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Rotavirus is the leading cause of diarrheal disease in children globally. It’s estimated that between one-quarter and one-third of all child deaths from diarrhea are the result of rotavirus infection.

Vaccine efficacy for the rotavirus vaccine is defined as the percentage reduction of the rate of diarrhea incidences in vaccinated versus unvaccinated groups of children. It is well established that the efficacy of the rotavirus vaccine is not the same across all countries — in countries with high child mortality rates the vaccine shows much lower efficacy,

The chart is from a recent study by Clark et al., which looked at how the efficacy of live oral rotavirus vaccines changes in different countries following vaccination. The chart shows that in countries with high child mortality rates, not only is the immediate vaccine efficacy lower – 98% in low child mortality countries versus 66% in high child mortality countries – but also the vaccine efficacy decreases faster in high child mortality countries over time.

https://ourworldindata.org/rotavirus-vaccine

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1. Bryan
2. Measles (Rubeola)
A highly contagious infection caused by a virus from the paramyxovirus family. The virus infects the respiratory tract, then spreads throughout the body. Measles is a human disease and is not known to occur in animals. It is transmitted through contact with droplets from an infected person when they cough or sneeze.
Symptoms include fever, cough, runny nose, inflamed eyes, small white spots (Koplik's spots) inside the mouth, and rash around the body.
No cure for this disease, but treatments are available to reduce the effects
Preventable through vaccination
Before the discovery of the measles vaccine, an estimated 2.6 million deaths occur each year
4. The graph below displays the cases of measles in the U.S. from 1950-2007 (Mississippi State Department of Health). After the discovery and widespread of the measles vaccine around the 1960s, measles cases declined greatly.
5. https://msdh.ms.gov/msdhsite/handlers/printcontent.cfm?ContentID=15556&ThisPageURL=http%3A%2F%2Fmsdh.ms.gov%2Fmsdhsite%2Findex.cfm%2F41%2C15556%2C71%2Chtml&EntryCode=15556&GroupID=41
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/measles
3.

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1) Candice
2) Diphtheria
Diphtheria is an infection that is caused by strains of bacteria called Corynebacterium diphtheriae in which makes toxins. It is greatly serious and some of its symptoms include difficulty breathing, heart failure, paralysis and possibly even death. This is caused as the toxins create a thick covering in the back of the nose or throat that makes it hard to breathe or swallow.
It is preventable through vaccination, specifically through a vaccination more commonly known as DTaP. This vaccine not only helps protect against diphtheria, it also provides protection against tetanus, and pertussis (whooping cough).
3, 4, 5)
The graph below displays the cases of diphtheria as reported to the World Health Organization and the United Nations Children’s Fund, through the Joint Reporting Form, worldwide, 1980−2017. Due to widespread vaccination, diphtheria cases fell greatly from the 1980s. This shows a negative correlation between vaccination and cases, showing the effectiveness of the diphtheria vaccine. However, there was an incident in the 1990s, as seen in the spike in cases represented in the graphs around 1992, in which was a widespread epidemic in the Russian Federation and the former Soviet Republics, which left in its wake over 157,000 cases. This outbreak demonstrates the potential for outbreak when a community has a large population of non-immune adults and poor vaccination among children, as the reasons for the outbreak were rooted in falling support for vaccination among both parents and health care providers in the 1980s.

links:
https://www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2017/april/1_Final_report_Clarke_april3.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6759252/
https://www.cdc.gov/diphtheria/index.html#:~:text=Diphtheria%20is%20a%20serious%20infection,About

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Grace
- Rabies is a preventable viral disease most often transmitted through the bite of a rabid animal. Animals most likely to spread rabies include dogs, bats, coyotes, foxes, skunks, and raccoons.
- Human rabies is very fatal but preventable by vaccinations of pets against rabies. The CDC also recommends individuals avoid contact with wildlife and unknown animals and seeking medical care as soon as possible after being bitten or scratched by an animal.
- Rabies virus spread through the nervous system, especially nerve cells that lead to the brain which causes the swelling of the brain and spinal cord. It may include states of anxiety and confusion, partial paralysis, agitation, hallucinations, and, in its final phases, a symptom called “hydrophobia,” or a fear of water

This figure shows the number of rabies cases in humans and domestic animals in the United States during 1938-2018.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6613553/

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A mosquito-borne viral disease occurring in tropical and subtropical areas.

Those who become infected with the virus a second time are at a significantly greater risk of developing severe disease.

Symptoms are high fever, rash and muscle and joint pain. In severe cases there is serious bleeding and shock, which can be life threatening.

Results and trend -
All vaccination programs translated into significant reductions in dengue cases at the population level over the first 10 years following vaccine introduction and beyond. The most efficient age for vaccination varied according to transmission intensity and 9 years was close to the most efficient age across all settings. The combination of routine vaccination and large catch-up campaigns was found to enable a rapid reduction of dengue burden after vaccine introduction.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X16307356

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Is a type of infection that is caused by the varicella-zoster virus. Chickenpox is also highly contagious, especially for those who have not had the disease before. This disease is usually associated with children, however some adults could also be exposed as well.

The data below shows the trend between incidence case (chickenpox) and the increasing year from 2000-2009. The introduction of the chickenpox vaccines started around 1999-2001. As shown by the graph below, there is a decrease in the incident cases after the introduction of the vaccines.

https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/parents/diseases/forgot-14-diseases.html
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0077709

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Rubella is a contagious infectious disease caused by the rubella virus causing mild sub-clinical infections that may include fever, red rash blotches and swollen lymph glands. Though infections tend to be resolved without complications, if contracted by women in early pregnancy, can pass onto her unborn child and present serious fetes complications. This may then be fatal or cause birth defects called congenital rubella syndrome (CRS).

In 2010, an estimated 105,000 CRS cases occurred globally and prior to the development of the rubella vaccines, it caused epidemics every 6-9 years. Vaccination has been successful in decreasing the burden of rubella. Women of reproductive age remain at risk but are higher in countries without the vaccine. A single dose of rubella-containing vaccine is 95% effective and as of December 2019, 81 of the 194 member countries of WHO are verified as having achieved rubella elimination.

https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/article/PIIS2214-109X(20)30320-X/fulltext
http://www.emro.who.int/health-topics/rubella/disease-and-epidemiology.html

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An infection found in Asia and the west Pacific that can cause brain swelling.

Japanese encephalitis is a virus spread by the bite of infected mosquitoes. It's more common in rural and agricultural areas. Most cases are mild. Rarely, it causes serious brain swelling with a sudden headache, high fever and disorientation.

The data shows that before the vaccine was introduced there was a high number of cases and after the vaccinations started there were still some high spikes but eventually it decreases significantly in number. It is also indicated of when the vaccines were changed to accommodate a different strain, with a similar pattern as before that there were still some significant spikes in a number of cases before significantly decreasing in number.

https://www.niid.go.jp/niid/en/iasr-e/865-iasr/7483-450te.html

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A serious infectious disease caused by the variola virus. It was contagious—meaning, it spread from one person to another. People who had smallpox had a fever and a distinctive, progressive skin rash. Most people with smallpox recovered, but about 3 out of every 10 people with the disease died. Many smallpox survivors have permanent scars over large areas of their body, especially their faces. Some are left blind.

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- approximately 2 billion people infected, and more than 240 million are chronic carriers
- may result in cirrhosis, liver failure and hepatocellular carcinoma
- accounts for 780,000 deaths per year
- occurrences continue in early childhood period due to the lack of immunization to prevent these infections
- Data distribution shows that anti-HBc positive rates increase with age, which shows that this is more common in early childhood, and decreases over time.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5663775/

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- rare but deadly virus; damages immune system & organs; causes levels of blood-clotting cells to drop
- transmitted to people from wild animals; spreads through human to human transmission
https://www.who.int/csr/don/20-february-2020-ebola-drc/en/

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A common viral infection that can be deadly, especially in high-risk groups.

The flu attacks the lungs, nose and throat. Young children, older adults, pregnant women and people with chronic disease or weak immune systems are at high risk. Symptoms include fever, chills, muscle aches, cough, congestion, runny nose, headaches and fatigue.

The figure below shows the number of positive Influenza cases in the year 2020.

https://apps.who.int/flumart/Default?ReportNo=1

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Arthur Jordan

What it is:
Poliomyelitis (polio) is a highly infectious viral disease that largely affects children under 5 years of age. The virus is transmitted by person-to-person spread mainly through the faecal-oral route or, less frequently, by a common vehicle (e.g. contaminated water or food) and multiplies in the intestine, from where it can invade the nervous system and cause paralysis.

Eradication:
In 1988, the World Health Assembly adopted a resolution for the worldwide eradication of polio, marking the launch of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative, spearheaded by national governments, WHO, Rotary International, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), UNICEF, and later joined by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance.  Wild poliovirus cases have decreased by over 99% since 1988, from an estimated 350 000 cases in more than 125 endemic countries then to 175reported cases in 2019.

Trend:
During the 1950s, there were thousands of cases in the US, and as the vaccine is introduced during that year, polio cases reduced drastically. In the next decay cases are reduced to hundreds and in the 1970s it is reduced to 10 cases.
https://www.cdc.gov/polio/what-is-polio/polio-us.html

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(a.k.a. Asiatic flu)
Influenza A Virus Subtype H2N2

Source:
1. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/irv.12632
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1889%E2%80%931890_pandemic

The 1889-1890 flu pandemic began in late 1889. To this day, it is recognized as one of the deadliest pandemics in history.

Taking a look at Indiana, specifically, the start of the spread of this virus was noted by the Indianapolis Journal newspaper as a "steady increase in the city death rate for the past 4 weeks." This sudden change in the number of deaths

(October-December 1889 = 0; people still assumed that the deaths were not from the virus; back then, people weren't very consistent in keeping updated reports -> it's challenging to determine the actual impact of the disease outbreak due to the lack of information).

The figure below presents the deaths in Indiana (one of the many regions affected by this virus).
Trend: there was a sudden increase in the number of deaths due to the virus around January 1890. However, after the introduction of the vaccine, we can see a gradual decrease in the number of deaths in Indiana.

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Also known as H1N1
It was started in Mexico in 2009 and around 284,000 people died in 2009 due to swine flu. It is considered to be a very contagious flu. The swine flu lasted almost until August 2010 as the vaccines were made mainly two vaccines called Pandemrix and Celvapan.

The Graph below shows the people affected by the virus according to the age groups of the people in The United States of America (one of the most affected regions by the virus(H1N1).

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Yellow fever is caused by the yellow fever virus, which is carried by mosquitoes. It is endemic in 33 countries in Africa and 11 countries in South America. The yellow fever virus can be transmitted by mosquitoes which feed on infected animals in forests, then pass the infection when the same mosquitoes feed on humans travelling through the forest. The greatest risk of an epidemic occurs when infected humans return to urban areas and are fed on by the domestic vector mosquito Aedus aegypti, which then transmits the virus to other humans.

The vaccine was actually first used in 1938.

As seen from the graph below, the cases of yellow fever reached a peak of over 5000 cases in 1988 and although it has since diminished substantially, occasional spikes occur as relatively small epidemics and likely is the result of socio-economic factors.

https://www.who.int/immunization/monitoring_surveillance/burden/vpd/surveillance_type/passive/yellow_fever/en/

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Thea

Rabies is a zoonotic disease transmitted through the saliva of infected animals that causes inflammation in the brain. It can be prevented with a vaccine but if left untreated can lead to death.

Vaccinating dogs are currently the most cost effective way to prevent rabies in people.

The below graph demonstrates a negative correlation between vaccination of dogs and rabies cases in Mexico and Sri Lanka. An increase in dog vaccination is accompanied with a decrease in rabies cases. This suggests that dog vaccinations reduce rabies transmission from dogs to humans.

(https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/272756/9789241513838-eng.pdf)