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Newsela | Climate and social activist: An interview with Jerome Foster II

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An interview with climate activist Jerome Foster II

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https://newsela.com/read/amanda-gorman-honors-hs-poets/id/2001023117/

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https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/26/style/amy-schneider-jeopardy.html

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https://cynthialeitichsmith.com/2019/05/survivors-varsha-bajaj-on-thriving-as-a-long-time-actively-publishing-childrens-author/

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https://www.biography.com/activist/greta-thunberg
https://www.biography.com/activist/greta-thunberg

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https://www.simonandschuster.com/authors/Linda-Sarsour/146809225

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https://www.biography.com/activist/bayard-rustin

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Rustin was born in West Chester, Pennsylvania, to Florence Rustin and Archie Hopkins, but raised by his maternal grandparents, Julia (Davis) and Janifer Rustin, as the ninth of their twelve children; growing up he believed his biological mother was his older sister. His grandparents were local caterers and relatively wealthy who raised Rustin in a large house.

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https://www.britannica.com/biography/I-M-Pei

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ho
https://www.californiamuseum.org/inductee/david-d-ho-md
https://www.pbs.org/becomingamerican/ap_pjourneys_bio3.html

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https://wams.nyhistory.org/confidence-and-crises/world-war-ii/chien-shiung-wu/

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https://www.hirono.senate.gov/about

https://school.eb.com/levels/high/article/Mazie-Hirono/623842

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Mazie Keiko Hirono (; Japanese name: , Hirono Keiko; born November 3, 1947) is an American lawyer and politician serving as the junior United States senator from Hawaii since 2013. A member of the Democratic Party, Hirono previously served as a member of the United States House of Representatives for Hawaii's 2nd congressional district from 2007 to 2013. Hirono also served as a member of the Hawaii House of Representatives from 1981 to 1995 and as Hawaii's ninth lieutenant governor from 1994 to 2002, under Ben Cayetano. She was the unsuccessful Democratic nominee for governor of Hawaii in 2002, defeated by Republican Linda Lingle in the general election.

Hirono is the first elected female senator from Hawaii, the first Asian-American woman elected to the Senate, the first U.S. senator born in Japan, and the nation's first Buddhist senator. She considers herself a non-practicing Buddhist and is often cited with Hank Johnson as the first Buddhist to serve in the United States Congress. She is also the third woman to be elected to Congress from Hawaii (after Patsy Mink and Pat Saiki).

In 2012, Hirono was the Democratic nominee for the U.S. Senate seat being vacated by the retirement of Daniel Akaka. Hirono won the election, defeating Lingle in a landslide, 63% to 37%. She was sworn in on January 3, 2013, by Vice President Joe Biden. Hirono was the only person of Asian ancestry serving in the U.S. Senate from 2013 until 2017, when senators Tammy Duckworth and Kamala Harris were sworn in, representing Illinois and California, respectively. Although Brian Schatz joined the Senate a week before Hirono, following the death of Daniel Inouye, making him Hawaii's senior senator, Hirono's three terms in the U.S. House of Representatives make her the dean, or longest-serving member overall, of Hawaii's congressional delegation.

Mazie Hirono was born on November 3, 1947, in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan to Laura Chie Satō, a Japanese American, and Hirono Matabe, a Japanese veteran of World War II. Mazie's maternal grandfather, Hiroshi Satō, immigrated to Hawaii to work on a sugar plantation at the age of 16; her grandmother, Tari Shinoki, immigrated to Hawaii as a picture bride. After finding plantation work difficult, the couple opened a bathhouse on River Street in Honolulu in 1928. The couple had a daughter, Laura Chie, in 1924, and a son, Akira.

In 1939, Tari returned to Japan with the teenaged Laura and Akira; Hiroshi remained in Hawaii to run the bathhouse for two more years before joining his family in 1941. Laura felt out of place in Japan as one of the many Nisei Japanese Americans who emigrated with their returning Issei parents (barred from US citizenship or land ownership) before World War II and during the Great Depression. But although her brother returned to Hawaii after the war, she remained in Japan and married a veterinarian, Hirono Matabe, in 1946. Laura moved with her husband to southern Fukushima, and had three children, Roy, Mazie, and Wayne. Mazie, the middle child, was the only surviving daughter.

Mazie's father, Matabe, was a compulsive gambler and alcoholic who pawned even his wife's possessions for gambling money. Treated "like a slave" by her in-laws, Mazie's mother finally left the abusive marriage in 1951. Laura later recounted her point of decision: "My brother sent money to buy a school uniform for my son. My husband took the money, went to town and never came back home. It was getting closer to the start of school, so I went to look for him. I found out he had ordered an overcoat for himself with the money. He didn't need an overcoat in the spring. That's when I made up my mind to leave." After telling her in-laws she was going to take her children to school in her hometown, Laura left the house, never to return. Selling her clothes to pay the rail fare, she and the children moved back to her parents' home. Laura said, "My husband never came around once; my parents were supportive and took all of us in. My mother gave us money. I guess it all boils down to love."

The Satō-Hirono family decided to return to Hawaii, but under the U.S. quota system Tari and Hiroshi, as Japanese nationals without American citizenship or professional status, could not go with Laura, an American citizen. Thus the family was separated, with three-year-old Wayne staying behind with his grandparents and Laura returning to Honolulu on her own with Mazie and Roy in March 1955. After two years of hard work, she brought her parents and youngest son to Hawaii in 1957. "She determined that she had to get away [from her husband]...she wanted to put thousands of miles between them", Hirono said of her mother. "That took a lot of courage. I always tell my mom there is nothing I can do-hard as it is to be in politics...harder than what she did."

After first living with Mazie's uncle Akira, the family moved into a rooming house on Kewalo Street in Honolulu with one room, one table, three chairs and one bed. Laura recalled, "Mazie and Roy slept on the bed. I slept on the floor with a futon. The landlady was so nice. The rent was $35, but she charged us less because I didn't have a job." Laura began working for the Hawaii Hochi as a typesetter and also three nights a week for a catering company. Mazie worked in the school cafeteria and had a paper route. Though money was tight and the family was forced to move often, Laura kept them together. Mazie recalled that she and her brother used to get a dime once or twice a week from their mother. "We both had baseball piggy banks. My older brother spent all his dimes but I saved mine. But one day I came home and the dimes were gone. My mother had to use it to buy food."

Hirono never saw her father again, and he has since died. Laura became a newspaper proofreader in 1961 and retired from the Hawaii Newspaper Agency in 1986; Roy became a Hawaiian Electric supervisor. Wayne drowned in 1978, aged 26. Mazie's grandfather Hiroshi died in 1989, and her grandmother Tari died in 2000 at age 99.

Raised in Honolulu, Hirono became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1959, the year Hawaii became a state. She attended Kaʻahumanu Elementary and Koko Head Elementary Schools. She graduated from Kaimuki High School, which at the time of her attendance had a predominantly Japanese American student body. Hirono then enrolled at the University of Hawaii at Mānoa, graduating Phi Beta Kappa with a B.A. in psychology in 1970. She left Hawaii to attend Georgetown University Law Center, where she obtained her J.D. degree in 1978. Hirono then returned to Honolulu, where she practiced law.

In 1980, Hirono was elected to Hawaii's 12th House district in a multi-member district with Democratic State Representative David Hagino. Hawaii eliminated multi-member districts, and after redistricting she ran for Hawaii's 20th House district and won. After redistricting again in 1984, she ran for the newly redrawn Hawaii's 32nd House district and won. In 1992, after redistricting, she ran in the newly redrawn Hawaii's 22nd House district. She won the three-candidate Democratic primary with 91% of the vote. She won the general election and served only one term in the 22nd district before retiring in 1994 to run for statewide office.

From 1980 to 1994, Hirono served in the Hawaii House of Representatives, passing more than 120 laws. She was honored by a coalition of leaseholders as Legislator of the Year in 1984.[citation needed ]

From 1987 to 1992, she was Chair of the Consumer Protection and Commerce Committee.

Hirono ran for lieutenant governor of Hawaii and won the Democratic primary, defeating fellow State Representative Jackie Young 65%-26%. In the general election she defeated three other candidates: Danny Kaniela Kaleikini (Best Party), State Representative Fred Hemmings ( Republican Party), and Jack Morse ( Green Party), 37%-31%-29%-4%.

Hirono ran for reelection in 1998. She was challenged in the primary by Nancy L. Cook and defeated her, 89%-11%. In the general election Hirono defeated Republican State Senator Stan Koki 50%-49%, a difference of 5,254 votes.

In 1994 Hirono joined the ticket of incumbent Lieutenant Governor Benjamin J. Cayetano and was elected to a historic administration led by the first Filipino American governor and first Japanese immigrant lieutenant governor. During her tenure as lieutenant governor, she was president of the National Commission on Teaching, America's Future, and the Hawaii Policy Group. She also spearheaded the first-in-the-nation comprehensive Pre-Plus program, a precursor to universal preschool education in the United States.[citation needed ]

Hirono originally wanted to run for mayor of Honolulu in a potential 2002 special election created by the vacancy of incumbent Mayor Jeremy Harris, who was planning to resign in order to run for governor of Hawaii. But due to internal controversies, Harris dropped out of the gubernatorial election and remained mayor for another two years. Hirono switched races.

Hirono maneuvered to gain the support of potential Harris voters in her challenge against former State House Majority Leader Ed Case. Throughout the primary campaign, Hirono and Case polled almost equally. Hirono defeated Case in the September 21 Democratic primary, 41%-40%, a difference of 2,613 votes.

A few weeks later, Republican nominee and Mayor of Maui Linda Lingle defeated Hirono 52-47%, becoming Hawaii's first female governor.

On September 23, Hirono ran for Hawaii's 2nd congressional district being vacated by incumbent Ed Case. The Democratic primary was very competitive. There were ten candidates, seven of whom served in the Hawaii Legislature. Hirono's advantage was that she was the only candidate who had held statewide office and as a result had the most name recognition. She also raised the most money, mostly because of the endorsement of EMILY's List, and lent her own campaign $100,000. She won with a plurality of 22% of the vote. State Senator Colleen Hanabusa finished second with 21%, 845 votes short of Hirono.

In the general election Hirono defeated Republican State Senator Bob Hogue, 61%-39%.

Hirono won reelection to a second term with 76% of the vote.

Hirono won reelection to a third term with 72% of the vote.

In 2008, Hirono was named the national preschool advocacy organization Pre-K Now's "Pre-K Champion" for her efforts on behalf of pre-kindergarten legislation.

Hirono co-sponsored and signed the Prevention First Act of 2007. The act aimed to increase public access to contraception and government funding to support the use of contraception. It places an emphasis on informing and protecting women from unintended pregnancy. On May 4, 2011, Hirono voted against the No Taxpayer Funding for Abortion Act, which would have prohibited federal health care programs from covering abortion costs, with exceptions for life-threatening cases.

In July 2011, Hirono voted for the Access to Birth Control Act, which mandates that pharmacies provide birth control to customers without undue delay. The ABP Act also ensures that customers seeking birth control can obtain it without being submitted to unwanted harassment or breaches in patient confidentiality. EMILY's List, a Democratic pro-choice action committee, pledged support to Hirono for her history of supporting contraceptive and abortion policies during her term. Its endorsement helped Hirono in her 2012 senatorial race, contributing $129,714 to her campaign.

On May 19, 2011, Hirono announced her candidacy for the U.S. Senate seat left open by Daniel Akaka, who was retiring at the end of his term in 2012. She won the Democratic primary election on August 11, 2012. Hirono was endorsed as one of Democracy for America's Dean Dozen. The Republican nominee was former Hawaii Governor Linda Lingle. Hirono won the general election on November 6, 2012, with 63% of the vote. She is the first female senator from Hawaii, as well as the first Asian-born immigrant to be elected to the U.S. Senate. She was a part of the first completely non-Christian Congressional delegation from the state, which continued until the election of Mark Takai (an Episcopalian) in 2014 as Representative of Hawaii's 1st congressional district.

In the 2012 campaign Hirono raised $5.2 million, with approximately 52% of that from large corporations. Lingle raised $5.5 million, with 74% from large corporations. Hirono spent $5 million and Lingle $4.8 million.

On November 6, 2018, Hirono was reelected with 71.2% of the vote, defeating Republican Ron Curtis.

On December 12, 2012, the Senate Democratic Steering Committee announced that Hirono would serve on the Senate Judiciary Committee, giving her influence on matters ranging from approving nominations of federal judges to setting criminal-justice policy.

During the Brett Kavanaugh Supreme Court nomination hearings in September 2018, Hirono became an outspoken defender of Christine Blasey Ford after Ford accused Kavanaugh of sexual assault, telling men to "shut up and step up. Do the right thing for a change."

In the wake of the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol, Hirono called for the resignation of fellow senators Ted Cruz and Josh Hawley for their opposition to certifying the 2020 presidential election Electoral College count. She also called for the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution to be invoked to remove Donald Trump from office.

In April 2021, Hirono sponsored and the Senate passed a bill attempting to decrease hate crimes against Asian Americans due to xenophobia associated with COVID-19. The vote was 94-1, with Senator Hawley (R-MO) the only one who voted against the bill.

In July 2022, Hirono joined in introducing the Youth Voting Rights Act, comprehensive legislation to enforce the Twenty-Sixth Amendment and expand youth access to voting. This legislation, led by Senator Elizabeth Warren, was also introduced in the House by Representative Nikema Williams.

Committee assignments (117th Congress)

According to On the Issues, Hirono's voting history places her in the "left/liberal" camp. The American Conservative Union gave her a 2% lifetime conservative rating in 2020.

Hirono has a 100% rating from Naral Pro-Choice America. She is also endorsed by EMILY's list for pro-choice women. At a Senate Judiciary Committee hearing, Hirono told the panel: "If you don't support abortion, don't get one, but leave everyone else to the painful decisions they have to make along with their physicians".

Hirono called the June 2022 overturning of Roe v. Wade "a horrific day in America". She also said, "This will go down as one of the worst decisions in the history of the Court."

In 2016, she participated in the Chris Murphy gun control filibuster. Hirono expressed disappointment when the Democrat-proposed Feinstein Amendment (banning the sale of firearms to individuals on the terrorist watchlist) and the Republican-backed background check expansion and alert system (regarding guns being sold to terrorist watchlist suspects) both failed to pass the Senate.

On July 28, 2017, two months after undergoing surgery for stage-four kidney cancer, Hirono spoke on the Senate floor and voted against the so-called " skinny repeal" of the Affordable Care Act (Obamacare). MSNBC reporter Kyle Griffin filmed Hirono's speech and posted it on Twitter.

In January 2019, during the 2018-19 United States federal government shutdown, Hirono was one of 34 senators to sign a letter to Commissioner of Food and Drugs Scott Gottlieb recognizing the efforts of the FDA to address the effect of the government shutdown on the public health and employees while expressing alarm "that the continued shutdown will result in increasingly harmful effects on the agency's employees and the safety and security of the nation's food and medical products." Gottlieb said additional staff might be called in as needed.

Hirono is a supporter of Medicare for All.

In April 2019, Hirono was one of 41 senators to sign a bipartisan letter to the housing subcommittee praising the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development's Section 4 Capacity Building program as authorizing "HUD to partner with national nonprofit community development organizations to provide education, training, and financial support to local community development corporations (CDCs) across the country" and expressing disappointment that Trump's budget "has slated this program for elimination after decades of successful economic and community development." The senators wrote of their hope that the subcommittee would support continued funding for Section 4 in Fiscal Year 2020.

In April 2019, Hirono was one of seven senators to sponsor the Digital Equity Act of 2019, legislation establishing a $120 million grant program that would fund the creation and implementation of "comprehensive digital equity plans" in every state and a $120 million grant program to support projects developed by individuals and groups. The bill also gave the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) the role of evaluating and providing guidance for digital equity projects.

In May 2017, Hirono announced that she had been diagnosed with stage 4 kidney cancer, which had spread to her seventh rib. The cancer was discovered in a chest X-ray in April before minor eye surgery. Hirono's right kidney was removed on May 17, 2017, with a Cyberknife procedure to treat the rib lesion. She returned to the Senate on May 22, 2017, and was reelected to a second term in 2018.

As of 2018, according to OpenSecrets.org, Hirono's net worth was more than $4.3 million.

In 2021, Viking Press published Hirono's autobiography, Heart of Fire: An Immigrant Daughter's Story. Marie Claire listed the book among its "25 Great Memoirs to Pre-Order Now".

Also in 2021, it was announced that Hirono would receive Japan's Order of the Rising Sun, Gold and Silver Star for her "significant contributions in strengthening bilateral relations and promoting legislative exchanges between Japan and the United States".

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Mazie Keiko Hirono (; Japanese name: , Hirono Keiko; born November 3, 1947) is an American lawyer and politician serving as the junior United States senator from Hawaii since 2013. A member of the Democratic Party, Hirono previously served as a member of the United States House of Representatives for Hawaii's 2nd congressional district from 2007 to 2013.

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https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/xiye-bastida-ted-talk/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiye_Bastida
https://penntoday.upenn.edu/news/climate-girl-Xiye-Bastida-at-Penn
https://youtu.be/jnBYlHF0eZs

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https://www.ducksters.com/biography/women_leaders/harriet_tubman.php
https://kids.nationalgeographic.com/explore/history/harriet-tubman/#harriet_lg.jpg
http://www.historyforkids.net/harriet-tubman.html

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https://web.archive.org/web/20101203053342/http://www.hhof.com/html/wmspla04.shtml

https://jwa.org/womenofvalor/rosenfeld

https://kids.kiddle.co/Bobbie_Rosenfeld

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Fanny "Bobbie" Rosenfeld (December 28, 1904 - November 14, 1969) was a Canadian athlete, who won a gold medal for the 100-metre relay and a silver medal for the 100-metre at the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam. She was named "Canadian woman athlete of the half-century" in 1949, and a star at basketball, hockey, softball, and tennis. She was named Canada's Female Athlete of the First Half-Century (1900-1950). She also was called Bobbie for her " bobbed" haircut. The Bobbie Rosenfeld Award is named in her honour. She was also inducted into the Ontario Sports Hall of Fame in 1996.

Rosenfeld, who was Jewish, was born in Ekaterinoslav in the Russian Empire (now Dnipro, Ukraine). Rosenfeld immigrated to Ontario, Canada with her parents and older brother when she was still a child; they settled in Barrie, Ontario. Her father Max Rosenfeld operated a junk business and her mother Sarah, who gave birth to three more girls, ran the home. Fanny attended Central School and Barrie Collegiate Institute, where she excelled in sports. In 1923, the Rosenfeld family moved to Toronto, where Fanny worked at a chocolate factory in 1923. For leisure, she joined Toronto's Young Women's Hebrew Association (YWHA) and was a center for their basketball team. That year, they won both the Toronto and Ontario championships. Her legend would grow in 1923 at a picnic in Beaverton. She entered a 100-yard (91 m) dash and defeated the Canadian champion, Rosa Grosse. Later that year, she competed in a track meet at the Canadian National Exhibition.

At the 1925 Ontario Ladies Track and Field championships, in a single day performance, Rosenfeld placed first in discus, shot put, 220-yard (200 m) dash, low hurdles, and long jump, and placed second in the javelin and 100-yard (91 m) dash. In the mid-1920s, she held national records in the 440-yard (400 m) open relay with a CNE relay team, as well as in the standing broad jump, discus, javelin, and shot put.

In addition to track and field, Rosenfeld played basketball on Toronto's Young Women's Hebrew Association (YWHA) team that twice went to the finals of the national championship. She played on city championship teams in ice hockey, fastball, and softball. In 1924, having only just taken up the sport, Rosenfeld claimed the title of the Toronto Ladies Grass Court Tennis championship. She also competed in lacrosse, golf, and speed skating.

In the spring of 1939, Rosenfeld was the manager of Langley's Lakesides softball team. The team played an exhibition game in front of 14,000 fans at Madison Square Garden.

Rosenfeld was a hockey player in the 1920s and was dubbed superwoman of ladies' hockey. During the 1920s and 30s, she was one of Canada's most famous female hockey players. Rosenfeld was a centre on the 1927 and '29 Ontario champion Toronto Patterson Pats. The Pats were part of the North Toronto Ladies' City League. Rosenfeld helped form the Ladies Ontario Hockey Association (LOHA) in 1924. Rosenfeld was president of the LOHA from 1934 to 1939. By late 1936, Rosenfeld was not only the LOHA president, but served as the secretary and the treasurer. She was considered the most outstanding women's hockey player in all of Ontario during 1931-32.[citation needed ] Rosenfeld served as president of the Dominion Women's Amateur Hockey Association for three seasons from 1937 to 1939, following Myrtle Cook-McGowan and succeeded by Mary Dunn.

During the Olympic trials for the 1928 Games, Rosenfeld set numerous Canadian track and field records. These records included the running broad jump, standing broad jump and the discus. Her time in the 100 metres was four-fifths of a second slower than the world record at that time. She would go on to compete in the 1928 Summer Olympics and claim a gold medal in the 4 × 100 m relay. In the 100-yard (91 m) dash, Rosenfeld earned a silver medal.

Rosenfeld developed severe arthritis, and the condition forced her to stop competing in 1933. A year later she was coach of the Canadian women's track and field team at the British Commonwealth Games in London, England. During the 1930s, she was an administrator and official in women's softball and ice hockey in Ontario. In 1936, Rosenfeld would turn her attention to journalism. She worked as a sports columnist for The Toronto Globe and Mail newspaper for roughly twenty years, advocating for greater participation of women in sports and more girls physical education programs in schools. In 1937, she introduced a column called Feminine Sports Reel and was a staunch advocate of women's sport. For 18 years, Rosenfeld covered women's sports. In 1955, she was inducted into Canada's Sports Hall of Fame. Her last column appeared on December 3, 1958 but she continued to work for the newspaper until 1966.

Fanny Bobbie Rosenfeld died on November 13, 1969 in Toronto and is buried at Lambton Mills Cemetery in Humber Valley Village.

"Athletic maids to arms! ... We are taking up the sword, and high time it is in defense of our so-called athletic bodies to give the lie to those pen flourishers who depict us not as paragons of feminine physique, beauty and health, but rather as Amazons and ugly ducklings all because we have become sports-minded." - Fanny Bobbie Rosenfeld (Jewish Women's Archives)

1924 - Toronto grass-courts tennis championship title

Five 1st place and two 2nd place titles at Ontario Ladies' Track and Field Championships

World record (since broken), 100 yd (91 m). dash (11.0 seconds)

1931 - Leading home run hitter in softball league

1931-32 - Most outstanding woman hockey player in Ontario

Canada's Female Athlete of the First Half-Century (1900-1950)

1949 - inducted into Canada's Sports Hall of Fame

1976 - recognized by the Canadian Historic Sites and Monuments Board as a national historic person

1991 - Bobbie Rosenfeld Park - a park and open space located between the Rogers Centre and the CN Tower in Toronto

Government of Canada plaque at Allandale Recreation Centre in Barrie, Ontario in honour of the athlete who settled and grew up in the city.

1996 - commemorative stamp issued by Canada Post

The official website of the 2012 Summer Olympics states her as the first Ukraine-born gold medal winner.

Bobbie Rosenfeld trophy awarded by the Canadian Press each year to Canada's Female Athlete of the Year.

1. ^ Forster, Merna (2004). 100 Canadian Heroines. Toronto: Dundurn Group. p. 216. ISBN 1-55002-514-7.

2. ^ "Bobbie Rosenfeld". oshof.ca. Ontario Sports Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on December 9, 2018.

3. ^ Toronto Jewry. The Canadian Jewish Chronicle. September 28, 1928

4. ^ a Bobby Rosenfeld. sports-reference.comb c

5. ^ "Ontario Jewish Archives". Ontario Jewish Archives.

6. ^ Bibliography in Jewish Women Encyclopedia

7. ^ Immodest and Sensational: 150 Years of Canadian Women in Sport, M. Ann Hall, p.47, James Lorimer & Company Ltd., Toronto, 2008, ISBN 978-1-55277-021-4

8. Coast to Coast:Hockey in Canada to the Second World War, p.138, Edited by John Chi-Kit Wong, University of Toronto Press, 2009, ^ ISBN 978-0-8020-9532-9

9. Coast to Coast:Hockey in Canada to the Second World War, p.145, Edited by John Chi-Kit Wong, University of Toronto Press, 2009, ^ ISBN 978-0-8020-9532-9

10. ^ "'Pegger May Head Ladies' Hockey Body". Winnipeg Free Press. Winnipeg, Manitoba. January 4, 1940. p. 13.

11. ^ Forster, Merna (2004). 100 Canadian Heroines. Dundurn Group. p. 217. ISBN 1-55002-514-7.

12. ^ "Bobbie Rosenfeld, 1904 - 1969". Jewish Women's Archive. Archived from the original on November 9, 2010.

13. ^ Marshall, Tabitha (June 1, 2016). "Fanny Rosenfeld". The Canadian Encyclopedia.

14. ^ Forster, Merna (2004). 100 Canadian Heroines. Toronto: Dundurn Group. p. 217. ISBN 1-55002-514-7.

15. ^ "Fanny "Bobbie" Rosenfeld Historical Plaque". Alanbrown.com. November 14, 1969.[permanent dead link ]

16. ^ Ukraine Archived October 29, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Official website of the 2012 Summer Olympics

17. ^ Forster, Merna (2004). 100 Canadian Heroines. Dundurn Group. p. 217.

Anne Dublin, Bobbie Rosenfeld: The Olympian who Could Do Everything, Second Story Press, Toronto, 2004, code ISBN 1-896764-82-7

Cruxton J Bradley and Wilson, W. Douglas "Spotlight Canada: Fourth Edition"

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Fanny "Bobbie" Rosenfeld (December 28, 1904 - November 14, 1969) was a Canadian athlete, who won a gold medal for the 100-metre relay and a silver medal for the 100-metre at the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam. She was named "Canadian woman athlete of the half-century" in 1949, and a star at basketball, hockey, softball, and tennis.

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Sharice Lynnette Davids (born May 22, 1980) is an American lawyer, former mixed martial artist, and politician serving as the U.S. Representative from Kansas's 3rd congressional district since 2019. A member of the Democratic Party, her district serves most of the Kansas side of the Kansas City metropolitan area, including cities such as Kansas City, Overland Park, Lenexa, as well as Olathe.

Davids is the first Democrat elected to represent a Kansas congressional district in a decade. Davids is the first openly LGBT Native American elected to the United States Congress, the first openly gay person elected to the United States Congress from Kansas, and one of the first two Native American women elected to Congress (along with Deb Haaland of New Mexico). She is also the second Native American to represent Kansas in Congress (after Charles Curtis).

A lawyer educated at the University of Missouri-Kansas City and Cornell Law School, Davids was a professional mixed martial artist in the 2010s.

Davids was born on May 22, 1980 in Frankfurt, West Germany.

Davids is a member of the Ho-Chunk (Winnebago) people, and an enrolled member of the Ho-Chunk Nation of Wisconsin. She lives in Roeland Park.

Her maternal grandfather, Fredrick J. Davids, a United States Army veteran, was born into the Mohican Nation Stockbridge-Munsee Band, in Oneida, Wisconsin. Sharice was raised by Fredrick's daughter, her mother Crystal Herriage, a single mother who served in the U.S. Army.

Davids attended Leavenworth High School, Haskell Indian Nations University, the University of Kansas, Johnson County Community College, and the University of Missouri-Kansas City, graduating from the last with a bachelor's degree in business administration in 2007.[citation needed ] Davids earned her Juris Doctor from Cornell Law School in 2010.

Davids began competing in mixed martial arts (MMA) as an amateur in 2006, and went professional in 2013. She had a 5-1 win-loss record as an amateur and a 1-1 record as a professional. She tried out for The Ultimate Fighter but did not make it onto the show, leading her to shift her focus away from MMA to travel the U.S. and live on Native American reservations to work with the communities on economic and community development programs.

Professional

Amateur

Davids began her legal career at SNR Denton in 2010. She later directed community and economic development for the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation and opened her own business, Hoka Coffee.

In 2016, she worked as a White House Fellow in the Department of Transportation during the transition between the Obama and Trump administrations.

In the 2018 election, Davids ran for the United States House of Representatives in Kansas's 3rd congressional district. She defeated fellow Democrat Brent Welder, who had been endorsed by Bernie Sanders, by a margin of 37% to 34% in the August primary election and faced incumbent Republican Kevin Yoder in the November 6, 2018, general election.

Kansas City NPR member station KCUR fact-checked the claims that Yoder and Davids made in separate interviews on their station, and gave Yoder an "F". Yoder said that immigrants were making false asylum claims, and would increase crime. Davids said that she supported single payer health care, but it could not be enacted with Republicans in the White House. Meanwhile she supports short-term goals like allowing Medicare to negotiate drug prices and getting generics to market faster. KCUR said that Davids' claim that teachers aren't paid enough, and can no longer take tax deductions for buying their own school supplies, was "partly true and partly false," since the tax deduction was reinstated.

Davids defeated Yoder in the general election. Upon her swearing-in on January 3, 2019; she became the first Democrat to represent Kansas in the House since Dennis Moore left office in 2011. She is also only the second Democrat to represent what is now the 3rd since 1963.

Davids and fellow Democrat Deb Haaland of New Mexico, a Laguna Pueblo, are the first Native American women to serve in Congress.

In June 2019, to mark the 50th anniversary of the Stonewall riots, an event widely considered a watershed moment in the modern LGBT rights movement, named her one of the Pride50 "trailblazing individuals who actively ensure society remains moving towards equality, acceptance and dignity for all queer people".

1. Lowry, Brian (April 15, 2019). "'Not a showoff.' Sharice Davids' quiet approach endears her to Democratic leaders." The Kansas City Star. Retrieved July 13, 2019.

2. ^ Watkins, Eli (November 7, 2018). "First Native American women elected to Congress: Sharice Davids and Deb Haaland". CNN.

3. ^ Fredrick J. Davids obituary, Amos Funeral Home, June 2014. Retrieved November 8, 2018.

4. ^ Sharice Davids makes history: Kansas' 1st gay rep, 1st Native American woman in Congress, The Kansas City Star, Bryan Lowry & Katy Bergen, November 6, 2018. Retrieved November 7, 2018.

5. Karim Zidan (August 6, 2018). "How Sharice Davids traded in MMA for a shot at political history". The Guardian.

6. ^ Stanley-Becker, Isaac (August 14, 2018). "Sharice Davids, who sees past discrimination as her asset, could become the first gay Native American in Congress". The Washington Post.

7. ^ We Fact-Checked The Two Candidates In Kansas' 3rd District, And One Got An 'F', By Celisa Calacal, KCUR, October 29, 2018

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Sharice Lynnette Davids (born May 22, 1980) is an American lawyer, former mixed martial artist, and politician serving as the U.S. Representative from Kansas's 3rd congressional district since 2019. A member of the Democratic Party, her district serves most of the Kansas side of the Kansas City metropolitan area, including cities such as Kansas City, Overland Park, Lenexa, as well as Olathe.

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https://kids.kiddle.co/James_Baldwin
https://www.britannica.com/biography/James-Baldwin

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https://www.biography.com/athlete/muhammad-ali
https://alicenter.org/about-us/muhammad-ali/
https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/muhammad-ali

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Muhammad Ali (born Cassius Marcellus Clay, Jr. January 17, 1942 - 3 June 2016) was an Olympic and World Champion boxer, who also had a unique personality, based on self-belief and strong religious and political convictions. In 1999, Ali was crowned "Sportsman of the Century" by Sports Illustrated. He won the World Heavyweight Boxing championship three times and won the North American Boxing Federation championship as well as an Olympic gold medal.

"I'm not the greatest; I'm the double greatest. Not only do I knock 'em out, I pick the round. "

- Muhammad Ali

Ali was born in Louisville, Kentucky in 1942. He was named after his father, Cassius Marcellus Clay, Sr., (who was named after the 19th-century abolitionist and politician Cassius Clay). Ali would later change his name after joining the Nation of Islam. He subsequently converted to Sunni Islam in 1975.

Early boxing career

Standing at 6'3″ (1.91 m), Ali had a highly unorthodox style for a heavyweight boxer. Rather than the normal boxing style of carrying the hands high to defend the face, he instead relied on his quick feet and ability to avoid a punch. In Louisville, October 29, 1960, Cassius Clay won his first professional fight. He won a six-round decision over Tunney Hunsaker, who was the police chief of Fayetteville, West Virginia. From 1960 to 1963, the young fighter amassed a record of 19-0, with 15 knockouts. He defeated such boxers as Tony Esperti, Jim Robinson, Donnie Fleeman, Alonzo Johnson, George Logan, Willi Besmanoff, Lamar Clark (who had won his previous 40 bouts by knockout), Doug Jones, and Henry Cooper. Among Clay's victories were versus Sonny Banks (who knocked him down during the bout), Alejandro Lavorante, and the aged Archie Moore (a boxing legend who had fought over 200 previous fights, and who had been Clay's trainer prior to Angelo Dundee).
Clay won a disputed 10 round decision over Doug Jones, who, despite being lighter than Clay, staggered Clay as soon as the fight started with a right hand, and beat Clay to the punch continually during the fight. The fight was named "Fight of the Year" for 1963. Clay's next fight was against Henry Cooper, who knocked Clay down with a left hook near the end of the fourth round. The fight was stopped in the 5th round due to a deep cut on Cooper's face.
Despite these close calls against Doug Jones and Henry Cooper, he became the top contender for Sonny Liston's title. In spite of Clay's impressive record, he was not expected to beat the champion. The fight was to be held on February 25, 1964, in Miami, Florida. During the weigh-in before the fight, Ali frequently taunted Liston. Ali dubbed him "the big ugly bear", and declared that he would "float like a butterfly and sting like a bee," Ali was ready to dance around the ring, as he said, "Your hands can't hit what your eyes can't see."

This was a typical buildup for Ali, who increasingly enjoyed playing to the crowd and creating a buzz before a fight. It was good news for fight promoters, who saw increased interest in any fight involving the bashful Ali.

Vietnam War

In 1964, Ali failed the Armed Forces qualifying test because his writing and spelling skills were inadequate. However, in early 1966, the tests were revised and Ali was reclassified 1A. He refused to serve in the United States Army during the Vietnam War as a conscientious objector, because "War is against the teachings of the Holy Koran. I'm not trying to dodge the draft. We are not supposed to take part in no wars unless declared by Allah or The Messenger. We don't take part in Christian wars or wars of any unbelievers." Ali also famously said,

Ali also famously said,

"I ain't got no quarrel with those Vietcong" and "no Vietcong ever called me nigger."

Ali refused to respond to his name being read out as Cassius Clay, stating, as instructed by his mentors from the Nation of Islam, that Clay was the name given to his slave ancestors by the white man.

"Cassius Clay is a slave name. I didn't choose it and I don't want it. I am Muhammad Ali, a free name - it means beloved of God - and I insist people use it when people speak to me and of me."

By refusing to respond to this name, Ali's personal life was filled with controversy. Ali was essentially banned from fighting in the United States and forced to accept bouts abroad for most of 1966.

From his rematch with Liston in May 1965, to his final defence against Zora Folley in March 1967, he defended his title nine times. Few other heavyweight champions in history have fought so much in such a short period.

Ali was scheduled to fight WBA champion Ernie Terrell in a unification bout in Toronto on March 29, 1966, but Terrell backed out and Ali won a 15-round decision against substitute opponent George Chuvalo. He then went to England and defeated Henry Cooper and Brian London by stoppage on cuts. Ali's next defence was against German southpaw Karl Mildenberger, the first German to fight for the title since Max Schmeling. In one of the tougher fights of his life, Ali stopped his opponent in round 12.

Ali returned to the United States in November 1966 to fight Cleveland "Big Cat" Williams in the Houston Astrodome. A year and a half before the fight, Williams had been shot in the stomach at point-blank range by a Texas policeman. As a result, Williams went into the fight missing one kidney, 10 feet of his small intestine, and with a shrivelled left leg from nerve damage from the bullet. Ali beat Williams in three rounds.

On February 6, 1967, Ali returned to a Houston boxing ring to fight Terrell in what became one of the uglier fights in boxing. Terrell had angered Ali by calling him Clay, and the champion vowed to punish him for this insult. During the fight, Ali kept shouting at his opponent, " What's my name, Uncle Tom ... What's my name. " Terrell suffered 15 rounds of brutal punishment, losing 13 of 15 rounds on two judges' scorecards, but Ali did not knock him out. Analysts, including several who spoke to ESPN on the sports channel's "Ali Rap" special, speculated that the fight only continued because Ali chose not to end it, choosing instead to further punish Terrell. After the fight, Tex Maule wrote, "It was a wonderful demonstration of boxing skill and a barbarous display of cruelty."

Ali's actions in refusing military service and aligning himself with the Nation of Islam made him a lightning rod for controversy, turning the outspoken but popular former champion into one of that era's most recognisable and controversial figures. Appearing at rallies with Nation of Islam leader Elijah Muhammad and declaring his allegiance to him at a time when mainstream America viewed them with suspicion - if not outright hostility - made Ali a target of outrage, and suspicion as well. Ali seemed at times to even provoke such reactions, with viewpoints that wavered from support for civil rights to outright support of separatism.

Near the end of 1967, Ali was stripped of his title by the professional boxing commission and would not be allowed to fight professionally for more than three years. He was also convicted for refusing induction into the army and sentenced to five years in prison. Over the course of those years in exile, Ali fought to appeal his conviction. He stayed in the public spotlight and supported himself by giving speeches primarily at rallies on college campuses that opposed the Vietnam War.

"Why should they ask me to put on a uniform and go 10,000 miles from home and drop bombs and bullets on brown people while so-called Negro people in Louisville are treated like dogs?"

- Muhammad Ali - explaining why he refused to fight in Vietnam

In 1970, Ali was allowed to fight again, and in late 1971 the Supreme Court reversed his conviction.

Muhammad Ali's comeback

In 1970, Ali was finally able to get a boxing license. With the help of a State Senator, he was granted a license to box in Georgia because it was the only state in America without a boxing commission. In October 1970, he returned to stop Jerry Quarry on a cut after three rounds. Shortly after the Quarry fight, the New York State Supreme Court ruled that Ali was unjustly denied a boxing license. Once again able to fight in New York, he fought Oscar Bonavena at Madison Square Garden in December 1970. After a tough 14 rounds, Ali stopped Bonavena in the 15th, paving the way for a title fight against Joe Frazier.

The Fight of the Century

Ali and Frazier fought each other on March 8, 1971, at Madison Square Garden. The fight, known as '"The Fight of the Century", was one of the most eagerly anticipated bouts of all time and remains one of the most famous. It featured two skilled, undefeated fighters, both of whom had reasonable claims to the heavyweight crown. The fight lived up to the hype, and Frazier punctuated his victory by flooring Ali with a hard left hook in the 15th and final round and won on points. Frank Sinatra - unable to acquire a ringside seat - took photos of the match for Life Magazine. Legendary boxing announcer Don Dunphy and actor and boxing aficionado Burt Lancaster called the action for the broadcast, which reached millions of people.

Frazier eventually won the fight and retained the title with a unanimous decision, dealing Ali his first professional loss. Despite an impressive performance, Ali may have still been suffering from the effects of "ring rust" due to his long layoff.

In 1973, after a string of victories over the top Heavyweight opposition in a campaign to force a rematch with Frazier, Ali split two bouts with Ken Norton (in the bout that Ali lost to Norton, Ali suffered a broken jaw).

Rumble in the Jungle

In 1974, Ali gained a match with champion George Foreman. The fight took place in Zaire (the Congo) - Ali wanted the fight to be there to help give an economic boost to this part of Africa. The pre-match hype was as great as ever.

"Floats like a butterfly, sting like a bee, his hands can't hit what his eyes can't see."

- Muhammad Ali - before the 1974 fight against George Foreman

Against the odds, Ali won the rematch in the eighth round. Ali had adopted a strategy of wearing Foreman down though absorbing punches on the ropes - a strategy later termed - rope a dope.

This gave Ali another chance at the world title against Frazer

"It will be a killer, and a chiller, and a thriller, when I get the gorilla in Manila."

- Ali before Frazer fight.

The fight lasted 14 rounds, with Ali finally proving victorious in the testing African heat.

Muhammad Ali in retirement

Ali was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease in the early 1980s, following which his motor functions began a slow decline. Although Ali's doctors disagreed during the 1980s and 1990s about whether his symptoms were caused by boxing and whether or not his condition was degenerative, he was ultimately diagnosed with Pugilistic Parkinson's syndrome. By late 2005 it was reported that Ali's condition was notably worsening. According to the documentary 'When We Were Kings' when Ali was asked about whether he has any regrets about boxing due to his disability, he responded that if he didn't box he would still be a painter in Louisville, Kentucky.

Speaking of his own Parkinson's disease, Ali remarks how it has helped him to look at life in a different perspective.

"Maybe my Parkinson's is God's way of reminding me what is important. It slowed me down and caused me to listen rather than talk. Actually, people pay more attention to me now because I don't talk as much."

"I always liked to chase the girls. Parkinson's stops all that. Now I might have a chance to go to heaven."

Muhammad Ali, BBC

Despite the disability, he remained a beloved and active public figure. Recently he was voted into Forbes Celebrity 100 coming in at number 13 behind Donald Trump. In 1985, he served as a guest referee at the inaugural WrestleMania event. In 1987 he was selected by the California Bicentennial Foundation for the U.S. Constitution to personify the vitality of the U.S. Constitution and Bill of Rights in various high profile activities. Ali rode on a float at the 1988 Tournament of Roses Parade, launching the U.S. Constitution's 200th birthday commemoration. He also published an oral history, Muhammad Ali: His Life and Times with Thomas Hauser, in 1991. Ali received a Spirit of America Award calling him the most recognised American in the world. In 1996, he had the honour of lighting the flame at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia.

In 1999, Ali received a special one-off award from the BBC at its annual BBC Sports Personality of the Year Award ceremony, which was the BBC Sports Personality of the Century Award. His daughter Laila Ali also became a boxer in 1999, despite her father's earlier comments against female boxing in 1978: "Women are not made to be hit in the breast, and face like that... the body's not made to be punched right here [patting his chest]. Get hit in the breast... hard... and all that."

On September 13, 1999, Ali was named "Kentucky Athlete of the Century" by the Kentucky Athletic Hall of Fame in ceremonies at the Galt House East.

In 2001, a biographical film, entitled Ali, was made, with Will Smith starring as Ali. The film received mixed reviews, with the positives generally attributed to the acting, as Smith and supporting actor Jon Voight earned Academy Award nominations. Prior to making the Ali movie, Will Smith had continually rejected the role of Ali until Muhammad Ali personally requested that he accept the role. According to Smith, the first thing Ali said about the subject to Smith was: "You ain't pretty enough to play me".

He received the Presidential Medal of Freedom at a White House ceremony on November 9, 2005, and the prestigious "Otto Hahn peace medal in Gold" of the United Nations Association of Germany (DGVN) in Berlin for his work with the US civil rights movement and the United Nations (December 17, 2005).

On November 19, 2005 (Ali's 19th wedding anniversary), the $60 million non-profit Muhammad Ali Center opened in downtown Louisville, Kentucky. In addition to displaying his boxing memorabilia, the centre focuses on core themes of peace, social responsibility, respect, and personal growth.

According to the Muhammad Ali Center website in 2012,

"Since he retired from boxing, Ali has devoted himself to humanitarian endeavours around the globe. He is a devout Sunni Muslim, and travels the world over, lending his name and presence to hunger and poverty relief, supporting education efforts of all kinds, promoting adoption and encouraging people to respect and better understand one another. It is estimated that he has helped to provide more than 22 million meals to feed the hungry. Ali travels, on average, more than 200 days per year."

Muhammad Ali died on 3 June 2016, from a respiratory illness, a condition that was complicated by Parkinson's disease.

"Will they ever have another fighter who writes poems, predicts rounds, beats everybody, makes people laugh, makes people cry and is as tall and extra pretty as me?"

- Muhammad Ali

Citation: Pettinger, Tejvan. "Biography of Muhammad Ali", Oxford, UK - www.biographyonline.net. Last updated 3rd February 2018
Related pages
Muhammad Ali and the Rise of an American Hero

Muhammad Ali and the Rise of an American Hero at Amazon

Muhammad Ali - The Whole Story

Muhammad Ali - The Whole Story at Amazon
Related pages
Americans - Great Americans from the Founding Fathers to modern civil rights activists. Including presidents, authors, musicians, entrepreneurs and businessmen. Featuring Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln, Madonna, Oprah Winfrey.

100 Famous sporting personalities - 100 Famous sporting personalities, including Muhammad Ali, Nadia Comaneci, Pele and Jesse Owens.

External pages Pages

Muhammad Ali The Greatest Video

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Muhammad Ali (born Cassius Marcellus Clay, Jr. January 17, 1942 - 3 June 2016) was an Olympic and World Champion boxer, who also had a unique personality, based on self-belief and strong religious and political convictions. In 1999, Ali was crowned "Sportsman of the Century" by Sports Illustrated.

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https://www.ducksters.com/biography/scientists/jane_goodall.php
https://kids.kiddle.co/Jane_Goodall

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https://www.britannica.com/biography/Malcolm-X

https://www.ducksters.com/history/civil_rights/malcolmx.php

https://www.biography.com/activist/malcolm-x

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Malcolm X was born Malcolm Little on May 19, 1925 in Omaha, Nebraska. His mother was the National recording secretary for the Marcus Garvey Movement which commanded millions of followers in the 1920s and 30s. His father was a Baptist minister and chapter president of The Universal Negro Improvement Association who appealed to President Hoover that Marcus Garvey was wrongfully arrested. Earl's civil rights activism prompted death threats from the white supremacist organization Black Legion, forcing the family to relocate twice before Malcolm's fourth birthday.

Regardless of the Little's efforts to elude the Legion, in 1929 their Lansing, Michigan home was burned to the ground. Two years later, Earl's body was found lying across the town's trolley tracks.

Police ruled both incidents as accidents, but the Little's were certain that members of the Black Legion were responsible. Louise suffered emotional breakdown several years after the death of her husband and was committed to a mental institution. Her children were split up amongst various foster homes and orphanages.

Eventually Malcolm and his buddy, Malcolm "Shorty" Jarvis, moved back to Boston. In 1946 they were arrested and convicted on burglary charges, and Malcolm was sentenced to 10 years in prison. (He was paroled after serving seven years.) Recalling his days in school, he used the time to further his education. It was during this period of self-enlightenment that Malcolm's brother Reginald would visit and discuss his recent conversion to the Muslim religion. Reginald belonged to the religious organization the Nation of Islam (NOI).

Intrigued, Malcolm began to study the teachings of NOI leader Elijah Muhammad. Muhammad taught that white society actively worked to keep African-Americans from empowering themselves and achieving political, economic and social success. Among other goals, the NOI fought for a state of their own, separate from one inhabited by white people. By the time he was paroled in 1952, Malcolm was a devoted follower with the new surname "X." (He considered "Little" a slave name and chose the "X" to signify his lost tribal name.)

Intelligent and articulate, Malcolm was appointed as a minister and national spokesman for the Nation of Islam. Elijah Muhammad also charged him with establishing new mosques in cities such as Detroit, Michigan and Harlem, New York. Malcolm utilized newspaper columns, as well as radio and television to communicate the NOI's message across the United States. His charisma, drive and conviction attracted an astounding number of new members. Malcolm was largely credited with increasing membership in the NOI from 500 in 1952 to 30,000 in 1963.

The crowds and controversy surrounding Malcolm made him a media magnet. He was featured in a week-long television special with Mike Wallace in 1959, called "The Hate That Hate Produced." The program explored the fundamentals of the NOI, and tracked Malcolm's emergence as one of its most important leaders. After the special, Malcolm was faced with the uncomfortable reality that his fame had eclipsed that of his mentor Elijah Muhammad. Racial tensions ran increasingly high during the early 1960s. In addition to the media, Malcolm's vivid personality had captured the government's attention. As membership in the NOI continued to grow, FBI agents infiltrated the organization (one even acted as Malcolm's bodyguard) and secretly placed bugs, wiretaps, cameras and other surveillance equipment to monitor the group's activities.

Malcolm's faith was dealt a crushing blow at the height of the civil rights movement in 1963. He learned that his mentor and leader, Elijah Muhammad, was secretly having relations with as many as six women within the Nation of Islam organization. As if that were not enough, Malcolm found out that some of these relationships had resulted in children.

Since joining the NOI, Malcolm had strictly adhered to the teachings of Muhammad - which included remaining celibate until his marriage to Betty Shabazz in 1958. Malcolm refused Muhammad's request to help cover up the affairs and subsequent children. He was deeply hurt by the deception of Muhammad, whom he had considered a living prophet. Malcolm also felt guilty about the masses he had led to join the NOI, which he now felt was a fraudulent organization built on too many lies to ignore.

Shortly after his shocking discovery, Malcolm received criticism for a comment he made regarding the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. "[Kennedy] never foresaw that the chickens would come home to roost so soon," said Malcolm. After the statement, Elijah Muhammad "silenced" Malcolm for 90 days. Malcolm, however, suspected he was silenced for another reason. In March 1964 Malcolm terminated his relationship with the NOI. Unable to look past Muhammad's deception, Malcolm decided to found his own religious organization, the Muslim Mosque, Inc.

That same year, Malcolm went on a pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia. The trip proved life altering. For the first time, Malcolm shared his thoughts and beliefs with different cultures, and found the response to be overwhelmingly positive. When he returned, Malcolm said he had met "blonde-haired, blued-eyed men I could call my brothers." He returned to the United States with a new outlook on integration and a new hope for the future. This time when Malcolm spoke, instead of just preaching to African-Americans, he had a message for all races.

After Malcolm resigned his position in the Nation of Islam and renounced Elijah Muhammad, relations between the two had become increasingly volatile. FBI informants working undercover in the NOI warned officials that Malcolm had been marked for assassination. (One undercover officer had even been ordered to help plant a bomb in Malcolm's car).

After repeated attempts on his life, Malcolm rarely traveled anywhere without bodyguards. On February 14, 1965 the home where Malcolm, Betty and their four daughters lived in East Elmhurst, New York was firebombed. Luckily, the family escaped physical injury.

One week later, however, Malcolm's enemies were successful in their ruthless attempt. At a speaking engagement in the Manhattan's Audubon Ballroom on February 21, 1965 three gunmen rushed Malcolm onstage. They shot him 15 times at close range. The 39-year-old was pronounced dead on arrival at New York's Columbia Presbyterian Hospital.

Fifteen hundred people attended Malcolm's funeral in Harlem on February 27, 1965 at the Faith Temple Church of God in Christ (now Child's Memorial Temple Church of God in Christ). After the ceremony, friends took the shovels away from the waiting gravediggers and buried Malcolm themselves.

Later that year, Betty gave birth to their twin daughters.

Malcolm's assassins, Talmadge Hayer, Norman 3X Butler and Thomas 15X Johnson were convicted of first-degree murder in March 1966. The three men were all members of the Nation of Islam.

The legacy of Malcolm X has moved through generations as the subject of numerous documentaries, books and movies. A tremendous resurgence of interest occurred in 1992 when director Spike Lee released the acclaimed movie, Malcolm X. The film received Oscar nominations for Best Actor (Denzel Washington) and Best Costume Design.

Malcolm X is buried at the Ferncliff Cemetery in Hartsdale, New York.

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Malcolm X was born Malcolm Little on May 19, 1925 in Omaha, Nebraska. His mother was the National recording secretary for the Marcus Garvey Movement which commanded millions of followers in the 1920s and 30s. His father was a Baptist minister and chapter president of The Universal Negro Improvement Association who appealed to President Hoover that Marcus Garvey was wrongfully arrested.

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https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tammy-Duckworth
https://www.biography.com/people/tammy-duckworth-21129571
https://www.vogue.com/article/tammy-duckworth-interview-vogue-october-2018-issue

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https://www.mrnussbaum.com/hillary-clinton/
https://kids.kiddle.co/Hillary_Clinton

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaha_Hadid

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FwOqd5Rf0tc

https://www.theartstory.org/artist/hadid-zaha/

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Zaha Hadid's pioneering vision redefined architecture for the 21st century and captured imaginations across the globe. Each of her projects transformed notions of what can be achieved in concrete, steel, and glass; combining her unwavering optimism for the future and belief in the power of invention with advanced design, material and construction innovations.

Many architects are called on to create new projects that stand as symbols of social progress-but none delivered as regularly, as unexpectedly and as spectacularly as Zaha Hadid. Her successes were so consistent, she received the highest honours from civic, academic and professional institutions across the globe. Her practice remains one of the world's most inventive architectural studios-and has been for almost 40 years.

Born in Baghdad, Iraq in 1950, Zaha Hadid studied mathematics at the American University of Beirut before moving to London in 1972 to attend the Architectural Association (AA) School where she received the Diploma Prize in 1977.

Hadid taught at the AA School until 1987 and held numerous chairs and guest professorships at universities around the world including Columbia, Harvard, Yale and the University of Applied Arts in Vienna. She founded Zaha Hadid Architects in 1979 and was awarded the Pritzker Architecture Prize (considered the Nobel Prize of architecture) in 2004.

Experiencing Hadid's architecture yields an understanding that the quest for beauty alone was not her modus operandi. Her buildings are beautiful-and beauty may account for their seductive urban presence, for their hold on the eye-but the beauty and virtuosity within her work is married to meaning. Her architecture is inventive, original and civic, offering generous public spaces that are clearly organized and intuitive to navigate.

As they open, each of Hadid's buildings takes its place in architectural history for its virtuosic construction, its architectural ideology, and its sheer magnetic presence. Her designs are the embodiment of an enlightened philosophical framework and principled discipline.

Her clients commissioned buildings, and Hadid met the programmes, but she also exceeded each brief and delivered the shared aspirations of a new generation.

Zaha Hadid's work was the subject of critically-acclaimed exhibitions at New York's Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in 2006, London's Design Museum in 2007, Saint Petersburg's State Hermitage Museum in 2015 and London's Serpentine Galleries in 2016.

Hadid's outstanding contribution to the architectural profession has been acknowledged by professional, academic and civic institutions around the world including the Forbes List of the 'World's Most Powerful Women' and the Japan Art Association presenting her with the 'Praemium Imperiale'. In 2010 and 2011, her designs were awarded the Stirling Prize, one of architecture's highest accolades, by the Royal Institute of British Architects. Other awards include UNESCO naming Hadid as an 'Artist for Peace', the Republic of France honouring Hadid with the 'Commandeur de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres', and TIME magazine included her in the '100 Most Influential People in the World', naming her the world's top thinker of 2010. Zaha Hadid was made a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire by Queen Elizabeth II in 2012, and in February 2016, she received the Royal Gold Medal.

Zaha Hadid passed away on the 31st of March 2016.

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We work at all scales and in all sectors. We create transformative cultural, corporate, residential and other spaces that work in synchronicity with their surroundings. 950 projects 44 countries 400 staff 55 nations Welcome to the interactive archive of Zaha Hadid Architects.

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https://history.house.gov/Oral-History/People/Cokie-Roberts/

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Brainpop
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Brainpop
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Brainpop
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Omar was born on October 4, 1981, in Mogadishu and spent her early years in Baidoa, Somalia. She was the youngest of seven siblings. Her father, Nur Omar Mohamed, an ethnic Somali, worked as a teacher trainer. Omar's mother, Fadhuma Abukar Haji Hussein, a Benadiri (a community of partial Yemeni descent), died when Omar was two.

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Winona LaDuke (Anishinaabe) - Google Search

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NYPL / Science Source / Getty Images This Tuesday, celebrate a computer science visionary a...

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https://www.mrnussbaum.com/barack-obama/
Brainpop

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https://kids.kiddle.co/George_Washington
https://www.coolkidfacts.com/george-washington-facts/
Brainpop

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https://kids.kiddle.co/Bill_Gates

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http://www.historyforkids.net/cesar-chavez.html
Brainpop

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Brainpop

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Brainpop

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Jackie Robinson

Jackie Robinson was the first Black American to join baseball's major league in 1947 as a prominent member of the Brooklyn Dodgers. Robinson's belief in equality gave him the chance to bring the message to America and the world that race should not be a consideration for anything.

It's hard to believe that American sports of the past only allowed white players. Robinson grew up in a poor family in California, but his family always verified that they should have pride and honor in everything they do in life. California didn't have the same extreme level of prejudice that many of the other states had during that time. Robinson was inspired by his older brother who won a Silver Medal in the Olympics held in Hitler's Germany, and yet when he returned to the U.S. he could not get any job except as a garbage collector.

Robinson was not used to segregation when he entered the military service and refused to move to the 'black section' that the military required of him. He began fighting the system of inequality even during the early areas of his life. When he was going to be court martialed for his actions, the news spread across the country in the NAACP publications and the charges were dropped.

Robinson had always been involved in athletics in high school and then later in college. In 1944 he joined one of the African American baseball leagues, called the "Negro Leagues". There was a movement within baseball to attempt to integrate the sport and the president of the Brooklyn Dodgers, Branch Rickey, was looking for a potential team member that had honor and integrity and had an excellent background. In 1946 he became a member of the all-white team called the Montreal Royals, which was a branch of the Brooklyn Dodgers. This was a moment in history, as he was the first African American baseball player on a white team.

As a member of the team, Robinson experienced all forms of racial discrimination and even potential violence. People yelled and screamed names at him and threw things at him, but he had made a promise to Rickey to not fight back. The worst situation that occurred was during a Philadelphia Phillies game when the opposing team refused to play with a Black American and even his own team objected. At the time, Leo Durocher, the Dodgers manager told his team that he would rather trade them all than lose Robinson. This set the tone for future baseball games.

Robinson wasn't just a baseball player, he was an incredibly talented player. The first year with the Dodgers, he hit 12 home runs and the Dodgers won the National League pennant. The same year, Robinson was chosen as the Rookie of the Year and he elevated his playing ability by having a .342 batting average during the season of 1949, was a leader in the most stolen bases and earned the National League's Most Valuable Player Award. He went on his career to have the Dodgers team win the National Pennant quite a few times and the World Series in 1955.

At the root of all of Robinson's efforts was his continued pursuit to see equality in sports and all facets of American life. Each time Robinson achieved an award or recognition, he included comments about his passion for equality. As his popularity grew, the resistance to having African American players lowered as well. He testified in 1949 before the House Un-American Activities on the topic of discrimination and in 1952 he publicly announced that the Yankees team was a racist organization for not having broken the all-white team with people of color as the Dodgers had five years earlier.

Jackie Robinson retired from baseball in 1957 and continued as a businessman, supporting the Freedom Bank, which was the first African American controlled bank and participated in the NAACP as a board member. In 1962, Robinson was the first Black American to be inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame and the Dodgers retired his number 42 uniform in 1972; the number never to be assigned to anyone else.

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Jackie Robinson was the first Black American to join baseball's major league in 1947 as a prominent member of the Brooklyn Dodgers. Robinson's belief in equality gave him the chance to bring the message to America and the world that race should not be a consideration for anything.