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THE FRONTAL LOBE BY JEN

LOCATION

The frontal lobe is located at the front of each cerebral hemisphere and in front of the parietal lobe and above and in front of the temporal lobe.

FUNCTION

The frontal lobe contains most of the dopamine-sensitive neurons in the cerebral cortex. The dopamine system is associated with reward, attention, short-term memory tasks, planning, and motivation.

The frontal lobe plays a large role in voluntary movement. It contains the primary motor cortex which regulates activities like walking.

The function of the frontal lobe involves the ability to predict future consequences resulting from current actions, the choice between good and bad actions, the override and suppression of socially unacceptable responses, and the determination of similarities and differences between things or events

The frontal lobe also plays an important part in integrating longer non-task based memories stored across the brain. These are often memories associated with emotions. The frontal lobe modifies those emotions to generally fit socially acceptable norms.

DISFUNCTION

Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) also known as mini-strokes, and strokes are common causes of frontal lobe damage in older adults (65 and over). These strokes and mini-strokes can occur due to the blockage of blood flow to the brain or as a result of the rupturing of an aneurysm in a cerebral artery. Other ways in which injury can occur include head injuries such as traumatic brain injuries incurred following accidents, diagnoses such as Alzheimer's disease or Parkinson's disease (which cause dementia symptoms), and frontal lobe epilepsy (which can occur at any age).

Your frontal lobes are home to your executive functions, including pattern recognition such as reading. Here’s a puzzle to challenge your ability to uncover a pattern.

http://sharpbrains.com/blog/2007/02/09/brain-workout-for-your-frontal-lobes/

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Jen

FRONTAL LOBE

LOCATION

The frontal lobe is located at the front of each cerebral
hemisphere and in front of the parietal lobe and above and in front of the
temporal lobe.



FUNCTION

The frontal lobe contains most of the dopamine-sensitive
neurons in the cerebral cortex. The dopamine system is associated with reward,
attention, short-term memory tasks, planning, and motivation.

The frontal lobe plays a large role in voluntary movement.
It contains the primary motor cortex which regulates activities like walking.

The function of the frontal lobe involves the ability to
predict future consequences resulting from current actions, the choice between
good and bad actions, the override and suppression of socially unacceptable
responses, and the determination of similarities and differences between things
or events

The frontal lobe also plays an important part in integrating
longer non-task based memories stored across the brain. These are often
memories associated with emotions. The frontal lobe modifies those emotions to
generally fit socially acceptable norms.

DISFUNCTION 

Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) also known as
mini-strokes, and strokes are common causes of frontal lobe damage in older
adults (65 and over). These strokes and mini-strokes can occur due to the
blockage of blood flow to the brain or as a result of the rupturing of an
aneurysm in a cerebral artery. Other ways in which injury can occur include
head injuries such as traumatic brain injuries incurred following accidents,
diagnoses such as Alzheimer's disease or Parkinson's disease (which cause
dementia symptoms), and frontal lobe epilepsy (which can occur at any age).

Your frontal lobes are home to your executive functions,
including pattern recognition such as reading. Here’s a puzzle to challenge
your ability to uncover a pattern.

http://sharpbrains.com/blog/2007/02/09/brain-workout-for-your-frontal-lobes/

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Jen

FRONTAL LOBE

LOCATION

The frontal lobe is located at the front of each cerebral
hemisphere and in front of the parietal lobe and above and in front of the
temporal lobe.



FUNCTION

The frontal lobe contains most of the dopamine-sensitive
neurons in the cerebral cortex. The dopamine system is associated with reward,
attention, short-term memory tasks, planning, and motivation.

The frontal lobe plays a large role in voluntary movement.
It contains the primary motor cortex which regulates activities like walking.

The function of the frontal lobe involves the ability to
predict future consequences resulting from current actions, the choice between
good and bad actions, the override and suppression of socially unacceptable
responses, and the determination of similarities and differences between things
or events

The frontal lobe also plays an important part in integrating
longer non-task based memories stored across the brain. These are often
memories associated with emotions. The frontal lobe modifies those emotions to
generally fit socially acceptable norms.

DISFUNCTION 

Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) also known as
mini-strokes, and strokes are common causes of frontal lobe damage in older
adults (65 and over). These strokes and mini-strokes can occur due to the
blockage of blood flow to the brain or as a result of the rupturing of an
aneurysm in a cerebral artery. Other ways in which injury can occur include
head injuries such as traumatic brain injuries incurred following accidents,
diagnoses such as Alzheimer's disease or Parkinson's disease (which cause
dementia symptoms), and frontal lobe epilepsy (which can occur at any age).

Your frontal lobes are home to your executive functions,
including pattern recognition such as reading. Here’s a puzzle to challenge
your ability to uncover a pattern.

http://sharpbrains.com/blog/2007/02/09/brain-workout-for-your-frontal-lobes/

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http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2013/12/05/anxiety.aspx

https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/amygdala.htm

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Cerebellum (Latin for "little brain") by Sophie

location : At the back of the skull
function : regulates muscular activity, it also involves some functions like languages, regulation of fear and attention as well as pleasure responses.

cerebellum disorder (ataxia - impaired muscle dysfunction)

activity : the game of Jenga is a game of controlling your movements and that would be using the cerebellum. observing someone taking their turn is interesting to see how they choose to control their hands whilst moving the block.

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FUNCTION: The parietal lobe is one of the four major lobes of the cerebral cortex in the brain of mammals. It processes sensory information that has to do taste, temperature, and touch. Humans would not be able to feel sensations of touch if the parietal lobe was damaged.
It is also believed that the parietal lobe functions in visuospatial processing, such as self-awareness of the location of ones body parts.

LOCATION: The parietal lobe is located in the upper back part of the cortex.

EXPERIMENT: Get a paper clip with two points and test it on a person with their eyes closed and press 1 or 2 points on places around their body and see if they can guess if you are pressing 1 or 2 points down.

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The parietal lobe is one of the four major lobes of the cerebral cortex in the brain of mammals. The parietal lobe is positioned above the temporal lobe and behind the frontal lobe and central sulcus.

The parietal lobe integrates sensory information among various modalities, including spatial sense and navigation ( proprioception), the main sensory receptive area for the sense of touch in the somatosensory cortex which is just posterior to the central sulcus in the postcentral gyrus, and the dorsal stream of the visual system. The major sensory inputs from the skin ( touch, temperature, and pain receptors), relay through the thalamus to the parietal lobe.

Several areas of the parietal lobe are important in language processing. The somatosensory cortex can be illustrated as a distorted figure - the cortical homunculus (Latin: "little man") in which the body parts are rendered according to how much of the somatosensory cortex is devoted to them. The superior parietal lobule and inferior parietal lobule are the primary areas of body or spatial awareness. A lesion commonly in the right superior or inferior parietal lobule leads to hemineglect.

The name comes from the parietal bone, which is named from the Latin paries-, meaning "wall".

The parietal lobe is defined by three anatomical boundaries: The central sulcus separates the parietal lobe from the frontal lobe; the parieto-occipital sulcus separates the parietal and occipital lobes; the lateral sulcus (sylvian fissure) is the most lateral boundary, separating it from the temporal lobe; and the longitudinal fissure divides the two hemispheres. Within each hemisphere, the somatosensory cortex represents the skin area on the contralateral surface of the body.

Immediately posterior to the central sulcus, and the most anterior part of the parietal lobe, is the postcentral gyrus ( Brodmann area 3), the primary somatosensory cortical area. Separating this from the posterior parietal cortex is the postcentral sulcus.

The posterior parietal cortex can be subdivided into the superior parietal lobule (Brodmann areas 5 + 7) and the inferior parietal lobule ( 39 + 40), separated by the intraparietal sulcus (IPS). The intraparietal sulcus and adjacent gyri are essential in guidance of limb and eye movement, and-based on cytoarchitectural and functional differences-is further divided into medial (MIP), lateral (LIP), ventral (VIP), and anterior (AIP) areas.

Functions of the parietal lobe include:

Two point discrimination - through touch alone without other sensory input (e.g. visual)

Graphesthesia - recognizing writing on skin by touch alone

Touch localization (bilateral simultaneous stimulation)

The parietal lobe plays important roles in integrating sensory information from various parts of the body, knowledge of numbers and their relations, and in the manipulation of objects. Its function also includes processing information relating to the sense of touch. Portions of the parietal lobe are involved with visuospatial processing. Although multisensory in nature, the posterior parietal cortex is often referred to by vision scientists as the dorsal stream of vision (as opposed to the ventral stream in the temporal lobe). This dorsal stream has been called both the "where" stream (as in spatial vision) and the "how" stream (as in vision for action). The posterior parietal cortex (PPC) receives somatosensory and visual input, which then, through motor signals, controls movement of the arm, hand, and eyes.

Various studies in the 1990s found that different regions of the posterior parietal cortex in macaques represent different parts of space.

The lateral intraparietal (LIP) area contains a map of neurons (retinotopically-coded when the eyes are fixed) representing the saliency of spatial locations, and attention to these spatial locations. It can be used by the oculomotor system for targeting eye movements, when appropriate.

The ventral intraparietal (VIP) area receives input from a number of senses (visual, somatosensory, auditory, and vestibular). Neurons with tactile receptive fields represent space in a head-centered reference frame. The cells with visual receptive fields also fire with head-centered reference frames but possibly also with eye-centered coordinates

The medial intraparietal (MIP) area neurons encode the location of a reach target in nose-centered coordinates.

The anterior intraparietal (AIP) area contains neurons responsive to shape, size, and orientation of objects to be grasped as well as for manipulation of the hands themselves, both to viewed and remembered stimuli. The AIP has neurons that are responsible for grasping and manipulating objects through motor and visual inputs. The AIP and ventral premotor together are responsible for visuomotor transformations for actions of the hand.

More recent fMRI studies have shown that humans have similar functional regions in and around the intraparietal sulcus and parietal-occipital junction. The human "parietal eye fields" and " parietal reach region", equivalent to LIP and MIP in the monkey, also appear to be organized in gaze-centered coordinates so that their goal-related activity is "remapped" when the eyes move.

Emerging evidence has linked processing in the inferior parietal lobe to declarative memory. Bilateral damage to this brain region does not cause amnesia however the strength of memory is diminished, details of complex events become harder to retrieve, and subjective confidence in memory is very low . This has been interpreted as reflecting either deficits in internal attention, deficits in subjective memory states, or problems with the computation that allows evidence to accumulate, thus allowing decisions to be made about internal representations.

Features of parietal lobe lesions are as follows:

Unilateral parietal lobe

Contralateral hemisensory loss

Astereognosis - inability to determine 3-D shape by touch.

Agraphaesthesia - inability to read numbers or letters drawn on hand, with eyes shut.

Contralateral homonymous Lower quadrantanopia

Asymmetry of optokinetic Nystagmus (OKN)

Sensory Seizures

Extinction phenomenon (contralateral)

Dominant hemisphere

Dysphasia/Aphasia

Dyscalculia

Dyslexia -a general term for disorders that can involve difficulty in learning to read or interpret words, letters, and other symbols.

Apraxia - inability to perform complex movements in the presence of normal motor, sensory and cerebellar function.

Agnosia (tactile agnosia) - inability to recognize or discriminate.

Gerstmann syndrome - Characterized by acalculia, agraphia, finger agnosia and difficulty in differentiation of right and left.

Non-dominant hemisphere

Spatial disorientation

Constructional apraxia

Dressing apraxia

Anosognosia - a condition in which a person suffering disability seems to be unaware of the existence of his or her disability.

Bilateral hemispheres

Damage to this lobe in the right hemisphere results in the loss of imagery, visualization of spatial relationships and neglect of left-side space and left side of the body. Even drawings may be neglected on the left side. Damage to this lobe in the left hemisphere will result in problems in mathematics, long reading, writing, and understanding symbols. The parietal association cortex enables individuals to read, write, and solve mathematical problems. The sensory inputs from the right side of the body go to the left side of the brain and vice versa.

The syndrome of hemispatial neglect is usually associated with large deficits of attention of the non-dominant hemisphere. Optic ataxia is associated with difficulties reaching toward objects in the visual field opposite to the side of the parietal damage. Some aspects of optic ataxia have been explained in terms of the functional organization described above.

Apraxia is a disorder of motor control which can be referred neither to "elemental" motor deficits nor to general cognitive impairment. The concept of apraxia was shaped by Hugo Liepmann about a hundred years ago.[clarification needed ] Apraxia is predominantly a symptom of left brain damage, but some symptoms of apraxia can also occur after right brain damage.

Amorphosynthesis is a loss of perception on one side of the body caused by a lesion in the parietal lobe. Usually, left-sided lesions cause agnosia, a full-body loss of perception, while right-sided lesions cause lack of recognition of the person's left side and extrapersonal space. The term amorphosynthesis was coined by D. Denny-Brown to describe patients he studied in the 1950s.

Can also result in sensory impairment where one of the affected person's senses (sight, hearing, smell, touch, taste and spatial awareness) is no longer normal.[clarification needed ] .

1. The cortical homunculus should not be confused with the more general ^ homunculus concept for a "spectator within the brain"; see work by psychologist David Marr for more information on this.

2. Schacter, D. L., Gilbert, D. L. & Wegner, D. M. (2009). Psychology. (2nd ed.). New York (NY): Worth Publishers.

3. Penfield, W., & Rasmussen, T. (1950). ^ The cerebral cortex of a man: A clinical study of localization of function. New York: Macmillan.

4. ^ Mishkin M, Ungerleider LG. (1982) Contribution of striate inputs to the visuospatial functions of parieto-preoccipital cortex in monkeys. Behav Brain Res. 1982 Sep;6(1):57-77.

5. ^ Goodale MA, Milner AD. Separate visual pathways for perception and action. Trends Neurosci. 1992 Jan;15(1):20-5.

6. Fogassi L, Luppino G. (2005).Motor functions of the parietal lobe. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 15:626-631.

7. ^ Kusunoki M, Goldberg ME (March 2003). "The time course of perisaccadic receptive field shifts in the lateral intraparietal area of the monkey". J. Neurophysiol. 89 (3): 1519-27. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.580.120. doi:10.1152/jn.00519.2002. PMID 12612015.

8. ^ Goldberg ME, Bisley JW, Powell KD, Gottlieb J (2006). Saccades, salience and attention: the role of the lateral intraparietal area in visual behavior. Prog. Brain Res. Progress in Brain Research. 155. pp. 157-75. doi:10.1016/S0079-6123(06)55010-1. ISBN 9780444519276. PMC . PMID 17027387.

9. Medendorp WP, Goltz HC, Vilis T, Crawford JD. (2003) Gaze-centered updating of visual space in human parietal cortex. ^ J Neurosci. 16;23(15):6209-14.

10. ^ Denny-Brown, D., and Betty Q. Banker. "Amorphosynthesis from Left Parietal Lesion." A.M.A. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry 71, no. 3 (March 1954): 302-13.

11. ^ Murat Yildiz et al. "Parietal Lobes in Schizophrenia: Do They Matter?", Schizophrenia Research and Treatment Volume 2011 (2011)

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The parietal lobe is one of the four major lobes of the cerebral cortex in the brain of mammals. The parietal lobe is positioned above the temporal lobe and behind the frontal lobe and central sulcus.

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Parietal Lobe

FUNCTION: The parietal lobe is one of the four major loves of the cerebral cortex in the brain of mammals. It processes sensory information that has to do taste, temperature, and touch. Humans would not be able to feel sensations of touch if the parietal lobe was damaged.
It is also believed that the parietal lobe functions in visuospatial processing, such as self-awareness of the location of ones body parts.

LOCATION: The parietal lobe is located in the upper back part of the cortex.

EXPERIMENT: Get a paper clip with two points and test it on a person with their eyes closed and press 1 or 2 points on places around their body and see if they can guess if you are pressing 1 or 2 points down.

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Function

The amygdala is a key part of processing emotions. It processes fear and many other emotions such as anxiety. The central part of the Amygdala can sometimes aid in creating mental disorders such as anxiety and extreme fears. The amygdala controls fear and is responsible for your body being able to react quickly to a dangerous or threatening situation.

Found

The amygdala is found in the centre of the brain, towards the bottom. It is a small set of neurons the shape of an almond.

Dysfunctions

Many mental dysfunctions can be linked to the formation of the amygdala, such as anxiety, autism and depression. Anxiety is the most common mental disorder caused by dysfunction in the Amygdala, as it is releasing fear when there is no reason to be scared.

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Corpus
Callosum – Tyenna

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Corpus
Callosum – Tyenna

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Found: Placed above the thalamus, underneath the cortex, or in simple terms in the center of your brain.

Function & dysfunction: The primary function of the corpus callosum is to connect and allow communication between the two hemispheres of the brain, transmitting neural messages. An example of a dysfunction is Pre/postnatal sonogram, Computerized Axial Tomography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging. They are all disorders in which the two hemispheres of the brain are not connected and communicating.

Example of activity:

Cross lateralization of fingertips test - someone who has a damaged corpus callosum cannot do this test as the two hemisphere of the brain fail to connect properly.

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Hippocampus

Small organ located in the brain temporal lobe. Forms a main part in the limbic system, this region regulates your emotions. It happene to be the centre of memory, in particular long term memory, emotion and the autonomic nervous system. Can cause loss of memory and amnesia. An activity for this would be remembering what subjects you had on yesterday and what you have on tomorrow

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The brain stem is part of the mammalian brain, located at the base of the brain that lies between the structures of the cerebral hemispheres connecting to the spinal cord, it consists of the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain. The brain stem controls the flow of messages through the spinal cord to control basic body actions, it also controls breathing, consciousness, swallowing, heart rate and whether or not one is sleepy or awake. Injuries to the brain stem usually lead to difficulty moving, getting out of bed, lifting throwing, feeding oneself and performing normal everyday activities. Serious injuries around the brain stem can affect the involuntary nervous system which controls, breathing, hear rate etc. and can result to rapid death.

To specifically test the brain stem is difficult because in a sense we are testing it all the time involuntarily doing everyday actions like pumping blood and breathing so a good test to do for your brain stem is living. Another option is to do a warm, cold, hot, cold shower. This affects your heart rate and blood circulation controlled by the brain stem, and can effectively show the amount of work it does.

https://www.britannica.com/science/brainstem

en.wikipedia.org-

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FUNCTION:  It belongs to the limbic system and plays important roles in the consolidation of information from short-term memory to long-term memory and spatial navigation.  When the hippocampus dysfunctions it brings on a condition called 'Dave Syndrome'. An example of Dave Syndrome is seen in the link below https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=STmRuQjeu3E but is characterised by God-like self adoration and an inability to speak using consonants.
FOUND:
The is located under the cerebral cortex; in the very lower, central part of your brain.

TEST YOUR xx:
The xx is responsible for short term memory- you can test your short term memory on this website.
http://www.humanbenchmark.com/tests/memory

REFERENCE:
Wikipedia: xx