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John C. Calhoun, was a political leader from South Carolina who served as Congressman, Secretary of War, Vice President, Senator, and Secretary of State. He was strong supporter of slavery and feared that congress might make slavery illegal. He spent much of his time and energy arguing that states not Congress had the right  to determine whether slavery should be allowed in a particular state. Calhoun said, “Slavery is a domestic institution. It belongs to the states, each for itself to decide, whether it shall be established or not.” Calhoun defended slavery as a “positive good.” The more people criticized slavery, the more passionately he argued for it. He stated that “it is impossible for whites and African Americans to exist in the same community” and that “social and political equality between them is impossible.” As the movement to abolish slavery began to build in the North, Calhoun believed the Southern way of life was being threatened. Calhoun attempted to rally all Southern Congressman to defy, or go against, any anti-slavery laws. When he died in 1850, his last words were said to be, “The South! The poor South!”

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James Kirke Paulding, a New Yorker, was one of the earliest leaders of the pro-slavery movement (those who strongly favored slavery). Paulding believed that slavery should be allowed in the South to help preserve the Union (keep all of the United States together) and to maintain order in the United States. This made James Kirke Pauld pro-slavery.

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George Fitzhugh was pro-slavery so he wanted slavery. George Fitzhugh owned a slave when he was young he also grew up in a aristocratic (wealthy) region that fuels his love for the southern ways of life.

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Abraham Lincoln was in the middle so he was not anti-slavery nor pro-slavery. Lincoln is credited by some with freeing the slaves. In truth, Lincoln’s beliefs about slavery were mixed. This is why Abraham Lincoln doesn’t fall under anti-slavery nor pro-slavery so he was indicted.

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Helper criticized slavery not because it was bad for African Americans but because it hurt whites in the South who could not afford slaves. Whites not wealthy enough to buy slaves, he argued, could not succeed financially when competing against the huge plantation owners who used slave labor. Hinton Helper wouldn’t be anti-slavery if the poor southerners could afford slaves. Unlike the other people who where anti-slavery who helped slaves, Hinton Helper just believe that it was unfair for the poor southerners who couldn’t afford slaves that was the only reason why he was anti-slavery, this is why he was ranked the last person for anti-slavery.

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William Lloyd Garrison was one of the most famous abolitionists (people who wanted to get rid of slavery) in the 19th century. From 1831 to 1865, he published the anti-slavery newspaper The Liberator, and he helped lead the successful movement to abolish slavery. The masthead of his newspaper is seen above. Garrison joined the anti-slavery movement in Boston when he was 25, and 3 years later helped found the American Anti-Slavery Society. Unlike the other people that are anti-slavery who helped slaves, William Lloyd Garrison just joined the anti-slavery movement he just wanted to end slavery he didn’t traveled to slave territories and help the runaway slavery escape or wrote a newspaper to help slave or where the only southern to be anti-slavery.

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Sarah and Angelina Grimke were the only Southern women to become abolitionist leaders (people who wanted to get rid of slavery). The Grimkes were the daughters of Judge John Grimke of South Carolina, a distinguished judge, planter and slave owner. Shocked by what they saw of slavery, the moved to the North and became active in the abolitionist movement. Both Sarah and Angelina wrote pamphlets in 1836 encouraging Southern women to stop slavery. Their anti-slavery pamphlets were praised by abolitionists, but were hated in the South. In fact, South Carolina officials burned the pamphlets and threatened to jail the sisters if they ever returned to their home state. At the same time, the Grimke sisters demonstrated their distaste for slavery by freeing slaves that their mother had given them. Unlike Harriet Tubman and Frederick Douglass who helped slave get to the place where they can be free, The Grimke Sisters had risked there life being the only woman that where anti-slavery not just that but they where the only woman that where anti-slavery in the Southern. If other Southern people knew that the sisters where anti-slavery, the sisters could have gotten killed maybe even worse.

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Frederick Douglass was an African American whose brilliant speaking and writing made him one of the leading abolitionists (people who worked to get rid of slavery). Enslaved in Maryland until he was 21, Douglass worked as a plantation slave and house servant in Maryland. After one failed attempt, Douglass escaped to Massachusetts and eluded (got away from) slave hunters by changing his name from Bailey to Douglass. Douglass became an important abolitionist after he was invited to an anti-slavery convention in 1841. Frederick Douglass was anti-slavery but not more then Harriet Tubman even though he was a slave to he did not go back to free slaves like Harriet Tubman but he did published a newspaper in Rochester, New York, called The North Star. It got its name because slaves escaping at night followed the North Star in the sky to freedom.

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Harriet Tubman became a leading abolitionist (a person who fight against slavery) after escaping from slavery on a Maryland plantation in 1849. She escaped to the North by the “Underground Railroad,” which was neither a railroad nor underground. The Underground Railroad was a secret network of about 3,000 people organized to hide and help escaped slaves. Under the cover of darkness, “conductors” led runaways to freedom, providing food and safe hiding places.After her escape, Tubman devoted her energy to helping other slaves escapte to freedom via the Underground Railroad. Once she escaped slavery, she promised to help others by saying, “To this solemn resolution I came; I was free, and other slaves should be free also; I would make a home for them in the North, and the Lord helping me, I would bring them all here.” Known as the “Moses of her people,” Tubman demonstrated extraordinary courage and endurance by helping more than 300 slaves to freedom. She was known for maintaining strict discipline among her followers, often forcing the tired or scared to continue northward by threatening them with a loaded revolver. This is the reason why Harriet Tubman was the most anti-slavery.