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Define: Journalists tend to follow a formulaic and hierarchical story structure known as the inverted pyramid that puts the most essential information in the first few paragraphs with less important comments  further down

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Define: Journalists tend to follow a formulaic and hierarchical story structure known as the inverted pyramid that puts the most essential information in the first few paragraphs with less important comments  further down

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28.	Networked journalism:Define: Within an increasing number of opportunities to participate in the production of news- for ordinary citizens, bloggers, and professional journalists- journalism has become networked, the products of a complex web of interactionsExample: News media that draws upon bloggers, twitters photos shared in social media.

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28.	Networked journalism:Define: Within an increasing number of opportunities to participate in the production of news- for ordinary citizens, bloggers, and professional journalists- journalism has become networked, the products of a complex web of interactionsExample: News media that draws upon bloggers, twitters photos shared in social media.

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27.	Long tail:  DefineThe theory of the Long Tail is that our culture and economy is increasingly shifting away from a focus on a relatively small number of "hits" (mainstream products and markets) at the head of the demand curve and toward a huge number of niches in the tail. Examples: Self-publishing companies that allow anyone to publish and distribute a book and ebook.. Restaurant reviews from thousands of customers as opposed to a single review from a professional food critic

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27.	Long tail:  DefineThe theory of the Long Tail is that our culture and economy is increasingly shifting away from a focus on a relatively small number of "hits" (mainstream products and markets) at the head of the demand curve and toward a huge number of niches in the tail. Examples: Self-publishing companies that allow anyone to publish and distribute a book and ebook.. Restaurant reviews from thousands of customers as opposed to a single review from a professional food critic

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26.	Four Roles of Media in Globalization

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26.	Four Roles of Media in Globalization

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Media allow us to encounter one another.
Media enable the centralized administration of vast spaces and dispersed places.
Media situate us in the world through representations of identity
.Media constitute a globalized business in and of themselves

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Define: set of processes by which social, political and economic relations extend further than ever before with greater frequency, immediacy and facilty. It is not a new process: romans, Vikings, the telegraph, But it has gained more speed over the last decades.
Examples: Politically, governments are increasingly implicated in events that occur well beyond their own borders. Socially, relationships extend around the world and our neighbours come different places, we have access to cultural products we wouldn't have otherwise.

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24.	Net neutrality:  Define: internet services provider  (ISPs) treating all content and applications equally, without degrading or prioritizing service based on their source, ownership or destinationExample: “Netflix and Google don’t get special treatment. With net neutrality, Google, for example, is stuck in the same traffic in those pipes as your grandmother’s blog” (Washington Post)

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24.	Net neutrality:  Define: internet services provider  (ISPs) treating all content and applications equally, without degrading or prioritizing service based on their source, ownership or destinationExample: “Netflix and Google don’t get special treatment. With net neutrality, Google, for example, is stuck in the same traffic in those pipes as your grandmother’s blog” (Washington Post)

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23.	MAPLDefine: The MAPL system is designed primarily to increase exposure of Canadian musical performers, lyricists and composers to Canadian audiencesTo qualify as Canadian content, a musical selection must generally fulfil at least two of the following conditions:•	M (music): the music is composed entirely by a Canadian•	A (artist): the music is, or the lyrics are, performed principally by a Canadian•	P (performance): the musical selection consists of a live performance that iso	recorded wholly in Canada, oro	performed wholly in Canada and broadcast live in Canada•	L (lyrics): the lyrics are written entirely by a CanadianExample: Bryan Adams music, Arcade Fire… others?

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23.	MAPLDefine: The MAPL system is designed primarily to increase exposure of Canadian musical performers, lyricists and composers to Canadian audiencesTo qualify as Canadian content, a musical selection must generally fulfil at least two of the following conditions:•	M (music): the music is composed entirely by a Canadian•	A (artist): the music is, or the lyrics are, performed principally by a Canadian•	P (performance): the musical selection consists of a live performance that iso	recorded wholly in Canada, oro	performed wholly in Canada and broadcast live in Canada•	L (lyrics): the lyrics are written entirely by a CanadianExample: Bryan Adams music, Arcade Fire… others?

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22.	CanConDefine: Canadian content (abbreviated CanConrefers to the requirements, derived from the Broadcasting Act of Canada, that radio and television broadcasters (must air a certain percentage of content that was at least partly written, produced, presented, or otherwise contributed to by persons from Canada. Example: The Juno winners

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22.	CanConDefine: Canadian content (abbreviated CanConrefers to the requirements, derived from the Broadcasting Act of Canada, that radio and television broadcasters (must air a certain percentage of content that was at least partly written, produced, presented, or otherwise contributed to by persons from Canada. Example: The Juno winners

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21.	Media imperialismDefine: Unidirectional nature of international media flows from a small number of sources countriesExample: The U.S with Disney Movies or Hollywood ( Remember Frozen movie)

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21.	Media imperialismDefine: Unidirectional nature of international media flows from a small number of sources countriesExample: The U.S with Disney Movies or Hollywood ( Remember Frozen movie)

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20.	Telecomunications Act (1993):Regulates telecommunications by ensuring reliable services, protecting privacy, and to protect and encourage the Canadian media. It affirmed that telecommunications performs an essential role in the maintenance of Canada’s identity and sovereignty. Sets up the objectives of Telecommunications in Canada

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20.	Telecomunications Act (1993):Regulates telecommunications by ensuring reliable services, protecting privacy, and to protect and encourage the Canadian media. It affirmed that telecommunications performs an essential role in the maintenance of Canada’s identity and sovereignty. Sets up the objectives of Telecommunications in Canada

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19.	Broadcasting Act (1991):It is enforced by the CRTC and concerns local, regional, national; private, public, and community elements. It Safeguards of radiocommunication in Canada. It states that each element of the Canadian broadcasting system shall contribute in an appropriate manner to the creation and presentation of Canadian programming and content.

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19.	Broadcasting Act (1991):It is enforced by the CRTC and concerns local, regional, national; private, public, and community elements. It Safeguards of radiocommunication in Canada. It states that each element of the Canadian broadcasting system shall contribute in an appropriate manner to the creation and presentation of Canadian programming and content.

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Define:  Also known as The Federal Cultural Policy Review Committee
Issues addresses: Change in policy discourse/ Commercialism, US, and national unity less of a concern.Advocated for a retreat of state intervention and Open doors to private ownerships. It maintained the logic of state governance as a regulator, but advocated for private and independent owners

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Also known as The royal commission of broadcasting Issues addressed : Worries about CBC as regulator and competitor/ Concerns about the lack of regional representation.It Advocates for decentralization of broadcasting. Need for regional representation in broadcasting- Recommended a board of broadcast governors that would represent the five regions “ The Maritimes, Quebec, Ontario, The Prairies, British Columbia. It encourages a stronger commitment on the part of the private broadcasters to the public interest.

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Define: Also known as The Royal commission of National Development in the Arts, letters and sciences

Issues addressed : Americanization and Commercialization, but with TV.

Advertising couldn't be completely removed. It risked lowering the standard of programming and might divert listeners to US stations. They argue in favour of state support for the arts.

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15.	The Aird Commission: Define:  Also known as  The Royal Commission on Radio Broadcasting Issues addressed American radio signals coming over the border (Wanted broadcasting to have a national purpose.Recommendations lead to the legislation of a new act, Broadcasting Act (1932), and a new institution, the Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission (later to become the CBC).

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15.	The Aird Commission: Define:  Also known as  The Royal Commission on Radio Broadcasting Issues addressed American radio signals coming over the border (Wanted broadcasting to have a national purpose.Recommendations lead to the legislation of a new act, Broadcasting Act (1932), and a new institution, the Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission (later to become the CBC).

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Define: High-level inquiries established by government to investigate problems of significant public concern and recommend solutions. In the course we study four commissions.

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13.	Market externalities: Define: costs and benefits of economic activity that are not accunted by- that are external to- the immediate economic transactions between buyer and sellerExample: Good public education and literacty, critical-thinking skills but also, in the flip side, consequences of violent films in society and how it behaves, specially younger generations

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13.	Market externalities: Define: costs and benefits of economic activity that are not accunted by- that are external to- the immediate economic transactions between buyer and sellerExample: Good public education and literacty, critical-thinking skills but also, in the flip side, consequences of violent films in society and how it behaves, specially younger generations

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Define: A company that contains within it companies carrying on a variety of businesses not necessarily related to one another. It gathers both vertical and horizontal integration
Examples: Alphabet (Google), Disney

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Define:  Acquiring an organization in a different business to control supply-demand relations, materials, and partnerships internally.They want to move their content, through their channels, through their distribution systems.
Examples: Rogers, Bell.

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10.	Horizontal integration (Chain ownership): 

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10.	Horizontal integration (Chain ownership): 

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Define: Acquiring another company in the same business. acquiring another company in the same business
Examples: Postmedia Network in Canada that owns many magazines and newspapers in Canada

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who owns the means of production of mediaa. Private:  Interest in financial return
Public: Interest in social goals & Cultural Development in the long-run
Examples: Private: Fox News, others?                  Public: CBC, others?

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8.	Audiences: Define: Media principal commodity, which is sold to advertisers. Dallas Smythe was the communication theorist that firs observed this phenomena. Examples: Newspapers receive large amounts of money to display advertisements in their interfaces. Youtube, Instagram, Facebook all function under this logic.

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8.	Audiences: Define: Media principal commodity, which is sold to advertisers. Dallas Smythe was the communication theorist that firs observed this phenomena. Examples: Newspapers receive large amounts of money to display advertisements in their interfaces. Youtube, Instagram, Facebook all function under this logic.

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7.	Digital divide:Define: Technological distance between the Global North and the Global South in communication. Disparities between the haves and have-notsExample: Many countries have limited access to internet and computers for their populations, and therefore many people can have access to the services and opportunities internet provides: online courses, social media connections etc.

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7.	Digital divide:Define: Technological distance between the Global North and the Global South in communication. Disparities between the haves and have-notsExample: Many countries have limited access to internet and computers for their populations, and therefore many people can have access to the services and opportunities internet provides: online courses, social media connections etc.

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Define: Technology is socially constructed and shaped by social forces. All technologies appear because of a social logic. For this perspective, new tools and systems succeed where they work properly and find support in the social environment.
Example: Alternative sources of energy- Solar power, electronic cars.The function of technology changes according to the needs of society. Phone were decades ago a point-to-point oral communication, and now phones are cameras, sound recorder, notepad, agenda..etc.

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Define: Humans have choices on how to use technology. Foucault and Herbert Marcus thought about technology as something that exist within society, as integral to it as the same way as religion, education, culture, political systems. Society therefore takes a particular form depending of the dynamics of society.
Example: Radio and TV. Canada has created over the last decades different commissions to control them, to define how Canadians would produce, distribute and consume this technological advances.
Drawbacks. Does not take into account why and how technology emerges, which is important for our studies.

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Define: Technology operates in its own logic but this does not necessary means progress. From this perspective, all technological progress raises more problems than it solves. Technology is not neutral and is harmful for society.
Examples: Cars and their effects on the environment and economy
Nuclear weapon and its threat to human life.
Drawbacks: It denies the positive impacts of technology and doesn’t go further to the human agency.

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Define: Technology operates according to inevitable logic inherent in it. For technological determinists, technology is autonomous from society. From this perspective, technology means progress, perceived as a straightforward track toward improvement. Humans have nothing to do to how technology is employed.
Example: Mobile phones allow you to have an easier life and you will change it in two or three years. Robots, they have a logic themselves.
Drawbacks: It leaves behind human agency over technology and how society affects its uses.

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Define: See technology as value neutral tool that can shorten the path to natural ends. Is a means to an end
Example: In order to get to Vancouver I get an airplane . In order to read this book, I can purchase it and read it in my Kindle
Drawbacks: leaves behind the social, political and cultural elements that are intrinsic to it

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It encompasses both the devices as well as knowledge or understanding of their use or operation in society.

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Three concepts to gather data from audiences

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Three concepts to gather data from audiences

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Reach: The number of audience members available during a particular program period
Share: The percentage of the audience reach who are watching a particular program during a specific time
3. Viewing time: time spent consuming

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Geographic large size creates natural barriers

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Large size and different languages make it hard to create national understandings

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Canadian Challenges- US InfluencesMost media and understandings are shaped through American programming

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Canadian Challenges- US InfluencesMost media and understandings are shaped through American programming

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Social contexts affects the way people approach to media.It focuses on social setting, like popular culture.

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Postis how patriarchal values are dominant and are oppressing woman´s lives. Media pereptuate gender stereotypes.

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A coherent set of social values, beliefs and meanings that people use to decode the worlds

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Technological DeterminismThe idea that we are controlled by and through technology as a driving force rather than humans

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Technological DeterminismThe idea that we are controlled by and through technology as a driving force rather than humans

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They either see audiences as active or passive

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Those who listen to, who read, watch etcs

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Depending on the medium (Soap Operas, TV shows, Ads, Music videos) the conten is structured to influence more audiences.

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Connotation: less obvious or subjective meanings that may be drawn

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Theoretical perspectives on content analysis

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What is a Symbol, an index, and icon? give examples?

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What is a Symbol, an index, and icon? give examples?

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Symbol: A sign that bears no direct resemblance to what it signifies. (e.g. dove=peace)
-Index: A sign related to the object it represents. (e.g. smoke=fire)
- Icon: A sign that looks like the object it represents. (e.g. maps)

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Exchange systems and processes established for the production, distributions and consumption of goods.
Media creates jobs that leverages economy, but also create consumers for products through ads.

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What is the famous quote of Marshal McLuhan.?

"The medium is the message"

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What is the definition of politics and how it relates to media?

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What is the definition of politics and how it relates to media?

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Politics is the process through which people make collective decisions. Media helps allows that public space to engage audiences in political issues.

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what kind of questions or concerns does the Discourse Analysis have when studying media content？

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what kind of questions or concerns does the Discourse Analysis have when studying media content？

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What is the political position? What is the discurse behind that message? What are the institutions behind it?

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what is a sign and what are the two elements that compose it? Give one example for each one 

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what is a sign and what are the two elements that compose it? Give one example for each one 

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A sign : anything with a meaning.

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What does the audience fragmentation mean?

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What does the audience fragmentation mean?

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This is the division of audiences into small groups due to the wide spectrum of media outlets.

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What dose it mean that audiences are commodities

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What dose it mean that audiences are commodities

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A commodity is a good that is used to create other goods

An audience is a good because advertisers will pay for audiences to view there ad and in return hopefully have that Commodity "The Audience " buy there Commodity EX: COCA COLA

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What is the famous quote of Marshal McLuhan?

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What kind of questions or concerns does the Cultural Critique have when studying media content?

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What kind of questions or concerns does the Cultural Critique have when studying media content?

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What are there more male media executives than female ones? How minorities are misrepresented. How is the racial stereotype in the messafe?

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What does Semiotics mean and who is the founder of this?

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What does Semiotics mean and who is the founder of this?

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Ferdinand De Saussure

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How does the Framing/ Agenda Setting see audiences and their interaction with media?

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How does the Framing/ Agenda Setting see audiences and their interaction with media?

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“[The news] may not be successful in telling people what to think, but it is stunningly successful in telling its readers what to think about.”

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what is the definition we use in the course for society and what is the role of media in society?

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what is the definition we use in the course for society and what is the role of media in society?

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many institutions and relationships where a large group of people live within. Also the conditions that makes those relationships possible

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How does the Birmingham school see audiences and their interactions with media.

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How does the Birmingham school see audiences and their interactions with media.

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Audiences have agency. Individuals use products and subvert them, create self-definitions. They put themselves in a point of view. (Position)

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What does "shrinking space through time mean"

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What does "shrinking space through time mean"

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Reducing time to accomplish particular tasks in space.

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What kind of questions or concerns does the political economy analysis have when studying media content?

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What kind of questions or concerns does the political economy analysis have when studying media content?

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How the economic system shape our system of law? Or post-secondary education? What is the relation between media and big corporations? How media is making us consuming more products?

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What concepts did  Harold Innis introduce in communication studies? Give a short description of the two concepts

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What concepts did  Harold Innis introduce in communication studies? Give a short description of the two concepts

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Innis introduced two concepts of communication that are Time Bias and Space Bias
Time Bias means transferring information and culture through time. (Greeks Egyptians)
Space Bias means transfers information and culture over space (Romans)

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define media, mass media and mass communication 

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define media, mass media and mass communication 

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Media: vessels, vehicles through which mass communication takes place. (Media plural noun of mediums)

New Media: media that facilitates broad participation and products in a large scale ( Web 2.0)

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What is the definition of communication? Also name the three models we saw in the lecture 

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What is the definition of communication? Also name the three models we saw in the lecture 

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Communication is the action of making a message or idea common to two or more people
Models:
1. Shanon and Weaver (Mathematical model)
2. Social Model of Communication: Stuart Hall
3. Laswell Model: Propaganda

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How did print and telegraph leverage media?

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How did print and telegraph leverage media?

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Telegraph: allow communication to break the barriers of time. Time to share information was greatly reduced
Print: Spread information over different geogrpahic zones. It make the communication process more efficient ( Newspapers, political discourses started to appear)

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What is the definition we use in this course for culture and what is the role of media in culture?

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What is the definition we use in this course for culture and what is the role of media in culture?

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Culture: different ways of life. Media helps to strengthen cultural ties among people and their territories. It spreads the message and cultural elements.

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What is convergence? Also, name three kinds of convergence and one example for each one.

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What is convergence? Also, name three kinds of convergence and one example for each one.

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Convergence is the merging of mass communication outlets such as television, radio, print posters, etc.
Three Kinds of convergence:
1. Corporate : One corporation owns different mediums or elements of the communication process Bell, Rogers, Google
2. Infrastructure: Laptops, mobile phones. Bridge together different mediums : cameras, notepads, social network etc
3. Participation: Audiences can receive, create, share and participate in the content of media.

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How does the Frankfurt School see audiences and their interactions with media?

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How does the Frankfurt School see audiences and their interactions with media?

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Media gave people a false/idealised image of the world which encourages people to just accept the world as it is, instead of revolting and trying to make the world a better place.

It examines the cumulative effects of being surrounded by mass produced popular culture.
-Examines how media integrate and structure audiences into the capitalist ideology.

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What does the early research on mass media think about the role of media in public?

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What does the early research on mass media think about the role of media in public?

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after tv/movies first came out, people believed that we were vulnerable mass audiences that could be told what to think by media. Like a "magic bullet"

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The interaction between media and audiences

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Creation and Interpretation of media content.
Process of signification

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Media and communication are intertwined with society and culture
1. Concepts
2. History