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obtained lower literary degree, but couldn't pass chv-jen examinations until he's 71

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village headman; had his younger brother killed by Wang San but couldn't take his revenge

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Huang Liu-hung's personal secretarial staff who he could trust

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son of a local farmer, Li Tung-chen; probably also a farmer himself

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T'an-cheng landlord as well as head of gangsters; has military force as well as strong network

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tenant farmers

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servile people

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sub-bureaucratic clerical personnel (runners); in regard to social status they are just commoners

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Hsi-liu's son; made considerable amounts of money in trade

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Hsi-liu's stepson; passed examinations to obtain the highest degree; highly respected

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Hsi-liu's dead husband; probably a small landlord but not very rich— a rentier landlord

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A widow; inherited her dead husband's property

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one of the two township heads in Hsin-wang

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landlord of Tsin-wang township; one of the two lineages that dominated Kao-ts'e

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magistrate