptions that are not spoken.

Many of the terms in this glossary have evolved over time. For example, given the changing demographic trends in the United States, the word "minority" no longer accurately reflects the four primary racial/ethnic groups. The terms "emerging majority" and "people of color" have become popular substitutes. Also, the terms used to refer to members of each community of color have changed over time. Whether to use the terms African American or Black, Hispanic American, Latinx or Latino, Native American or American Indian, and Pacific Islander or Asian American depends on a variety of conditions, including your intended audiences' geographic location, age, generation, and, sometimes, political orientation.

SOURCE: Project Change's "The Power of Words." Originally produced for Project Change Lessons Learned II, also included in A Community Builder's Toolkit - both produced by Project Change and The Center for Assessment and Policy Development with some modification by RacialEquityTools.org.

The main source for each definition is noted with its term below. Some definitions are paraphrased or updated. If you plan to use a couple of the terms in your materials, we encourage you to keep the SOURCE citation(s) that we have listed for them.

You can download a PDF version of this glossary . Please feel free to share the RET Glossary PDF or post a link on your site. We request that you use the following citation: Racial Equity Tools Glossary, MP Associates, Center for Assessment and Policy Development, and World Trust Educational Services, July 2022.

For guidance on evaluation terms in particular, see .

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Words and their multiple uses reflect the tremendous diversity that characterizes our society. Indeed, universally agreed upon language on issues relating to racism is nonexistent. In this way, the quality of dialogue and discourse on race can be enhanced.

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The Nonperformativity of Antiracism by Sara Ahmed

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The Nonperformativity of Antiracism by Sara Ahmed

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This paper explores institutional speech acts that declare organisations as being diverse and as committed to racial equality. It offers a simple thesis: such speech acts are non-performatives; they do not bring about the effects that they name. The paper draws on an analysis of policy documents, experience of writing equality documents, and interviews with diversity practitioners based in universities in the UK. By exploring different kinds of institutional speech acts (commitments, performances, descriptions), the paper concludes non-performatives can still do things; they may even do things that fail to bring into effect what they name. In other words, practitioners use such speech acts to expose the gap between what organisations say they do and what they do.

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Activating Diversity and Inclusion: A Blueprint for Museum Educators as Allies and Change MakersWendy Ng, Syrus Marcus Ware &Alyssa Greenberg

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Activating Diversity and Inclusion: A Blueprint for Museum Educators as Allies and Change MakersWendy Ng, Syrus Marcus Ware &Alyssa Greenberg

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Within the museum field’s recent emphasis on diversity and inclusion to create meaningful experiences for all visitors, there remain problematic power dynamics that maintain white supremacy and re-inscribe disparities in privilege among museum workers and visitors. We introduce guiding principles of allyship and practical strategies for enacting equitable relationships with visitors and staff across lines of social difference, providing a blueprint for a rigorous approach to how museum educators can activate diversity and inclusion to create social change.

Journal of Museum Education

Volume 42, 2017 - Issue 2: Identifying and Transforming Racism in Museum Education

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Activating Diversity and Inclusion: A Blueprint for Museum Educators as Allies and Change Makers

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(2017). Activating Diversity and Inclusion: A Blueprint for Museum Educators as Allies and Change Makers. Journal of Museum Education: Vol. 42, Identifying and Transforming Racism in Museum Education, pp. 142-154.

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5 Tips for Nonprofit Collaborations by National Council of Nonprofits

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5 Tips for Nonprofit Collaborations by National Council of Nonprofits

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I doubt there is a single definition of success for nonprofit collaborations, but here's my take: a collaboration is successful if the parties are eager to work together again. In contrast, if the parties are running away from each other, vowing never to collaborate again, something's gone wrong. Here are 5 tips for success, plus a kicker at the end of this post for nonprofits committed to success with collaborations.

I love this: " Do what you do best and partner for the rest." This quip acknowledges that there are limits to what we can accomplish on our own, and it also captures the positive, expansive outlook essential for a successful collaboration. Many nonprofits are jaded by negative experiences with past collaborations so it may seem naive to stress the benefits of a positive outlook. However, consider that each nonprofit has its own unique "sphere of influence." Any nonprofit, no matter how successful, can only communicate with, and therefore influence, a finite number of people. But when that same nonprofit collaborates with another entity, their two spheres of influence combined can expand their ability to advance their shared goals and their individual missions. (This theory is consistent with a collective impact or a networked approach to problem solving.) So while collaborations definitely require time, energy, and tons of effort (and usually also exact a financial cost), the upside of collaboration can be enormously positive for moving an agenda forward, mobilizing stakeholders, or simply increasing a nonprofit's ability to influence a greater number of people.

What's the takeaway? Mindset matters. Think positive to unleash potential success. In the book Forces for Good, the authors observe that high-impact organizations are those that embrace a collaborative mindset:
We had assumed that there was something inherent in these organizations that helped them have great impact - and that their success was directly tied to their growth or management approach. Instead, we learned that becoming a high-impact nonprofit is not just about building a great organization and then expanding it to reach more people. Rather, high-impact nonprofits work with and through organizations and individuals outside themselves to create more impact than they ever could have achieved alone.
A scarcity mindset will put limits on all the potential upsides. Instead, look for abundance through a collaborative mindset: celebrate the skills, resources, and contacts that your collaborative partner(s) shares with you. If you are able to intentionally hold scarcity thoughts at bay, and replace them with a more positive outlook, you will energize the collaboration and release creativity and innovation. More on that below! Nonprofit leaders play important roles, especially when the collaborative partner is a grantmaker. As the excellent piece, Building Collaboration from the Inside Out (GEO), points out, when staff and board leadership visibly demonstrate commitment to a collaborative mindset, there is a greater likelihood of success. Just like any other cultural norm, collaboration needs support from the top.

Once your mindset is positive, you're ready to take on other challenges in " forming, storming, norming, and performing " a collaboration!

Tip #2: Work with your partners to define success and articulate shared goals.

Each partner in a collaboration should be able to answer, "What role are we playing in this collective effort?" As any sports team coach knows, "keeping your eye on the ball" is key. At the outset of a collaboration it's very useful to take the time to jointly work out and write down "what success will look like." The process of identifying shared goals should also include exploring all the things that may go wrong. Looking at those potential derailments in the eye, in advance, will help the parties put strategies in motion to avoid them, and jointly developing a shared vision will motivate everyone to keep moving forward together despite the challenges.

Peter Kramer, Associate Director with the Nonprofit Finance Fund, notes that clarifying goals keeps collaborations from stalling. In his article, What it takes to succeed in a nonprofit collaboration, ( Chronicle of Philanthropy) he wrote:

The simple question, "What are we trying to achieve together and why?" can lead to candid conversations among partners and help prevent roadblocks. The motivations and goals of the partners don't have to be identical, but articulating them clearly fosters transparency and helps manage expectations throughout the process.

We have found that the simple process of writing down shared goals and defining who's doing what, will manage expectations about the parties' responsibilities, which reduces surprises mid-project. When the National Council of Nonprofits engages in a significant collaboration our practice is to jointly prepare a letter-agreement that defines shared goals and spells out who's responsible for what (and when collaborating with a for-profit entity, to avoid any concern about private benefit, we believe it's extremely important to document that the collaboration's goals will advance our own organization's charitable mission.)

Tip #3: Be honest.

If "relationships are the currency of trust" then certainly trust is the currency of collaborations. Let's face it: It's hard for many nonprofit leaders to cede control and share power, which has to happen collaborations. Nonprofits have to trust their partners in order to share both power and responsibilities. Earning trust happens along the way, but you can look for and intentionally create opportunities to talk about trust issues and call out friction points with your collaborative partners. Some examples include discussing ways in which intellectual honesty and lack of resources could play out in the collaboration, or exploring what the norms will be for the parties to share credit, control, and be open to criticism. Nonprofits that already have cultures of accountability and transparency will be comfortable with conversations about trust but their partners may not, so be patient, and keep communicating.

Tip #4: Embrace mistakes, take risks.

One of the country's leading scientific experts on creativity, Dr. R. Keith Sawyer, studied collaboration in the context of jazz performances. According to Sawyer, innovation is stimulated through a trial-by-error, improvised process, "with ... multiple dead ends, and the reinterpretation of previous ideas." One of the potential frustrations in collaborations can be the apparent need to repeat a variation on something that had not worked previously for one of the partners. Instead of being frustrated by what seems to be a waste of time, review lessons learned together. You may find that a slight spin on what was tried before will result in progress. It also may be tempting to take fewer risks because of the embarrassment factor of failing in front of peers. However, when a collaboration offers a supportive environment of learning and striving together, that may actually be the RIGHT time to take a risk.

Tip #5: Expect, and accept conflict, gracefully.

Assume that there will be conflict at some point in a collaboration. If you accept this, you will be more prepared when something blows up (inevitably it will!), but it will be easier to focus on the "big picture" instead of the slight or oversight, dropped ball, or worse. The key is to discern whether the collaboration's goal is still within reach, and if so move as smoothly as possible beyond the conflict. Acknowledge the conflict, but focus on keeping the project moving forward together to reach the endgame: " We didn't get this last bit right, but what can we do now to make sure it doesn't happen again, and keep moving forward together?" If you ignore tensions or outright conflict, you'll miss important signals that otherwise can lead to improvements and better solutions. Conflicts managed well can offer the necessary friction that polishes the final product.

Finally, don't forget your manners. Expressing your 'thanks' when the collaboration is over is important!

Beyond Tips

A common lament among nonprofits is that grantmakers frequently encourage nonprofits to collaborate but don't recognize the costs - and therefore don't provide funding to nonprofits that they are simultaneously urging to collaborate. Nonprofits have a role to play in correcting this damaging dynamic. We need to self-advocate (which means speaking truth to power) about what it really costs to deliver what a grantmaker is asking us to do. As GEO points out, "When funders provide steady core funding to organizations participating in aligned work, it can give organizations what they need to support staff and leaders in developing capacities for collaboration, reduce competition among collaborative members for project dollars and ease the process of trust building. Grantmakers also should remember that achieving real results from collaborative efforts can take time." (excerpt from What capacities do nonprofits need in order to collaborate?)

The National Council of Nonprofits' materials on # ownyourowncosts, and misunderstanding overhead may be useful for nonprofits to help frame discussions with donors/grantmakers. Additionally, to help nonprofits make the case that there are indeed hard dollar costs to collaboration, here's a short list to use as a springboard for discussions with funders: Consider and define what will it cost your nonprofit to:

Spend time defining and articulating joint goals?

Spend time meeting with collaborative partners? Developing a rubric or process for evaluating the collaboration's progress?

Get to know each partner's culture and build trust?

Ensure that your nonprofit has the capacity (technology needs?) to communicate effectively and regularly with collaborative partners?

Build your nonprofit's ability to negotiate effectively?

Adjust and adapt if things aren't going according to plan?

Evaluate and report/share lessons learned about the end results?

There are many useful resources for both nonprofits and grantmakers on collaboration. Here are a few we recommend:

Resources

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I doubt there is a single definition of success for nonprofit collaborations, but here's my take: a collaboration is successful if the parties are eager to work together again. In contrast, if the parties are running away from each other, vowing never to collaborate again, something's gone wrong.

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Seven Ethical Principles to Collaboration in the Philanthropic Sector:

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Seven Ethical Principles to Collaboration in the Philanthropic Sector:

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- Each collaboration should aim to achieve a clear social good. Collaboration is not self-justifying.
- How we collaborate is as important as the goals we seek to accomplish. While it is important to have a goal, considerate and values-driven process matters in collaboration. The ends do not justify the means.
- The social currency, trust and relationships that evolve as part of a collaboration are just as important as — and play a critical role in contributing to — the programmatic outcomes a collaboration seeks to achieve.
- Collaborations should seek to elevate voices from the affected individuals/communities and provide space for their leadership.
- Participants in collaborations should acknowledge power differentials and prioritize an active approach to dealing with them.
- Collaboration carries explicit and implicit costs. The principle of equity should guide resource allocations, including, where appropriate, compensating for participation.
- Reflection and learning are deliberate acts to ensure that a collaborative is living its values and best serving the membership, the community, and the stated goal.

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A Statement of Values to Guide Philanthropic Collaboration

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For the past two years, a number of the leading organizations supporting and facilitating nonprofit and philanthropic collaborations have been coming together to share our experiences and perspectives.

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Building Collaboration From the Inside Out, By Lori Bartczak. 2015

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Building Collaboration From the Inside Out, By Lori Bartczak. 2015

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Actualise Utopia: From dreams to reality. 

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Actualise Utopia: From dreams to reality. 

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An anthology about racial barriers in the structure of the Nordic arts field, by editor Ninos Josef and project Kemê Pellicer. Published by Arts Council Norway, 2019.

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We Should All Be Dreaming: Words Make Worlds. Published by UrbanApa 2021.

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We Should All Be Dreaming: Words Make Worlds. Published by UrbanApa 2021.

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The project focuses on the radical potential of decolonial dreaming as a restorative and subversive practice and materializes through different iterations that are always context specific.

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Concept and editing by Sonya Lindfors and Maryan Abdulkarim
Layout and Illustrations by Nadia Akingbule
Proofreading by Ndéla Faye, Steph Kretowicz and Alice Sewell
Coordination by Danai Anagnostou
Published by UrbanApa

Contributions by: Maryan Abdulkarim, Nadia Akingbule, Tamara Al-Mashouk, Adelaide Bannerman, Ama Josephine Budge, Sarah Devi Chander, Ndéla Faye, Claire Gilder, Justina Kehinde, P. Sam Kessie, Sonya Lindfors, Suhaiymah Manzoor-Khan, Veronica McKenzie, Minna Salami, Vidha Saumya, SERAFINE1369

London and Helsinki 2021

We Should All Be Dreaming is an ongoing practice initiated in 2018 by artist-activist duo Sonya Lindfors and Maryan Abdulkarim. The project focuses on the radical potential of decolonial dreaming as a restorative and subversive practice and materializes through different iterations that are always context specific.

We Should All Be Dreaming: Words Make Worlds is Commissioned in the frame of A I S T I T / coming to our senses contemporary art program produced by The Finnish Cultural Institute for the Benelux, The Finnish Cultural Institute in the UK and Ireland, Institut finlandais and The Finnish Institute in Germany. Co-produced by UrbanApa and presented by LIFT as part of LIFTLOVES LONDON.

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We Should All Be Dreaming: Words Make Worlds

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Concept and editing by Sonya Lindfors and Maryan Abdulkarim Layout and Illustrations by Nadia Akingbule Proofreading by Ndéla Faye, Steph Kretowicz and Alice Sewell Coordination by Danai Anagnostou Published by UrbanApa Contributions by: Maryan Abdulkarim, Nadia Akingbule, Tamara Al-Mashouk, Adelaide Bannerman, Ama Josephine Budge, Sarah Devi Chander, Ndéla Faye, Claire Gilder, Justina Kehinde, P.

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Main Difference - Bias vs Prejudice

Bias and prejudice are two attitudes that result in injustice and discrimination. The main difference between bias and prejudice is that bias is an inclination for or against a person, idea or thing, especially in a way considered to be unfair whereas preconceived notion that is not based on actual experience or reason.

What is Bias

Bias is an inclination for or against one person or group, especially in a way considered to be unfair. It is a belief that some ideas, people, etc. are better than others. When one person is biased towards a certain thing, it is difficult to make a fair judgment. This is why we say that judges should always be biased. Bias is always linked to unfairness.

If you have a good impression of something, then you are biased towards it. But if you have a bad impression of something, you are biased against it. If you have to make a choice about these two things, you'll be inclined towards the thing you have a good impression about. So you won't consider its disadvantages or weak qualities much.

For example, imagine that you are a teacher, and you see two students fighting. You personally know one of them. So you jump to the conclusion that it was the other student who started the fight. Here you are being biased towards the student you personally know. But in reality, you really have no idea who started the fight.

What is Prejudice

Prejudice is a preconceived opinion that is not based on actual experience or reason. It is often considered to be a negative, unfair towards a person based on that person's membership in a particular social group. Prejudice can be based on factors like religion, gender, age, caste, and race. For example, some people may consider all Muslim women to be illiterate and uneducated. This is actually a prejudice against religion and gender.

Although prejudice can be both negative and positive, we often tend to have negative views towards those who don't belong to our social group. In contrast, we show positive attitudes to people who belong to our social groups. This mainly happens because of ignorance and lack of trust. It is also important to note that we learn prejudice from those around us; it is not something we are born with. But it is not very easy to change such prejudices since they have been engrained in people since childhood.

Difference Between Bias and Prejudice

Definition

Bias is an inclination for or against a person, idea or thing, especially in a way considered to be unfair.

Prejudice is a preconceived opinion that is not based on actual experience or reason.

Positive vs Negative

Bias can be positive or negative.

Prejudice mostly involves having negative attitudes towards another party.

Result

Bias results in unfairness.

Prejudice often results in discrimination.
Image Courtesy: "How to Fight Media Bias" by Honest Reporting (CC BY-SA 2.0) via Flickr "Cartoon" by By Pinkpasty - Own work, (CC BY-SA 4.0) via Commons Wikimedia

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Bias and prejudice are two attitudes that result in injustice and discrimination. The main difference between bias and prejudice is that bias is an inclination for or against a person, idea or thing, especially in a way considered to be unfair whereas preconceived notion that is not based on actual experience or reason.

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Guidelines For Critical Dialogue through Conscious Questioning & Active Listening by UNF - LGBTQ Center

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Guidelines For Critical Dialogue through Conscious Questioning & Active Listening by UNF - LGBTQ Center

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UNF - LGBTQ Center - Safe Space Guidelines

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A “Safe Space” or “Brave Space” is a community where different points on a journey of learning and growing are acknowledged. Community members engage in critical dialogue through conscious questioning and active listening. While all are expected to make their best effort to be respectful, there is a…