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J. Edgar Hoover lead the General Intelligence Division, which soon became the Federal Bureau of Intelligence (FBI).

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The strikes in 1919 by the Communists- or "reds"- caused fear that the Communists would gain power. This panic became known as the Red Scare.

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The League of Nations was a general association of nations that would help preserve peace by pledging to respect and protect each other's territory and political independence.

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The Fourteen Points Plan was Wilson's Peace Plan:
1. End secret treaties and diplomacies.
2. Guarantee free navigation of the sea.
3. Create free trade among nations.
4. Reduce armed forces.
5. Settle colonial claims.
6. Evacuate Germans from Russia.
7. Restore Belgium's independence.
8. Restore German occupied French territory.
9. Adjust Italy's borders.
10. Divide Austria-Hungary.
11. Adjust Balkan state borders.
12. Break up Ottoman Empire, make Turkey a separate nation.
13. Create Polish independence.
14. Create a League of nations.

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A conference between 27 countries took place in the Palace of Versailles in France. During this conference, Germany signed a treaty called the Treaty of Versailles, which ended all wars going on.

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Fighting in World War I ended on the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month when Germany signed an armistice- a truce or agreement to stop fighting.

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Convoys were groups of people on ships that protected that ship. This concept was used in World War I for merchant ships and troop transports to go overseas.

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Because forced conscription was often unsuccessful, but a draft was necessary, Congress set up selective service- all men between the ages of 21 and 30 registered for the draft, and specific men were selected for the army.

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The Espionage Act of 1917 made it illegal to to aid the enemy, give false reports, or interfere with the war efforts.

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The War Industries Board was created in 1917. The people on the board were responsible for coordinating the production of war materials. It was a very prominent factor in mobilizing for World War I.

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The Zimmerman Telegram was a message from the Germans to Mexico, claiming that if the Mexican joined their side of the war, the Germans would help get their land back from America, such as New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona. This message was intercepted by the British and leaked to the Americans , causing a desire for war.

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Propaganda was information such as posters, songs, and speeches used to influence opinion. During the time of WWI, the United States made the Committee on Public Information to convince the citizens to help the war cause- to buy bonds, enlist, or donate food.

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Franz Ferdinand was an Archduke in Austria-Hungary. The Black Hand, a group of Serbian nationalists, despised Austria-Hungary because they owned Bosnia. Gavrilo Princip assassinated Ferdinand, which started World War I.

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Nationalism is a feeling of intense pride in one's homeland. It was a main cause of World War I because the countries despised and thought they were better than other nations.

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Militarism- an aggressive build-up of armed forces to intimidate and threaten other nations- was one of the main causes of World War I because it caused fear and tension between the nations.

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Chapter 16; World War I and Its Aftermath

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Chapter 16; World War I and Its Aftermath

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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

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The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) believed that voting rights were essential to end lynching and racial discrimination.

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The Clayton Antitrust Act was passed in 1914. It outlawed certain unfair trade practices that restricted competition; banned price discrimination; outlawed companies holding stock in other companies; and banned the use of injunctions against strikes.

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The Federal Reserve Act of 1913 created 12 regional banks to be directly supervised by the President. These regional banks were banks for banks, which set interest rates and the amount of money in circulation.

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The Underwood Tariff, passed by President Woodrow Wilson in 1913, provided for levying an income tax, or a direct tax on the earnings of an individual.

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Brought forth because of Sinclair's muckraking story, Roosevelt and Congress passed the Pure Food and Drug Act in 1906. It prohibited the manufacture, sale, or shipment of impure or falsely labeled food and drugs.

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Because of the affects of Sinclair's book, Roosevelt and Congress passed the Meat Inspection Act in 1906. It required federal inspection of meat sold through interstate commerce as well as for the Agriculture Department to set standards of cleanliness in meatpacking plants.

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Upton Sinclair was a muckraker who wrote a book called the Jungle about the grotesque conditions in meatpacking industry.

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Teddy Roosevelt's domestic policy was known as the Square Deal- he believed everyone in the United States should have a "square deal, no more and no less."

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Recalls provided voters an option to demand a special election to remove an elected official from office before their term ends.

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Referendums allowed citizens to vote on proposed laws and policies without passing through the legislature.

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Teddy Roosevelt used arbitration- a settlement negotiated by an outside party- to stop the Coal Strike of 1902.

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Initiatives allowed groups of citizens to introduce laws and policies to the legislature for them to vote on it.

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The direct primary, encouraged by Robert M. La Follette, allowed all party members to vote on a candidate to run in the general election.

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Muckrakers such as Upton Sinclair and Jacob Riis investigated social conditions and political corruption and exposed them to the public in newspaper articles, photographs, and books.

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During the Mexican Revolution, guerrillas- an army that used savage surprise attacks and sabotages- lead by Pancho Villa killed 16 Americans and burned Columbus, New Mexico.

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President Taft's foreign policy was called Dollar Diplomacy, which stated that the United States would benefit from investing in Latin American industry- it would increase the United State's trade and profit, and Latin America would rise above poverty.

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President Roosevelt made the Roosevelt Corollary, which stated that the United States would intervene in Latin America when necessary to ensure political and economic stability in the Western Hemisphere. It corresponded with his saying, "Speak softly and carry a big stick.

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The United States became worried about China, as they traded there. They suggested the Open Door Policy, in which all countries would be able to trade with China. This became official because of the Open Door Notes when every country approved of the policy.

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The Boxers, a group of Chinese who strongly despised foreign influence, began besieging foreigners in what became known as the Boxer Rebellion.

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Countries purchased leaseholds in China that came to be known as spheres of influence- areas where a foreign nation controlled economic development.

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After the United States acquired Puerto Rico, they set up the Foraker Act to govern the island. The law provided for an elected legislature, but a governor and executive council to be appointed by the United States president.

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The United States allowed Cuba to write their own constitution, but only under the condition that they included the Platt Amendment. Under this, Cuba could not make treaties with other countries that might limit their freedom; they had to allow the United States to buy or lease naval stations in their country; their debts had to be kept low; and the United States could intervene to protect Cuban independence and keep order.

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Yellow journalism- or reporting that exaggerates extremely and even makes up stories to attract readers- was used to persuade the American people that the Spanish blew up the USS Maine ship in Cuba, and going to war with Spain was necessary.

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Based on the ideas of Anglo-Saxonism, the United States believed they were destined to expand overseas and spread civilization and their culture all over the world.

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A protectorate is a country that is protected by another country- for example, Cuba was a protectorate of the United States. The United States allowed local Cuban rulers to stay in power, but told them how to run the country and controlled their policies at times.

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Imperialism was an idea that governed foreign policy in the late 1800's and early 1900's. Many countries wanted to become a world power and dominate other countries economically and politically.