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One DNA molecule is made up of:
Nucleotides, Phosphates, Nitrogen bases, Covalent Bonds, Sugars, Hydrogen Bonds

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DNA Structure and Replication: Crash Course Biology #10

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Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid

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1. Phosphate Group
2. Sugar = Deoxyribose 5 Carbon Sugar
3. 1 of 4 Nitrogen Bases

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Chargoff discovered the complementary base rule. Adenine and Thymine always pair together and are equal to one another. Cytosine and Guanine always pair together and are also equal to one another.

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Produced photo 51. Never credited for her efforts before she died. Maurice Wilkins stole Photo 51, and showed it to James Watson and Francis Crick. They were then created for the 'discovery' of the structure of DNA, the double helix.

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Phosphate and Deoxyribose sugar

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Base pair with double hydrogen bond or triple hydrogen bond.
Anti-parallel

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Hydrogen bonds are between the bases.
Covalent bonds are between sugars and phosphates.

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small piece of DNA that codes for one protein (trait: hair color, freckles, etc.)

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Making an exact copy of DNA

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Chromosomes: DNA coiled up
Chromatin: Long, thin DNA

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1. Anytime you need a new cell (cells divide)

2. Growing

3. Fix cuts & bruises

4. Replace old or worn out cells (skin cells)

5. Broken Bones

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Helicase: Unwinds & Unzips DNA

RNA Primase: Makes RNA primer (starter)

DNA Polymerase: builder, match maker, proof reader, gets rid of primer

Ligase: Glue

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DNA always forms in a 5' to 3' direction (antiparallel) 

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DNA always forms in a 5' to 3' direction (antiparallel) 

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Two Strands: Leading & Lagging

Leading : Continuous, orderly
1. Helicase unwinds and unzips,
2. RNA Primase makes tiny amount of primer for polymerase
3. DNA Polymerase acts as a matchmaker, pairs nucleotides together.

Lagging: Discontinuous, messy
1. Helicase unwinds and unzips,
2. RNA primase lays down tiny amount of primer
3. DNA Polymerase lays down new nucleotides opposite direction of helicase (5' 3')
4. Forms Okazaki Fragments
5. Ligase glues fragments together.

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Process where amino acids arrange to make proteins.

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1. DNA : Deoxyribose Nucleuic Acid

2. RNA : Ribo Nucleuic Acid

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It can go in and out of nucleus

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1. mRNA: messanger RNA, photo copy of DNA

2. tRNA: transfer RNA, clover shaped, carries specific amino acid to ribosomes, impt. when making proteins.

3. rRNA: ribosomal RNA makes a ribosome

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Transcription: "to write across" --> rewrite

- in nucleus
- making mRNA

1. Helicase: unwinds and unzips segment of DNA

2. RNA Polymerase: makes sure the RNA nucleotides are paired up correctly

3. mRNa detaches: leaves the nucleus

Translation: "change in language"
@ the ribosome, 2ND

1. mRNA slides through ribosome

2. Ribosome "reads" mRNA looking for start codon (AUG)

3. tRNA brings correct amino acid

4. tRNA brings next amino acid to form peptide bond (tough)

5. Continues until ribosome reads stop codon. (UAA, UAG, UGA)

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permanent change in DNA caused by mutations (viruses, high temp, raditation, chemicals)

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1. Silent Mutation: still codes for same amino acid.

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- Mutations in bacteria that allow them to become antibiotic resistant
- Mutation that allows humans to be able to digest dairy products, keeps lactase gene on.

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- Single based changes thick, sticky mucus builds up in lungs & digestive organs
- Single base changes cause red blood cells to become misshapen

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Cancer is often the result of a mutation in a gene controlling cell division rate.

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Which letter represents RNA primase?
answer: D

Which letter represents DNA poymerase?
answer: B

Why does DNA need to replicate?
1. So cells can divide
2. each cell has a copy of DNA
3. replace old or damaged cells
4. to allow organisms to grow

Which enzyme replaces the RNA primers with DNA?
answer: DNA Polymerase

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Quiz 7C: DNA, Replication & Protein Synthesis 

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Quiz 7C: DNA, Replication & Protein Synthesis 

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RNA is a larger molecule than DNA and therefore can fit through nuclear pores, which allows RNA to carry information out into the cytoplasm.
answer: False

Translate the template strand.
answer: convert into amino acids

Put the following statements into the correct order to correctly represent the process of translation.
answer:
mRNA leaves the nucleus and travels to a ribosome.
Amino acids are brought to the ribosome by tRNA.
tRNA anticodons base pair with the mRNA codons
Amino acids are joined together by a peptide bond to form a protein chain.