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MOST FEASIBLE APPLICATION OF GREEN BIOTECHNOLOGY

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MOST FEASIBLE APPLICATION OF GREEN BIOTECHNOLOGY

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PLANT TISSUE CULTURE:

it is a collection of techniques used to maintain or grow plant cells, tissues or organs under sterile conditions on a nutrient culture medium of known composition. plant tissue cultureis widely used to produce clones of a plant in a method known as micropropagation. tissue culture  regernation can become complicated especially when many regeneration procedures have to be developed for different genotypes within the same species

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1.did you ever come across the word green biotechnology during your schooling?

a.yes,more frequently

b.rarely

c.never

/

2.what would you say if your asked to rank different types of biotechnology according to their importance?

a.green

b.white

c.red

/

3.Do you think the applications of green biotechnology are really useful for future generations?

a.most of them

b.a good number of them

c.very few of them

/

4.which method do you feel is the best to learn about green biotechnology?

a.learning under the supervision of an experienced scientist

b.reading about it in books written by good authors

c.learning on your own by doing different experiments on tissue cultured plants

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NEW TERMINOLOGY AND THEIR MEANINGS (GREEN BIOTECHNOLOGY)

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NEW TERMINOLOGY AND THEIR MEANINGS (GREEN BIOTECHNOLOGY)

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1.ABIOTIC STRESS

stress caused to plants due to herbicides,water deficiency,ozone,intense sunlight

2.CYBRIDISATION

the proess of formation of cybrids

(cybrid:the cytoplasmic hybrids obtained by fusion of nucleated and enucleated protoplasts)

3.SOMACLONAL VARIATION

the genetic variations found in cultured plant cells when compared to a pure breeding strain

4. POLYMORPHISM

the allelic variations in the genomes that result in different phenotypes

5.BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS

A rod shaped bacterium whose toxic crystals act as an insecticide against certain specific species of anthropods

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LIST OF APPLICATIONS OF GREEN BIOTECHNOLOGY

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LIST OF APPLICATIONS OF GREEN BIOTECHNOLOGY

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VINEELA

1.Production of superior plants by stimulating the early development of their root systems

2.plant tissue culture

(horticulture)

3.genetic manipulation to allow plant strains to be frost resistant

4.use of genes from soil bacteria to genetically alter plants to promote tolerance to fungal pathogens

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SOURCES OF INFORMATION ON GREEN BIOTECHNOLOGY

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SOURCES OF INFORMATION ON GREEN BIOTECHNOLOGY

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VINEELA

1. crop biotechnology by varun mehtha

2.plant tissue culture and biotechnology by P.C.Trivedi

3.jstor.org

4.introduction to

green biotechnology:

http://www.biomelbourne.org/content_pages/display/108

5.fundamentals of plant biotechnology by Dr.Amla Batra

6.applications:

http://allaboutbiotechnology.blogspot.in/2008/06/applications-of-biotechnology.html

7.future:

https://ec.europa.eu/research/biotechnology/eu-us-task-force/pdf/ec-us_tfws_2005_june_arlington_abstracts.pdf

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MOST FEASIBLE APPLICATION OF RED BIOTECHNOLOGY

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MOST FEASIBLE APPLICATION OF RED BIOTECHNOLOGY

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STEM CELLS

Every organism develops from a single cell called zygote which is totipotent. This is really fascinating since a giraffe and an ant undergo the same stages of development. Stem cells are undifferentiated biological cells that can differentiate into specialised cells and can divide (through mitosis) to produce more stem cells. In mammals, there are 2 broad types of stem cells: embryonic stem cells which are isolated from the inner cell mass of blastocysts and adult stem cells, which are found in various tissues. Researchers are claiming that they can become the future treatment of many heart diseases. They can be guided to become specific cells that can be used to regenerate and repair diseased or damaged tissues in people. Thus, it is used widely in regenerative medicines. They are also used to test new drugs for safety and effectiveness.

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LIST OF APPLICATIONS OF RED BIOTECHNOLOGY

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LIST OF APPLICATIONS OF RED BIOTECHNOLOGY

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1) PHARMACOLOGY

a) Insulin production

b) Human growth hormone

c) Human blood clotting factor

d) Gene pill

e) Monoclonal antibodies

2) GENE THERAPY

a) For treatment of diseases

b) For treatment of genetic disorders (Ex. ADA-SCID (Bubble boy), chronic granulomatous disorder (CGD), haemophilia)

c) For treatment of acquired diseases (Ex. Cancer, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, influenza, HIV, hepatitis)

3) STEM CELLS

a) Bone marrow transplants

b) Replacing damaged heart or nerve tissue

4) TISSUE ENGINEERING

a) Produce artificial skin, cartilage, bone marrow or other organs.

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NEW TERMINOLOGY AND THEIR MEANINGS  (RED BIOTECHNOLOGY)

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NEW TERMINOLOGY AND THEIR MEANINGS  (RED BIOTECHNOLOGY)

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VERO CELLS

Vero cells are lineages of cells used in cell cultures. The ‘Vero’ lineage was isolated from kidney epithelial cells extracted from an African green monkey (Chlorocebus sp.; formerly called Cercopithecus aethiops)

TRANSFECTION

Transfection is the process of deliberately introducing nucleic acids into cells. The term is often used for non-viral methods in eukaryotic cells.

GLUCOKINASE (GCK)

Glucokinase is an enzyme that facilitates phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate. It occurs in cells in the liver, pancreas, gut, and brain of humans and most other vertebrates. Mutations of the gene for this enzyme can cause unusual forms of diabetes or hypoglycemia.

GLUCOSE TRANSPORTER (GLUT2)

Glucose transporter 2 also known as soluble carrier family 2 (facilitated glucose

transporter), member 2 (SLC2A2) is a trans membrane carrier protein that enables protein facilitated glucose movement across cell membranes. It is the principal transporter for transfer of glucose between liver and blood, and has a role in renal glucose reabsorption. It is also capable of transporting fructose. It does not rely on insulin for facilitated diffusion.

FURIN

Furin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FURIN gene. Some proteins are inactive when they are first synthesised, and must have sections deleted in order to become active. Furin deletes these sections and activates the proteins. It was named so because it was in the upstream region of an oncogene known as FES. The gene was known as FUR (FES Upstream Region) and therefore the protein was named furin.

FIBROBLAST

A fibroblast is a type of cell that synthesizes the extracellular matrix and collagen, the structural framework (stroma) for animal tissues, and plays a critical role in wound healing. They are the most common cells of connective tissue in animals.

BOVINE SERUM ALBUMIN (BSA)

Bovine Serum Albumin, also known as ‘Fraction V’, is a serum albumin protein derived from cows. It is often used as a protein concentration standard in lab experiments.

WESTERN BLOT

The western blot, sometimes called the protein immunoblot, is a widely used analytical technique used to detect specific proteins in a sample of tissue homogenate or extract. It uses gel electrophoresis to separate native proteins by 3D structure or denatured proteins by the length of the polypeptide. The proteins are then transferred to a membrane, typically nitrocellulose or PVDF, where they are stained with antibiotics specific to the target protein. The gel electrophoresis step is included in western blot analysis to resolve the issue of the cross-reactivity of antibodies.

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SOURCES OF INFORMATION ON WHITE BIOTECHNOLOGY

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SOURCES OF INFORMATION ON WHITE BIOTECHNOLOGY

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1. Class 12th ncert

2. Gene Cloning and DNA analysis by T.A. Brown

3. Biotechnology by B.D.Singh

4. http://cinbios.be/files/downloads/White_biotech_gateway_to_a_more_sustainable_future_EuropaBio.pdf

5. jstor.org

6. https://www.dsm.com/content/dam/dsm/cworld/en_US/documents/white-biotech-mckinsey-feb-2009.pdf

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MOST FEASIBLE APPLICATION OF WHITE BIOTECHNOLOGY

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MOST FEASIBLE APPLICATION OF WHITE BIOTECHNOLOGY

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According to me biomass production is the most easy and practical application of industrial biotechnology.Being relatively easy to handle due to the predictable quantity and quality of the waste, waste streams from food processing industries have the potential to create economic value when integrated into biorefinery and/or industrial biotechnology processes. The resulting products and their possible applications are manifold and simultaneously bring considerable environmental and social benefits. At the local level in particular, such solutions have the potential to greatly contribute to regional growth and job creation.

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LIST OF APPLICATIONS OF WHITE BIOTECHNOLOGY

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LIST OF APPLICATIONS OF WHITE BIOTECHNOLOGY

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1.Production of single cell protein

2.Biomass production

3.Production of biocontrol agents

4.Fermentation of food products like bread and beer

5.large scale production of drugs

6.production of detergents

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(single select multiple choice)

1.Have you heard of the term "white biotechnology" or "industrial biotechnology" ?

a.Yes, i know about it

b.Yes, i have heard of it

c. No, i have no clue about it

2.How many applications of white biotechnology have you heard of?

a.A lot of them

b.few of them

c.Not heard at all

3.Do you think white biotechnology will help improve the health conditions of human population as a whole?

a. Yes, i strongly believe in it

b. May be

c. No, not at all

4.How likely is that you would go and read more about white biotechnology and its applications after this ?

a.i would definitely want to know more about it

b. i might read about it if i happen to come across it

c. i m not really interested

5.Which field do you think biotechnology has maximum applications in?

a.medical field

b.agriculture

c.industrial production

My target audience would be of 15 to 25 age group as people of this age are very inquisitive about the latest happenings in every field. They are the ones who would be bubbling with new innovative ideas which could be of great help in improving the standard of living.The basic idea of this survey is to inculcate interest in them regarding this topic.Following this people should want to know more about it and also spread about it among their friends and families. After understanding the basic idea of biotechnology and its goals, we would want them to come up with its various new applications

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NEW TERMINOLOGY AND THEIR MEANING      (WHITE BIOTECHNOLOGY)

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NEW TERMINOLOGY AND THEIR MEANING      (WHITE BIOTECHNOLOGY)

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1. Monoclonal antibodies

Monoclonal antibodies (mAb or moAb) are monospecific antibodies that are made by identical immune cells that are allclones of a unique parent cell, in contrast to polyclonal antibodies which are made from several different immune cells. Monoclonal antibodies have monovalent affinity, in that they bind to the same epitope.

2.Bioflocculation

Bioflocculation, which can be defined as aggregation of bacterial flocs, has important implications on the physical characteristics of sludge. It is especially critical to settling and dewatering systems which impacts the overall economy of the process greatly.

3.Micro-encapsulation

Micro-encapsulation is a process in which tiny particles or droplets are surrounded by a coating to give small capsules of many useful properties. In general, it is used to incorporate food ingredients, enzymes, cells or other materials on a micro metric scale.

4.Cofactors

a substance (other than the substrate) whose presence is essential for the activity of an enzyme.

5.Tocopherol

Tocopherols are a family of vitamin E compounds naturally found in vegetable oils, nuts, fish and leafy green vegetables. The nutritional benefits of Vitamin E (d-alpha-tocopherol) and its importance as a daily part of the human diet have been well documented.

6.Hydroponics

Hydroponics is a subset of hydroculture and is a method of growing plants using mineral nutrient solutions, in water, without soil. Terrestrial plants may be grown with their roots in the mineral nutrient solution only, or in an inert medium, such as perlite or gravel.

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cc

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SOURCES OF INFORMATION ON RED BIOTECHNOLOGY

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SOURCES OF INFORMATION ON RED BIOTECHNOLOGY

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1) Engineering Vero cells to secrete human insulin

(journal) from Jstor

2) Animal Biotechnology from Scribd

(http://www.scribd.com/doc/73447842/Animal-Biotechnology#scribd)

3) Innovations in Biotechnology from Intechopen

(http://www.intechopen.com/books/innovations-in-biotechnology/structural-bioinformatics-for-protein-engineering)

4) Recombinant human insulin from ACS Publications

(http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/bp00018a001)

5) Engineering of Therapeutic proteins production

in E. coli (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3179032/)

6) Medical Biotechnology from UN University (http://archive.unu.edu/unupress/sample-chapters/medicalbiotechnology.pdf)

7) An introduction to Biotechnology (http://wwwext.amgen.com/pdfs/misc/An_Introduction_Biotechnology.pdf)

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METHODS OF COLLECTING DATA ON GREEN BIOTECHNOLOGY

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METHODS OF COLLECTING DATA ON GREEN BIOTECHNOLOGY

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VINEELA

I  referred to many books like crop biotechnology by  Varun mehtha,and websites like jstor, e-journals,Elsevier,Indian journals to find an article related to green biotechnology.wikipedia helped me in answering  the questions about biotechnology

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FAQ'S ON GREEN BIOTECHNOLOGY   :   (VINEELA)

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FAQ'S ON GREEN BIOTECHNOLOGY   :   (VINEELA)

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1) What is  green bio technology?

Green bio technology is commonly known as plant bio technology. It is the use of genetically altered plants or animals to produce more environmentally friendly farming solutions as an alternative to traditional agriculture, horticulture and animal breeding processes

2) What are theories from which history of green bio technology is evolved?

There are two basic theories that lead to the evolution of green bio technology…. they  are  :

a)Cell theory which describes the properties of cells and these cells are basic unit of structure in  Organism.

b)Cellular  totipotency  and  genetic  transformation in bacteria which deals with the cells ability  to differentiate into different cell types .for  example ,in developing embryo, totipotent stem cells  are able to produce every  cell

3) What are the applications of green bio technology?

The major applications of green bio technology are….

a)  Genetic engineering: which is also called genetic modification ,is the direct manipulation of an organism’s genome using bio technology

b)  Plant tissue culture: this is widely used in plant sciences ,forestry and in horticulture

4) Are crops developed using bio technology as safe as for the environment as crops developed using traditional breeding practices?
Yes .extensive scientific  evaluation has not found any examples of ecological damage from bio  Technology crops .To date , there have been no instances of a bio technology- derived plant  Approved for field-testing either creating an environmental hazard or exhibiting anyother  Unpredictable behavior compared with similar crops modified using traditional methods. agriculture  biotechnology has tremendous potential to reduce the environmental impact of farming .Current  crops designed to resist pests and tolerate herbicides have already cut chemical usage on farms. Many  published studies – from the national academies, and others have arrived at the same conclusion: biotechnology- derived crops pose pose no unique risks to the environment compared with similar crops produced using traditional techniques

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METHODS OF COLLECTING DATA ON WHITE BIOTECHNOLOGY

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METHODS OF COLLECTING DATA ON WHITE BIOTECHNOLOGY

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A lot of research has been done in order to summarise such a vast topic into few pages. I refered to a lot of books from the library . I also went through a lot of journals by various scientists. Having chosen the topic biotechnology, I first read a lot about its origin and development so far. Then I found out about the various applications of biotechnology and its advantages. Many sites like jstor.org , projectmuse and Elsevier has been of great help . I could find a lot of e-books and jounals on these sites.  Furthermore Wikipedia has been of great help in getting a general view about the topic. Video lectures on youtube helped a lot in getting a better understanding of the topic. It helped us clarify some of our doubts regarding the same. The class 12th ncert textbook was also of great help in understanding the concept .

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METHODS OF COLLECTING DATA ON RED BIOTECHNOLOGY 

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METHODS OF COLLECTING DATA ON RED BIOTECHNOLOGY 

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I referred to some books from the library and websites like jstor and Elsevier for journals relevant to my topic. I also referred to NCERT class 12th textbook for further information on genetic engineering and recombination. Wikipedia also gave me basic definitions of some terms related to my topic.

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What is white biotechnology?

The application of biotechnology at the industrial level is known as white biotechnology. It uses living cells—from yeast, moulds, bacteria and plants—and enzymes to synthesize products that are easily degradable require less energy and create less waste during their production. This is not a recent development: in fact, biotechnology has been contributing to industrial processes for some time. The benefits of exploiting natural processes and products are manifold: they do not rely on fossil resources, are more energy efficient and their substrates and waste are biologically degradable, which all helps to decrease their environmental impact. Using alternative substrates and energy sources, white biotechnology is already bringing many innovations to the chemical, textile, food, packaging and health care industries. It is no surprise then that academics, industry and policy makers are increasingly interested in this new technology, its economy and its contributions to a sound environment, which could make it a credible method for sustainable development.

What are the goals of white biotechnology?

One of the main goals of white biotechnology is to meet the needs of the growing population. It also focuses on qualitative development. For example Conventional agricultural production of cereals, pulses, vegetables, fruits, etc., may not be able to meet the demand of food at the rate at which human and animal population is increasing. In fact  more than 25 per cent of human population is suffering from hunger and

malnutrition. One of the alternate sources of proteins for animal and human nutrition is Single Cell Protein (SCP). Microbes are being grown on an industrial scale as source of good protein. Microbes like Spirulina can be grown easily on materials like waste water from potato processing plants (containing starch), straw, molasses, animal manure and even sewage, to produce large quantities and can serve as food rich in protein, minerals, fats, carbohydrate and vitamins. Incidentally such utilisation also reduces environmental pollution.

What is our vision for industrial biotechnology ?

An increasing number of chemicals and materials will be produced using biotechnology in one of its processing steps. Biotechnological processes are used for producing chemicals and materials, otherwise not accessible by conventional means, or existing products in a more efficient and sustainable way.

Biotechnology allows for an

§  increasing eco-efficient use of renewable resources as raw materials for the industry

§  Industrial biotechnology will enable a range of industries to manufacture products in an economically and environmentally sustainable way.

§  Biomass derived energy, based on biotechnology, is expected to cover an increasing amount of our energy consumption.

§  Rural bio-refineries will replace port-based oil refineries wherever it is economically feasible.

§  European industry will be innovative and competitive, with sustained cooperation and support between the research community, industry, agriculture and civil society.

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*What is red biotechnology?                                            Red Biotechnology refers to the use of organisms in genetic engineering processes in order to design and manufacture pharmaceutical products like antibiotics and vaccines. It also includes the use of organisms specifically designed or engineered for cures of genetic diseases, and for use in forensics through DNA profiling.                                                                                                                                            *Importance of red biotechnology

All the products of biotechnology are used for in-vivo therapeutic/diagnostic purposes. Due to the ever increasing population and unhealthy lifestyle, the drugs, such as insulin might have become costlier, but due to biotechnology, it is now far cheaper than it was a few decades before.                                                                                                               *What are the upcoming areas of red biotechnology?

Some of the upcoming areas are gene therapy, decoding the whole genome of an organism, stem cell research and veterinary medicine.                                                                                                                       *State some examples of red biotechnology.

Some examples are antibiotics, vaccines, nucleic acids, proteins, DNA, RNA, etc.                                                                                                                                   *Is this a boon or a cause?

To those who see in biotechnology a process that can considerably help feed a hungry, burgeoning world, biotechnology is a “God-given gift.” But not to those who see otherwise. Perhaps never in the history of research has a scientific process like biotechnology whipped up a controversy whose echoes reverberate around the world. The lines are drawn. Contending groups have stockpiled ammunition which they continue to throw at each other. The words uttered are acerbic, their effects are incisive. The controversy practically zeroes in on a biotechnological product called genetically modified organism (GMO).

*How can this information be conveyed to the general public?

It can be conveyed through media like newspapers, radio, televisions,etc. It can also be conveyed through social networking site.

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http://www.jstor.org/stable/1696026?seq=3&Search=yes&resultItemClick=true&searchText=application&searchText=of&searchText=biotechnology&searchText=in&searchText=curing&searchText=diseases&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicResults%3FQuery%3Dapplication%2Bof%2Bbiotechnology%2Bin%2Bcuring%2Bdiseases%26amp%3Bacc%3Don%26amp%3Bwc%3Don%26amp%3Bfc%3Doff%26amp%3Bgroup%3Dnone%26amp%3Bvf%3Djo#page_scan_tab_contents

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http://www.jstor.org/stable/29736179?seq=1&Search=yes&resultItemClick=true&searchText=biotechnology&searchText=in&searchText=medicine&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dbiotechnology%2Bin%2Bmedicine%26amp%3Bprq%3Dapplications%2Bof%2Bbiotech%2Bin%2Bmedicines%26amp%3Bgroup%3Dnone%26amp%3Bso%3Drel%26amp%3Bfc%3Doff%26amp%3Bwc%3Don%26amp%3Bhp%3D25%26amp%

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SUMMARY ON GREEN BIOTECHNOLOGY                         

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SUMMARY ON GREEN BIOTECHNOLOGY                         

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S. baicalensis is an excellent model system for the investigation of medicinal plant species. The plant itself grows vigorously in a wide range of habitats, across the globe, and possesses a complex chemical complement that includes baicalin, baicalein, wogonin, scutellarin, and the neurohormones serotonin and melatonin. In-vitro culture research has shown successful alteration of flavonoid content in tissue and many cases of successful genetic transformation. In addition, the genome size of this medicinal plant species is similar in size to Arabidopsis and small enough genomic sequencing to be successful and affordable.  As a model system for medicinal plants, studies with scutellarin will lead to:                                           a) Effective technologies for medicinal plant production     b) A greater understandings of medicinal plant secondary metabolism and the role of plants in human health             c) Increased consumer confidence as it becomes more possible to apply biotechnology approaches to the production of regulated, consistent, high quality medicinal plant tissues.           d) The introduction of new varieties through both biotechnological and traditional breeding programmes and the development of elite germplasm lines with greater medicinal efficacy.

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Biotechnology has been incorporated in large scale food production since time immemorial. In fact food industry is the oldest and largest user of biotechnology.  At present the role of biotechnology in production of raw material is increasing productivity through improved efficiency of nutrient use and improved plant resistance and by identifying new food sources with desirable properties. For example one of the alternate sources of proteins for animal and human nutrition is Single Cell Protein (SCP). Furthermore raw material preservation by biological processes is critical to agriculture and food processing industry. Polysaccharides commonly derived from algae or botanical sources and used as functional agents are now being produced commercially through microbiological processes. There are quite some food related applications of polysaccharides, they include the microencapsulation of flavors, immobilization of enzymes, entrapment of whole cells, and aiding of flocculation in food process waste management. Yeast have been used traditionally in the production of alcoholic beverages and its efficiency is being improved by genetic manipulation. Enzymes are used extensively in food production and processing. Immobilised enzymes and immobilised whole cells have received significant attention as valuable biocatalyst in this industry. Significant advances have been made in the modification of food components such as proteins, polysaccharides, fats and oils. The following programs reflect research needs in various steps in the  path that leads from agricultural production to the consumer. First is the application of biotechnology to the structural functional relationship of food material which aims to improve the utilisation of biomaterials by applying modern biotechnological principles to control the functional performance of foodstuffs. Next is the cell physiology and biochemistry of agricultural raw materials. Third is the improvement of enzymatic processing which can reduce the high cost of traditional  food processes. It should also permit the development of totally novel food and food ingredients. Following this is the improvement of food grade microorganisms  which are used extensively in various aspects of food processing i.e. to establish recombinant dna technologies and an understanding of their biochemistry and genetics,to quantitatively describe the  microbial ecology  and biochemistry of mixed culture and solid state fermentations important in foodstuffs, to isolate select and genetically manipulate organisms capable of synthesising food additives and to develop economically viable bioprocesses as source of raw materials for the food processing industry. Then comes the methods development and food safety. The former focuses on improving  production cost, nutitional value etc. Specific research needs are vector development and transformation procedures for cereal crops, improved regulation and expression of foreign genes and techniques to regenerate and propagate crops that cannot now be so handled. Biotechnology applied to food production and processing clearly encompasses a very large and diverse field. The utilization of the capabilities of biological systems is rapidly expanding to a variety of food sources, processes, and products are being developed. In addition , the identification of critical research needs will help to enhance food production and processing .

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Type 1 diabetes is caused by the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells. This can be cured by replacing the endogenous beta cells and by developing new beta cells by using biotechnology. Genetic engineering is carried out to produce non-beta cells which act as beta cell substitutes. Non-beta cells are used so that the immune system of the patient doesn’t identify and destroy it. On the basis of progress reported by previous studies, which involved modifying fibroblast cells and with the aim of engineering a cell line which may potentially be considered safe to implant in humans, researchers selected Vero (African green monkey kidney cells) cells have been standardised for the production of the polio virus vaccine, clinical trials of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, etc., so they are considered much safer for humans. Other advantages are that they can be grown in cell aggregates in suspension and without adding anything the size and density of cell aggregates can be controlled.  Vero cells were used to produce human proinsulin by transfection of human PPI cDNA.  Because of lack of expression of endopeptidase enzymes, PC2 and PC3, these cells cannot be used to produce insulin from proinsulin. Vero transfectants secrete mature human insulin. Because mRNA (by reverse transcriptase – PCR) and protein (by immunocytochemical analysis and Western blotting) indicate that Vero cells do not constitutively express detectable levels of high capacity glucose transporter, GLUT2 and glucose phosphorylating enzyme, GCK, which are thought to be the key components of glucose sensory apparatus, GSA, regulating insulin release from beta cells in response to changes in the external glucose concentration. Studies also show that the resulting cells co-transcribe and co-translate GLUT2 and GCK with PPI. Insulin and GCK are expressed in cytoplasmic region; GLUT2 is predominantly expressed in the nuclear region. However these cells do not secrete insulin in a glucose-related manner. In conclusion, Vero cells do not have a regulated secretory pathway and secretory granules suitable for storage of high levels of insulin, and cannot be engineered to secrete insulin in a regulated manner by simply introducing GLUT2 and GCK expression.

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http://www.jstor.org/stable/4295323?seq=1&Search=yes&resultItemClick=true&searchText=biotechnology&searchText=in&searchText=preparing&searchText=artificial&searchText=insulin&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicResults%3FQuery%3Dbiotechnology%2Bin%2Bpreparing%2Bartificial%2Binsulin%26amp%3Bprq%3Dapplication%2Bof%2Bbiotechnology%2Bin%2Bmolecular%2Bdiagnosis%26amp%3Bgroup%3Dnone%26amp%3Bso%3Drel%26amp%3Bwc%3Don%26amp%3Bhp%3D25%26amp%3Bacc%3Don%26amp%3Bfc%3Doff%26amp%3Bvf%3Djo#page_scan_tab_contents