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This padlet would be explaining the different types of air pollution, where they occur, and why people make them happen. It states the causes and the effects of land pollution. It will also list animals affected. I will be talking about the most countries  affected and those with the most pollution. I will also be discussing what countries like China are taking to solve this problem.

This link will help me in explaining the topic of air pollution, and how it destroys infrastructure in countries.

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Bill Nye Air Pollution Air Pollution National Geographic Air Pollution Documentary CNN Air Pollution Air Pollution Animation Air Pollution in China Air Pollution Cartoon Effects of Air Pollution Air Pollution Annenberg Air Pollution a Car Air Pollution From China Air Pollution Y9 Air Pollution Smart Learning Air Pollution in Detroit

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This padlet would be explaining the different types of land pollution, where they occur, and why people make them happen. It states the causes and the effect.-Land pollution. It will also list animals affected.

This link will help me in emphasizing the topic of land pollution and how it plays a role in destroying our Earth.

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Land Pollution Problems National Geographic Pollution Land Pollution Cause Effect How to Draw Land Pollution Land Pollution Effects On the Environment Land Pollution in Vietnam Soil Pollution Environmental Pollution Water Pollution Air Pollution Videos About Pollution Songs About Pollution Land Pollution Music What Cause Land Pollution

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This padlet would talk about the effects of pollution on wildlife ad our ecosystem. It may have talking points of the Earth's green house gas layer and how overpopulation and overheating affects the Earth.

This link would help me explain to people how pollution affects animals and people's health.

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Air pollution causes acid rain, reduces visibility, damages wildlife, contributes to eutrophication and depletion of the ozone layer. In addition, air pollution leads to global warming hence resulting in global climate change.

Acid Rain The burning of fossil fuels releases oxides of nitrogen and sulfur into the environment. These oxides combine with water droplets in the atmosphere to form nitric and sulfuric acids, which falls back into the ground as acid rain. Acid rain damages the soil and plants and acidifies bodies of water, making them unsuitable for marine wildlife. It also speeds up the decay of buildings, statues and other historical landmarks.

Eutrophication Eutrophication is a condition in a water body where large amounts of nutrients stimulate the growth of algae and other plant life. This dense growth of plants in water bodies kills fish, marine animals and affects the growth of other marine plants. Even though eutrophication is a natural process in the aging of lakes, air pollution from human activities tend to accelerate this process.

Depletion of Ozone Layer Ozone gas, found in the EarthÌ¢‰âÂ‰ã¢s upper atmosphere, shields the Earth from harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun. However, air pollution releases several ozone-depleting chemicals such as chlorofluorocarbons, hydrofluorocarbons and halons which thins out the ozone layer. Thinning of the ozone layer increases exposure to UV rays, leading to increased cases of skin cancer, eye cataracts and impaired immune system.

Moreover, the depletion of ozone layer through pollution may lead to a reduction of agricultural yields, reduced survival rates of seedlings, increased plant susceptibility to diseases and harsh environmental conditions. In addition, exposure to UV rays has profound effects sensitive crops, such as soybeans.

Effects on Wildlife Toxic air pollutants, when deposited on soils and water bodies, negatively affect both aquatic and land wildlife. Toxins contribute to birth defects, reproductive failure and disease to animals. In addition, air pollution may lead to migration of wildlife from a given area hence creating an imbalance in the ecosystem.

Moreover, pollutants accumulate in sediments and may biomagnify in tissues of animals at the top of the food chain to concentrations higher than that in the water or air. Such accumulation of toxins has adverse health effects on both animals and human beings. Air pollution reduces sunlight penetration due to the formation of thick smog. Such thick smog limits plant growth and reproduction.

Global Climate Change The EarthÌ¢‰âÂ‰ã¢s atmosphere contains a delicate balance of gases responsible for trapping heat energy hence maintenance of the EarthÌ¢‰âÂ‰ã¢s temperatures. However, due to industrial pollution, more greenhouse gases, such as methane and carbon dioxide, are released in high amounts. These gases trap more heat in the atmosphere, which leads to a steady global temperature rise. This results in adverse effects of climate change, such the rise of sea levels, changing weather patterns, extinction of biodiversity and catastrophic weather conditions.

Reduces Visibility Haze occurs when sunlight encounters tiny particles in the air. These tiny particles are formed from pollutants directly emitted from power plants, manufacturing industries, automobiles and construction sites. Haze reduces the visibility of objects and can lead to motor vehicle accidents.

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How Does Air Pollution Affect the Environment?

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Air pollution causes acid rain, reduces visibility, damages wildlife, contributes to eutrophication and depletion of the ozone layer. In addition, air pollution leads to global warming hence resulting in global climate change. Acid Rain The burning of fossil fuels releases oxides of nitrogen and sulfur into the environment.

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This padlet will explain the damages done to the US, and how it is effecting its economy, This padlet is a continuation of the previous one; as it connects with he expenses. It will also talk about damage pollution does to the human body, and how it effects pats like the brain. click here

This link will help me put health issues like brain damage into this genius hour project. It will also help me with an actual news source

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This padlet would talk about the expenses the United States and its government has paid in order to reduce the pollution it its states. It will discuss how much in total they have wasted on pollution, and the comparison to the country's GDP.

This source would help me when I am explaining the damage pollution has done to the US's infrastructure and agricultural businesses.

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The major pollutants first regulated by the Clean Air Act are still causing substantial damages in the United States, particularly to human health. Specifically, ammonia and the five criteria pollutants - fine and coarse particulates, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and volatile organic compounds - currently cause damages that range from $75 - $280 billion annually. Here we will explain how these damages are estimated, what sources are responsible for the damages, and compare them with estimates of the damages from greenhouse gases (GHGs).

Economists measure the impacts of air pollution using integrated assessment models that logically connect emissions to their final effects on society. Of primary concern are the human health effects associated with air pollution, including premature mortality, chronic illness (such as bronchitis and asthma), and several acute illnesses. However, the models also measure the damages from reduced crop and timber yields, impaired visibility, deterioration of manmade materials, and diminished recreation services.

Integrated assessment models applied to the United States begin with available emissions data and then calculate pollution concentrations across the lower 48 states. These concentrations are then converted to "exposures," using county-level population information. Exposures, in turn, are converted into physical effects using concentration-response functions that capture the number of physical effects a certain exposure is likely to cause. Finally, physical effects are converted to dollar damages through valuation techniques.

To do so, we rely on an integrated assessment model called the Air Pollution Emission Experiments and Policy (APEEP). APEEP resembles other integrated assessment models in the literature. However, the way we are using APEEP is innovative. First, APEEP calculates the damages due to current emissions from all existing sources. One ton of emissions is then added at a single source, and APEEP recalculates the aggregate damage. The change in the aggregate damage is the marginal damage of the additional ton of emissions. By repeating this experiment for the six pollutants and 10,000 source locations, APEEP estimates the marginal damage of all emissions of these pollutants in the United States. Multiplying the tons of emissions from each source location by the source-specific marginal damage and summing across all sources yields the gross annual damage (GAD). This is a measure of the value of air pollution damages just as gross domestic product (GDP) is a measure of the value of economic production.

We find that GAD in 2002 is between $75 billion to $280 billion (0.7 - 2.8 percent of GDP). The estimates vary so widely because of three controversial issues: the value of mortality risks, the age dependency of this value, and the relationship between exposure to air pollutants and mortality rates.

First, although the values of many damages from air pollution are known - reduced crop yields, for instance - the value of human health and longevity (and their inverse, illness and death) is contentious. One approach is to use the extra wages paid to workers in risky jobs. This is problematic, however, because mortality risk in the workplace is often associated with sudden death, whereas mortality from air pollution is usually due to long-term exposure. It is also true that people do not agree on what value to place on a small risk of death and so any single estimate will be contentious no matter how it was estimated. The second controversy is whether the value attributed to mortality risks should be the same for all age groups or decline with expected years of remaining life. That is, should a smaller value be assigned to older age groups? Age-specific values are rational because remaining consumption declines with age. However, American principles of equality as guaranteed by the Constitution may dictate that every person be valued the same, regardless of age. Finally, the magnitude of the physical impact of exposure to pollutants is also uncertain. Because controlled experimentation (intentionally exposing humans) is unethical, epidemiologists must rely on natural experiments and toxicologists must rely on animal experiments to learn about human sensitivity to pollution. Unfortunately, these methods are less precise and so the estimates are "noisy." For all these reasons, the range of GAD values is wide.

Turning from aggregate damage to individual pollutants, we find that not all pollutants are equally harmful. Although emissions of fine particulate matter (PM 2.5), ammonia, sulfur dioxide, and volatile organic compounds make up only half of all emissions by weight, these pollutants cause almost 80 percent of total damages. PM 2.5, very tiny particles that can lodge in the lungs, account for only 6 percent of total emissions by weight, but cause 23 percent of total damages. In contrast, nitrogen oxides and coarse particulates are responsible for almost half of the total tonnage but only 20 percent of damages.

What fraction of GAD is due to different effects? We find that human health damages account for more than 95 percent of GAD. Loss of visibility is clearly one of the most palpable costs of air pollution but its contribution to GAD is small. The same can be said for crop damage, forest damage, and material damages.

The largest source is still industrial production, which causes 50 percent of air pollution damages. The largest single industrial source of emissions are coal-fired power plants, which cause 20 percent of GAD. Mobile sources are responsible for the next largest share, 35 percent. Light-duty gasoline-powered cars and motorcycles contribute 9 percent, SUVs and light-duty gasoline trucks contribute 7 percent, diesel trucks and heavy-duty gasoline vehicles contribute 15 percent, and rail, aircraft, and marine generate the remaining 4 percent of mobile source damages. Residential combustion of fossil fuels and wood, primarily for heating, produces perhaps more damage than people think - 5 percent. Finally, agricultural sources also cause a surprisingly large share of damages (10 percent), from ammonia from livestock production and fertilizers, and dust from tilling cropland.

The above GAD estimates do not include GHGs. How does their impact compare to GAD? Although they have high current visibility on policymakers' agendas, we believe that at least current GHG emissions are not nearly as harmful as criteria pollutants. The empirical impact literature estimates that current emissions will cause future global damages of between $0.50 and $10 per ton of carbon dioxide. So the current six billion tons of carbon dioxide emitted annually in the United States will likely cause future global damages of between $3-60 billion. In comparison, annual GAD lies between $75 and $280 billion. GHGs do need to be addressed, but the damages that current emissions will cause are relatively small compared to the damages from criteria pollutants. Of course, GHGs are accumulating and future emissions will cause higher damages, so they will become relatively more important to control in the future.

Tighter regulations on emissions of ammonia, fine particulates, sulfur dioxide, and VOCs are clearly called for. Important emissions sources to tighten are cars, light trucks, SUVs, all diesel vehicles (especially marine vessels and heavy-duty trucks) and industrial sources. Two other sources that have generally escaped attention must also be examined: residential homes and farms. Although each farm and each house contributes only a little to GAD, the net effect of all homes and all farms is substantial. Finally, pollution control efforts aimed at reducing solid waste (incineration) and water pollution (waste treatment plants) generate an inordinate amount of air pollution damage. Regulators need to think more carefully about integrated pollution management so that in the effort to reduce one pollution problem they do not create a larger one.

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What do the Damages Caused by U.S. Air Pollution Cost?

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The major pollutants first regulated by the Clean Air Act are still causing substantial damages in the United States, particularly to human health. Specifically, ammonia and the five criteria pollutants - fine and coarse particulates, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and volatile organic compounds - currently cause damages that range from $75 - $280 billion annually.

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This padlet will be explaining the rate of pollution in America. It will be about the statistics of pollution. This would be a great source of logos for my presentation.

This source would help with my explanation of the rates nd statistics of pollution. This padlet would also help me remember the specific statistics s the numbers are easy to forget.

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Air pollution dangerously high for almost half of U.S., report finds

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“State of the Air” report by the American Lung Association finds cause for concern - but also signs of improvement

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This padlet will be talking about the definition of pollution. It will also state in America contain the most pollution.

This link would help my genus hour project by helping readers understand more about pollution. It will also help me know what to talk about during the presentation.

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Curbing carbon emission has been an issue for many countries around the globe. Climate change fueled by global warming has brought about a sense of urgency among world leaders to reduce carbon footprints and focus on green energy. On the other hand, most countries like the U.S has an economy that thrives on manufacturing. Several industries around the country manufacture products that greatly contribute to the foreign exchange earnings and also provide employment to many citizens of the U.S. These industries are however a great source of pollution because of the waste products such as chemical wastes and toxic fumes that are let out into the environment. Power plants also play a big role in industrial pollution and together with the heavy industries they account for nearly 80% of all greenhouse gas emissions. Some states are known to be industrial states and have a number of big and robust industries. Apart from employment that these industries provide to the locals, they also greatly pollute the environment leading to low quality of air and other health complications. States which have fewer industries and manufacturing plants are less polluted and have a lower amount of carbon emission.

Worst Polluters In The United States

The state of Ohio has several manufacturing plants and is one of the states that has a big electricity generation sector. The harmful fumes emitted from the plants and other industries makes the state one of the highest polluted states in the U.S. Ohio is also home to a coal plant which contributes a very large amount of greenhouse emissions into the environment. Cutting down on these emissions will mean that Ohio shifts to green energy but that will be a tall order given the significance of these industries to the state and also to the country as a whole. Kentucky has seen its level of pollution rise because the authorities have not been able to find ways of reducing emissions from its coal fired power plants that release a lot of toxic fumes into the environment. Pollution from its electricity sector has continued to rise placing it just behind Ohio in toxic air pollution. States like Florida have continued to fall down the list of highly polluted states because there has been a deliberate shift from coal to natural gas which is much of a less polluter. There are also states like Michigan which are experiencing a decline in manufacturing and in retrospect experiencing less pollution. By default, they have continued to experience a decline in air pollution and not through a well laid out plan to reduce the same.

Trends In Industrial Air Pollution

Some states in the U.S have continued to experience a gradual decline in industrial air pollution, either through deliberate government policies or by default when manufacturing plants begin to close shop. Shifting to more renewable energy sources has greatly helped some states in cutting carbon emissions while in others where different stakeholders have continued to do nothing, air pollution has continued to rise. It is apparent that through deliberate actions to shift to green energy, air pollution can be reduced as has been the case with Florida.

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US States Most Affected By Industrial Air Pollution

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Curbing carbon emission has been an issue for many countries around the globe. Climate change fueled by global warming has brought about a sense of urgency among world leaders to reduce carbon footprints and focus on green energy. On the other hand, most countries like the U.S has an economy that thrives on manufacturing.