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Arthritis is a broad name for joint inflammation, stiffness, and swelling. It has several branches, osteoarthritis, which is caused by injury, aging, more probably occur on the knees, spine, and hip.

Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease. Gout is caused by uric acid buildup, and psoriatic arthritis is a skin condition.

It is manageable by diet, exercise, and medication. However, sometimes the doctor performs surgeries to help the patient.

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The chronic illness I chose are allergic reactions.

Allergies are usually caused by the immune system perceiving the proteins of something harmless as a threat. These can be everyday things like pollen, foods, insect stings, dust, mold, medications, and scents/perfumes.

Allergies are often genetic but can be developed at any stage of life as your immune system changes.

You can be at a higher risk of developing allergies if you have comorbidities within the endocrine system (Hashimoto's disease, Graves's disease, Lupus). And other comorbidities like asthma, eczema, and hay fever.

"Micro" level symptoms of a mild allergic reaction can include things like:

Rashes/localized hives, skin irritation,

eye irritation, sneezing, congestion, tingling of the mouth, wheezing, sinusitis.

However when the immune system has a "macro" response to the allergens this is known as anaphylaxis and can systematically shut down many systems within the body within a few minutes, which is why people like myself :) carry Epi-Pens (epinephrine).

Macro symptoms include:

Swelling of face, tongue and lips, vomiting, sense of impending doom and anxiety, shock, difficulty breathing with fast breaths, restriction or complete obstruction of airways, loss of conciseness, rapid pulse, and drop in blood pressure.

Without immediate treatment anaphylaxis can be fatal, and even after treatment secondary reactions can also occur within the hours after the initial reaction and up to 72hrs even without re-exposure which is why a hospital admission is usually necessary.

Continual exposure to allergens especially airborne can lead to the immune system being in a state of overreaction can lead to asthma/asthma attacks, and development of more, or more progressive reactions to the allergen.

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Macro level signs: spaced out inflammation, thickened bowel wall, ulcers and narrowing in bowels, diarrhea, stomach pain.

Micro level symptoms: overactive immune system, inflammation throughout all of the layers of the bowel, a lot of white blood cells in the bowel tissues.

These levels are interlinked because with Crohn’s your immune system is on overdrive and attacking the digestive system. You may see symptoms like an upset stomach, frequent bathroom trips, loss of appetite but if you take a look into the “micro” level you’ll notice these symptoms are caused by a deeper issue.

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Disease: Periodontitis

At the macro level, the disease presents as inflamed and/or receding gums and loose teeth

At a micro level, periodontal disease involves changes in the subgingival microbiota, particularly the proliferation of anaerobic bacteria, and the resulting inflammatory host response characterized by the presence of pro-inflammatory cells. Other factors that contribute are poor oral hygiene, compromised host immune response, and conditions such as uncontrolled diabetes.

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Heatstroke can vary from having more comparatively mild symptoms to being fatal.

On a macro scale one can experience nausea, flushed skin, altered mental state, seizures, rapid heart rate, and fast hyperventilative breathing. One may see hallucinations, feel dizzy, and be unable to produce sweat.

On a micro scale, heating up ones internal temperature to a dangerous level can cause organs to shut down, cells to slow down in production, overwhelm nervous and cardiovascular systems (trying to cool the body down) and being very dehydrated can cause damage to muscles, organs, and nerves. Brain starts to swell, cells in organs die, and blood clots form due to circulation problems

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MS (Multiple Sclerosis) is an autoimmune disease that affects your immune system. instead of doing what it is supposed to do, your immune system attacks myelin which is a fatty cover that insulates nerve fibres. there are many macro level symptoms involved in MS including motor symptoms, sensory symptoms, visual symptoms etc. there are also many micro level symptoms including nerve conduction problems, inflammation, and glial scarring. MS is a disease that has no cure but can be treated with different types of medication and physical and neurological therapy.

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Disease: Stroke

A big problem like a stroke can only be treated if we understand the tiny things like how blood vessels in the brain get blocked or burst, how blood clots form how brain cells die when they don't get enough oxygen and how medicines can help to break up the blood clots....

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Disease : Type II Diabetes

Macro : A person diagnosed with type II diabetes can experience symptoms as slow healing sores, cuts, and blisters that may turn into ulcers.

Micro : High blood sugar damages blood vessels which are large and small, resulting in them to become stiff and narrowed. Because of less oxygen and nutrients reaching the skin and tissues (poor circulation), the wounds do not heal fast. (vascular)

White blood cells do not perform well when the blood sugar is high. They move slowly and cannot attack and destroy germs efficiently. This results in being prone to infections and slow on healing. (Immune)

Poor circulation and a weak immune response make room for germs to stay, longer and wounds get worse. At the end sores, cuts, and blisters stay open together, get infected and may even turn into ulcers.

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Leukemia is a type of cancer that starts in the bone marrow and effects the body’s blood.

At a macro level, one would experience extreme fatigue, bone and joint pain, as well as bruising and bleeding easily. In addition, a patient with leukemia would be more susceptible to illness and infections. This is caused by the rapid reproduction of the abnormal, cancerous blood cells that soon overtake the resources and the space for healthy, normal red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.

Red blood cells carry oxygen throughout the body. White blood cells are infection-fighting cells that help protect the body, and platelets are used to help stop bleeding in the case of a cut or wound. A lack of these cells is what will lead to the symptoms listed above.

At a micro level, a mutation has happened in the DNA (found in the nucleus) of a blood producing cell in the bone marrow. The DNA are the “instructions” of a cell that lets a cell know when to re-produce, how to develop, and when to die. So when a blood-producing cell has faulty instructions, it begins to reproduce uncontrollably without carrying out the proper behaviours and intent, therefore, harming the body.

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Disease: Leprosy (Hansen's Disease)

Macro: Symptoms of Leprosy include skin lesions, nerve damage, paralysis, and with severe cases facial disfigurement.

Micro: What causes these symptoms is because Mycobacterium Leprae or Mycobacterium Lepromatosis bacteria attacks Schwann cells. Schwann cells are found protecting and repairing the peripheral nervous system, when these cells are damaged it cant do its job which leads to skin lesions, nerve damage, paralysis, etc.

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Pneumonia: It is an infection in your lungs caused by bacteria, virus or fungi. At macro levels, the symptoms include cough, fast breathing & shortness of breath, chest pain, chills, fatigue and fever (Cleveland Clinic, 2022).

At micro level, the pathogens (bacteria, virus or fungi) enter the alveoli (tiny air sacs of lungs), triggering inflammatory response. The immune system attacks the infection in alveoli which causes swollen lungs and fluid leak, thus resulting in pneumonia (Crosta, 2023).

Reference:

Crosta, P. (2023, April 19). Pneumonia: Symptoms, causes, and treatments. Www.medicalnewstoday.com. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/151632

Cleveland Clinic. (2022, November 15). Pneumonia. Cleveland Clinic; Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4471-pneumonia

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Chosen Illness: Lupus Nephritis.

Lupus Nephritis is an illness which most often happens when a person already has systemic lupus erythematosus. This particular disease causes the body to attack its own immune system and organs, this can also be referred to as autoimmune disease. With this illness the body will start producing something called autoantibodies, this a protein responsible for attacking the organs in the human body. One of the organs we see being attacked is the kidneys.

Marco: this illness will cause a persons kidneys to swell and become inflamed, this effects the disposal process of the kidneys. Other symptoms may include blood in urine, high blood pressure, weight gain, tiredness or even foamy urine.

Micro: on the micro level, we have autoantibodies forming which will attack the body itself. In turn this causes immune complexes, these clump up and will attach themselves onto antigens. We also have glomerular leakage, which occurs when blood cells and proteins are not able to be retained inside the body and instead are released through urine. If left untreated this can cause scarring which can cause more vast issues and further reduce the kidneys functions.

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Macro: Alzheimer's disease is when the brain cells in the brain die off causing memory issues, behavioral problems, and issues with cognitive thinking or function. there is currently no cure for it but there are some treatments available. the disease can develop before you turn 60 known as early-onset Alzheimer's

micro: Alzheimer's disease starts from an overgrowth of amyloid plaques caused by a compound called beta amyloid. beta amyloid is created when a large protein amyloid beta precursor protein is broken down over time. (APP) aids in neuro growth, function, and repair of braincells. tangles with neurofibrillary plaques which is just a large overgrowth of the Tau protein located inside the brain neurons responsible for the structure and transport/support for nutrients and molecules for the neurons.

When those two proteins or hallmarks tangle it causes inflammation in the brain's cells which eventually leads to loss of neuronal connections, synapse loss, and brain atrophy.

As the brain loses more connections or more of the brain cells die off it affects the person's memory, cognitive, emotional, and sometimes physical functions, and ability to control themselves.

This disease can also be genetic or random and there is no sure way to prevent it from happening even if you take the right steps. Depending on the person, their long term memory and short term memory could be affected in diverse ways. for example, a person affected by Alzheimer's could have just met someone for the first time but could remember a whole different situation that never happened even though they had just met the person. Another common example is when a person who is experiencing this disease can lose their way home even if they have lived there all their life.

Treatments for Alzheimer's include, daily exercise, brain games or activities, healthy diet, social activities, prescribed medications, and monoclonal antibody therapy.

facts: Alzheimer's is considered a form of dementia. Alzheimer's disease does not just develop in your 50s-60s early onset Alzheimer's can develop as early as your 20s.

in conclusion the research for Alzheimer’s disease is constantly changing and growing though there is no cure as of, yet scientists have discovered that not everyone who has an overgrowth of hallmarks or protein plaques has Alzheimer's disease and not all people who have it lose their memory completely.

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Marco: A person with Athsma can experience symptoms such as shortness of breath.

Micro: This symptom occurs because immune response was triggered, causing air passage (organ) to narrow, gas exchange happens in the alveoli (tissue), - tiny sacs of air in the lungs - once air passage is obstructed the gas exchange is no longer suffice, oxygen (element) begins to decrease and a response shoots to the brain, that responses increases heart rate as well as breathing. This makes makes your lungs (organ) have to work harder to breath, providing the Marco symptom of shortness of breath.

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LYME DISEASE

Macro symptoms: bull’s-eye rash, fever, fatigue, joint pain, facial palsy, irregular heartbeat.

Micro events: At the cellular level, Borrelia bacteria triggers the immune cells to release cytokines, causing fever and fatigue. At the tissue level, immune cells infiltrate the skin, joints, nerves, and heart tissue, leading to inflammation and damage. This tissue injury produces the organ-level symptoms: rash on the skin, arthritis in joints, facial palsy in the nervous system, and irregular heartbeat in the heart.

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Illness-Fever

Macro: A person with a fever can experience chills, body aches, headaches and weakness

Micro: When an infection or foreign substance(like bacteria or viruses) triggers the immune system. The immune system then releases chemicals called pyrogen, which travel to the hypothalamus in the brain. The hypothalamus raises the body temperature set point, causing the body to generate and conserve heat through shivering, increased metabolism, and blood vessel constriction. This elevated temperature helps to inhibit pathogens(slow down/stop the harmful microorganisms) and enhance immune functions.

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Cataracts are when your natural lens in your eye becomes cloudy, they present them self in the following symptoms,

-blurred vision

-colours become dim

-sensitive to light

-trouble seeing at night

The way this is shown at the micro level is because the proteins in your eye lens begin to break down causing the eye lens to become cloudy. This happens at the biological molecular level.

The most common reason for cataracts is old age.

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Epilepsy

Macro: Someone with epilepsy may experience seizures. These can range from random jerking movements, confusion, muscles spasms, or they don't have to move at all and they can just "space out", meaning that they're staring blankly. Not everyone's seizures are the same and there are different types (Absence, Frontal & Temporal lobe, etc..)

Micro: These occur due to the neurons in the tissue of the brain (Cerebral cortex, outer layer of nerve tissue) to send out a large amount of electrical activity through the brain. This can cause outward signs of seizures.

Epilepsy and seizures | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and stroke. (n.d.-a). https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/epilepsy-and-seizures

What is epilepsy? | epilepsy foundation. (n.d.-b). https://www.epilepsy.com/what-is-epilepsy

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The disease Psychosis type is depressive psychosis symptoms is like persistent sadness, loss of interest, fatigue, sleep disturbance, changes in appetite, and thoughts of death and suicide.

Macro level: This disease is discrimination, poverty, and social support that influence mental health and increase the risk of developing or experiencing psychosis.

Micro level: can involve such as cortisol levels and brain atrophy in regions like hippocampus and prefrontal cortex's well as cortex.

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Symptms of Cancer on the macro and micro levels:

Micro: At the micro level, the symptoms of Cancer are not directly observable to the naked eye. These changes occur at the cellular or molecular level, such as micrometastases, which are tiny clusters of cancer cells found in the lymph nodes during a biopsy. Another example would be anemia, which occurs as a result of a low red blood cell count, and can lead to symptoms of extreme fatigue.

Macro: Macro level symptoms occur when the molecular changes manifest, and they can cause symptoms such as weightloss, persistant pain, skin changes, such as; new moles, sores, discoleration of the skin, bleeding or bruising, swollen lymph nodes and lumps or swelling throughout the body.

These are all caused by mutations to the DNA within the cells.

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A person who has anemia experiences tiredness, weakness, pale skin, shortness of breath, muscle ache, rapid heartbeat, dizziness, headaches and irritability.

These are the MACRO LEVEL SYMPTOMS

Before these are observed, these go on in the body at the MICRO LEVEL

When iron is low or deficient in the body, fewer red blood cells with less hemoglobin are made which reduces oxygen delivery and energy in the tissues which in turn forces the heart and lungs to work harder and causing tiredness, weakness, pale skin, shortness of breath, muscle ache, rapid heartbeat, dizziness, headaches and irritability.

Molecular level, Iron/B12 deficiency-Cellular level, fewer or deficient red blood cells produced and less hemoglobin-Tissue level, low oxygen delivery to the muscles, low energy- System or organ level, heart and lungs work harder- Whole body, Macro level, weakness, tiredness, pale skin, shortness of breath, muscle ache, rapid heartbeat, dizziness, headaches and irritability.

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Pneumonia

Macro: A person with pneumonia can experience chills, fever of up to 105 degrees F and sever chest pain. etc.

Micro: This is caused when when cells in your lungs are met with a bacterial, viral or fungal infection which can be spread through coughing, sneezing, touching or breathing which causes the bearer to have symptoms like pain within the chest area that comes when breathing or coughing.

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Congenital heart disease (CHD) refers to structural problems with the heart present at birth, affecting both the structural anatomy of the heart and the physiological processes of blood flow throughout the body.

Conditions such as Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) or Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) arise due to changes in the anatomy and functionality of the heart. This causes abnormal shunting of blood between heart chambers. This shunting can cause oxygen-rich blood to mix with oxygen-poor blood, affecting oxygen delivery.

In particular conditions such as atrial or ventricular septal defects, a “macro” event like Cyanosis (pale or bluish skin) is caused by poor blood oxygenation. These symptoms appear in the lips, gums, tongue, nail beds, and around the eyes.

Macro events like cyanosis are directly related to micro-events such as changes in blood flow and oxygen levels. When the normal physiology of blood circulation and oxygen delivery is disrupted, it can lead to visible signs of low oxygen saturation in the blood, which then correlate to symptoms like cyanosis and other related issues, such as shortness of breath, fatigue, and poor growth in infants (failure to thrive).

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Lifetime Monitoring After Infant Cardiac Surgery May Reduce Adult Hypertension Risk

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In a medical records study covering thousands of children, a U.S.-Canadian team led by researchers at Johns Hopkins Medicine concludes that while surgery to correct congenital heart disease (CHD) within 10 years after birth may restore young hearts to healthy function, it also may be associated with an increased risk of hypertension — high blood pressure — within a few months or years after surgery.

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Leukemia is a cancer of the blood cells. The type of leukemia that a patient has depends on the type of blood cell that becomes cancerous and whether it grows quickly or slowly.

Micro: Leukemia usually involves the white blood cells which are your fighter cells and fight off infection. With people that have Leukemia the bone marrow produces an excessive amount of abnormal white blood cells which don't function properly. Leukemia occurs most often in adults 55 years or older, but it is also the most common cancer in children younger than 15years of age.

Macro Symptoms: Fever chills, persistent fatigue, frequent or severe infections, losing weight without trying, swollen lymph nodes and enlarged spleen and liver, tiny red spots on skin, excessive sweating especially at night, bone pain or tenderness.

Treatment for leukemia can be complex depending on the type that you have. Chemotherapy is the main treatment for many types of leukemia. Radiation therapy is most often used to target areas of the body where leukemia cells have built up. It is also used to prepare the bone marrow for a stem cell transplant.

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Disease: Multiple Sclerosis

Both men and women who are fighting MS could experience macro symptoms such as vision problems, numbness of the hands/feet, problems with thinking, learning, planning, and balance issues.

In a nut shell, the micro problem is when the body's immune system attacks the central nervous system. Basically, the body is attacking itself thinking it is a threat to itself. It also forms lesions on the central nervous system, also called plaques, and they can be identified by having an MRI.

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Arthritis is a disease that is most common in elderly yet young can be diagnosed, your joints naturally wear down as you age or a damaged joint happens.

At a macro level symptoms are joint pain, stiffness, discoloured skin, ghost heat on fingers and swelling. It may have flare-ups as well.

there's are many types of arthritis yet at a micro level they seem to all be the same, cells are not working properly, some attack themselves or each other, yet some or too big or too small. the main cells effected are B-cells, macrophages, T-cells, auto reactive CD4+, inflammatory cytokines, chemicalkines, antianibodies.

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Disease: Heart Disease

Macro: A person experiencing heart disease may experience numbness of the limbs because of the narrowing of blood vessels.

Micro: This symptom occurs because of too much LDL (low density lipoprotein)(biological molecule) leads to fatty blockage in the arteries(organ). Overtime this narrowing because so bad that blood cannot flow and can lead to a heart attack.

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Disease- Crohn's

Macro- Crohns disease is a type of inflammatory bowel disease. causes. inflammation of the bowel tissues in your digestive tract. Causing symptoms like diarrhea, weightless, malnutrition, abdominal pain, etc.
micro-  inflation in different areas of the go tract. this inflamation causes the macro symptoms to happen. If untreated this disease can grow and affect other areas of the tract

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Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

Kidneys are special filters for the body. Simply means, removing harmful waste products and sending them to the correct trash bin.

Macro: This disease is the loss of renal (kidney) function that has been declining over time. This is the final stage of kidney failure. However, the interesting part about this disease is that another series of diseases leads to kidney failure. This includes high blood pressure, diabetes, metabolic syndrome (excess fat), etc. Therefore, as you can see when other diseases go untreated it puts a person in a life-threatening state.

Micro:
Like I said before there are a series of diseases that lead to the chronic stage of kidney failure. For example: a person can be diagnosed with renal artery disease also called renal artery stenosis. This is when the renal artery becomes narrow which is responsible for transferring blood to your kidneys. Commonly caused by Atherosclerosis (build-up plaque in the arteries). Atherosclerosis then leads to serious health issues like hypertension, obesity, diabetes, high cholesterol, and kidney failure.

Symptoms of kidney failure are:
Decrease mental ability
Fatigue
Frequency of trips to the bathroom at night (nocturia)
Loss of appetite, etc

To prevent Chronic Renal Failure first and foremost you have to take care of yourself both mentally and physically.
Aiming for healthy weight
Eating healthy
Managing diabetes, hypertension, and heart diseases.
Limit alcohol intake

Take care of you!!:)

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Ovarian Cancer

This disease is a growth of multiple different cells that can form in any part of the Ovaries. These cells tend to multiply and destroy healthy tissue.

Micro: Women with this disease tend to have irregular periods, back pain, bleeding after sexual intercourse bloating and indigestion. These symptoms could be the cause of anything and a woman may not see the signs for this particular disease.

Marco: Women that has experienced advanced Ovarian cancer tend to experience heartburn, weight loss, discomfort in pelvic, trouble eat or feeling full within minutes of eating.

If you are experiencing these symptoms it’s important to visit your family doctor or speak to someone that may be of useful help.

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Epilepsy is a disorder in the brain resulting in seizures.

Macro: A person who is diagnosed with epilepsy has had two or more seizures usually if they don't have any other known condition/illness, some other symptoms may be loss of consciousness, loss of bowel or bladder control and breathing problems.

Micro: These symptoms occur when the brains electrical rhythm's become imbalanced which means the right side of your brain is controlling the left side of your body and the left side of your brain is controlling the right side of your body.

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Disease: pneumonia
Macro: A person with pneumonia can have their lips and fingertips turn blue.
Micro: This happens because of oxygen(Element) not being able to reach the ends of your body(Organism)

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Disease: Osteoporosis

Macro: A person with untreated Osteoporosis can experience symptoms such as loss of height, hunched posture, sudden back pain, etc.

Micro: These symptoms occur because a significant amount of bone mass is absent due to the lack of calcium and changes such as big holes begin to take place in the bone structure of the bone tissue allowing the bone to become even weaker and later be broken off easily.

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The disease I will speak about is the flu virus (influenza)

At macro level: the patient with influenza virus will experience a runny or blocked nose.

At micro level: When the body detects a foreign pathogen like a virus, it will release histamines as a way to fight the infection. These histamines cause inflammation of the nasal pathway, and as a result, the nasal pathways release excess mucus. Inflammation causes swelling, and in turn, makes the nasal pathways narrower, leading to a blocked or stuffy nose.

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Peptic ulcers causes sores on the inner lining of the stomach and the upper portion of the small intestine.
There are two types of Peptic Ulcers:
1. Gastric Ulcers- these occur inside the stomach.
2.Duodenal ulcers- these occur on the uppers side of the small intestine(organ).
The cause of the peptic ulcers are infection with the bacteria(H.pylori), long term use of inflammatory drugs like Advil, Motrin IB.
The symptoms include:burning stomach pain, feeling of fullness, bloating, intolerance to fatty foods, heartburn and nausea.
Our digestive tract is covered with mucous layer that protects the lining of the stomach from acid. When the amount of acid is increased or the amount of mucous is decreased, it develops ulcer(micro).

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Heart Attack

Macro Level: A person with a heart attack can experience no symptoms to mild and severe symptoms. In most cases, when a person goes through a heart attack, they feel an excruciating chest pain that feels like tightness, squeezing or aching.

Micro Level: On a closer look, the person with a heart attack feels this type of pain in their chest because the heart muscles are unable to get enough blood. This is because of the formation of a blood clot that is wedged in a coronary artery that causes reduced blood flow to downstream tissue. The cardiac muscle becomes short of oxygen and acidotic, while the energy level falls because the lack of oxygen interrupts mitochondrial metabolism. Cardiac tissue is severely affected by heart attacks and may cease to contract. This must be treated quickly or all of the tissue downstream of the blood clot will die. Treatment can include a reperfusion to restore the blood flow back to the tissues and organs.

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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
This illness makes it harder for people to breathe and causing restricted airflow. It is common to a lung disease.

At the macro level for someone who has this disease can notice: shortness of breath, trouble taking deep breaths, mucus, lack of energy, tightness of the chest, and frequent coughing or wheezing.

At the micro level there is limitation in a person's airway which corresponds with an abnormal inflammatory response of the lungs to toxic gases or particles. The proximal and peripheral airways, lung parenchyma, and pulmonary vasculature all undergo an inflammatory response.

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Disease: High blood pressure known as hypertension.
High blood pressure are blood pressure that are higher than normal. Human being blood pressure changes throughout the day depending on activities engage in. If someone blood pressure arises consistently, the person will be diagnose with High blood pressure.
This disease might not be identify at the macro level because it might not give any symptoms. Some people don't realize they have high blood pressure unless they check it.
At the micro level which is the circulation of blood (organ).At this level, the heart pumps blood through the arrives,the blood puts pressure on the artery walls and the arteries carry the blood from your heart to other parts of the body.

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It is mostly called a degenerative joint  disease, it occurs in the hands, hips, and knees. OA starts with the breakdown of cartilage in the joint  and this can cause severe pain. it is called degenerative because it arises as you grow, it occurs in young children too but most cases occur in adults between the age of 40 and above.

At the micro level, the cartilage begins to wear of and when the cartilage is so much affected that it is barely noticed, the bones are now exposed to each other and begin to rub on each other, this action leads to the wearing and tearing of the joints

At the macro level O.A causes severe pain, decreased range of motion and inability to perform certain actions, swelling, stiffness, grating sensation

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Illness: Cholangitis

Cholangitis is an inflammation of the bile duct system. The bile duct system carries bile from the liver and gallbladder (organs) into the first part of the small intestine (the duodenum).

Bile is a complex fluid containing water, electrolytes and a battery of biological molecules including bile acids, cholesterol, phospholipids, and bilirubin that flows through the biliary tract into the small intestine.
There are two fundamentally important functions of bile in all species:

Bile contains bile acids, which are critical for digestion and absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins in the small intestine.

Many waste products, including bilirubin, are eliminated from the body by secretion into bile and elimination in feces.

Adult humans produce 400 to 800 ml of bile daily, and other animals proportionately similar amounts. The secretion of bile can be considered to occur in two stages:

1. Initially, liver cells (hepatocytes) secrete bile into canaliculi (a short channel in the eyelid) from which it flows into bile ducts. This hepatic bile contains large quantities of bile acids, cholesterol, and other organic molecules.

2. As bile flows through the bile ducts, it is modified by addition of a watery, bicarbonate-rich secretion from ductal epithelial cells.

Types of cholangitis

·         Primary Biliary Cholangitis

·         Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis

·         Secondary cholangitis

·         Immune cholangitis

Micro level causes of cholangitis

A blocked duct somewhere in the bile duct system

A tumor

Blood clots

A narrowing of a duct that may happen after surgery.

Swollen pancreas

A parasite infection

·         A backflow of bacteria from your small intestine

A blood infection (bacteremia)

A test done to check your liver or gallbladder (such as a test where a thin tube or endoscope is put into your body)

Macro level symptoms:

Pain in the upper right part of your belly (abdomen)

Fever

Chills

Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice)

Nausea and vomiting

Clay-colored stools

Dark urine

Low blood pressure

Lethargy

Changes in alertness

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Disease: Seizures

Macro: Seizures are the sudden, uncontrolled electrical disturbance in the brain which can cause changes in behaviour, movements, feelings and consciousness. (Googles definition) There are various types of seizures; they vary by where they begin in the brain and have different severities. some symptoms are
- Temporary confusion
- A staring spell
- Loss of consciousness or awareness
- Cognitive or emotional changes

Micro: Seizures can be caused by flashing lights, lack of sleep, hungry, stress, alcohol or drug use, medications, lack or oxygen during birth or any traumatic brain injury. if your having two or more seizures with no known cause that are at least 24 hours apart, would be considered epilepsy.

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Disease: Stroke

Macro: Strokes present themselves in many different forms. Common symptoms someone having a stroke my experience are numbness in their face, arms, or legs. They may also have trouble speaking, issues with vision, dizziness, or balance and it may also include a severe headache.

Micro: Strokes happen when blood vessles traveling to the brain are blocked by clots or they rupture.

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Disease: Typhoid
Typhoid is a waterborne disease mostly brough about by poor hygiene .The disease is mainly caused by a bacteria called Salmonella typhi and some of its symptoms include fevers ,severe diarrhoea ,stomach ache and severe headache. This are caused when the bacteria affects the epithelial cells of the stomach

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Disease: Leukemia

Leukemia is a form of blood cancer that affects the white blood cells. These cells form from bone marrow.

This form of cancer is usually grouped in two ways depending on which type of white blood cell is being affected; lymphoid or myeloid. There are many different treatment and therapy often available. Some are chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy and others.

On a micro level, it is undetermined exactly why Leukemia develops. It is believed to be a combination between genetic and environmental factors. A mutation starts to occur in the DNA of the white blood cells.
There are at least 4 different types of Leukemia.

Some symptoms include:

Fever/chills

Fatigue, weakness

Frequent or severe infections

Unexplained weight loss

Swollen lymph nodes, enlarged liver or spleen

Easy bleeding or bruising

Recurrent nosebleeds

Tiny red spots in your skin (petechiae)

Excessive sweating, especially at night

Bone pain or tenderness

On a macro level, is Leukemia is left untreated an indiviual can become susceptible to fatigue, excessive bleeding and infections. The body can start to "break down" and this leads the body to become defenseless. This would lead to making every minor injury or infection very serious. Leukemia may be fatal.

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Disease: Bell's Palsy

Macro: Bell's Palsy is a disorder that causes the nerves that controls the muscles in a person's face to become weak or paralyzed.

Micro: Typically this disorder can be a result from lack of sleep, infection within the nerves in one's face, viral infections, and stress.

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Disease: Gallstones

Macro: A person that has gallstones my not even know they have it (asymptomatic). If you do have symptoms you will notice a dull pain in the upper right stomach just under the ribs, the pain will get worse over time, and the pain will radiate to your upper back shoulder blade area, and last anywhere from 1 to 7 hours.

Micro: This symptoms occurs because the Gallbladder is a storage organ and it stores Bile, and cholesterol. If the gallbladder isn't functioning properly (squeezing bile into the common bile duct, the cholesterol can harden into gallstones. After you eat a fatty meal the gallbladder will squeeze to release bile to help breakdown fat. This may send a gallstone into the bile duct and get stuck which is what causes the pain.

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Disease: Pericarditis

Macro: symptoms include sharp and stabbing chest pain, gets worse when you cough or take deep breaths.

Micro: The chest pain occurs when the irritated layers of the pericardium rub against each other. Pericarditis is usually mild and goes away without treatment. Treatment for more-severe cases may include medications and, rarely, surgery.

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Disease: Cancer

Macro: A person having untreated cancerous tumors or cells can have a painful death.

Micro: This symptom occurs because bone marrow (tissue) produces too many abnormal white blood cells (cells) that crowd out healthy blood cells (cells). The abnormal white blood cells (cell) produce a protein (biological molecule) that accumulates in the blood (tissue), impairs circulation and causes complications in the affected area. If it is not recognized at early stage and treated with proper medication,it can be cause of painful death of a person.

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Disease: Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD)

Macro: A person with vCJD will exhibit symptoms such as mood swings and memory loss.

Micro: These symptoms occur because abnormal prions (biological molecules) attach themselves to brain (organ) cell (cell) proteins (biological molecules) and disrupt their structure. This causes a domino effect of misshapen prion proteins that negatively impacts sectors of the brain such as the section that controls memory, resulting in memory loss.

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Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) is a heart condition affecting the coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart. The buildup of plaque in your coronary arteries narrows or blocks them. One of the most common symptoms is chest discomfort (angina). The condition can lead to a heart attack or heart failure, as well as arrhythmia and other complications.

Macro symptoms include:

-Chest pain

-Heart attack

-Stable angina

-Heart palpitations

Micro symptoms include:

-Shortness of breath

-Dizziness

-Nausea

-Weakness

-Fatigue

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disease : Pancreatic cancer

Marco : the symptoms of Pancreatic cancer are abdominal pain , loss of appetite , loss of weight , yellowing of your skin , white eyes, blood clots,  fatigue .

Micro: this disease is caused by smoking , Diabetes , runs in the family, pancreatitis and sometimes it's unknown why people get this type of cancer.

10% of patients that get diagnosed early have a chance from being cancer free

people who have later stages of this cancer have  up to 3 years to live. 7.5% have a chance of 5 years of living . it's one of the most deadly cancers

I actually knew someone who had pancreatic cancer and was told they had 7 months to live ended up dying just a few weeks after being diagnosed .

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Hepatitis B

Macro Level: Hepatitis B causes a serious liver infection which can become chronic, turning into liver cancer or failure.

Micro Level:  Hepatocytes (cells in the liver) once infected with Hepatitis B will transfer the virus into the body's bloodstream. These cells naturally live long lives, making the virus chronic and spreading it throughout the body. The hepatocytes are also destroyed in the process, leading to macro level events like liver tissue damage and scarring, and the disruption of blood flow.

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Disease: irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

Macro: Over time people wth IBS will start to have symptoms of weight loss, vomiting with no reason, anemia, and IBS-related chronic stomach pain might make people anxious about their symptoms. As a result, depression or persistent emotions of hopelessness may develop.

Micro: The precise reason is not known for what causes IBS. Food travelling through your gut too fast or slowly, sensitive gut nerves, stress, and a family history of IBS have all been related to it though. Food, caffeine, stress, carbonated beverages, and artificial sweeteners are common flare-up starters. Your gut gets more susceptible to triggers as you experience more IBS episodes. Constipation, bloating, and stomach pains are some of the symptoms it produces. These typically come and go throughout time and can endure for a few days, a few weeks, or even several months. Typically, it's a lifelong issue. Layers of muscle that contract as they carry food through your digestive tract line the inside of your intestines. Gas, bloating, and diarrhoea can be brought on by contractions that are more intense and prolonged than usual. Weak intestinal contractions might hinder food absorption and result in faeces that are dry and firm. system of nerves. Your lower GI (gastrointestinal) tract is impacted. The large and small intestines are included in this (colon).

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Momah Ogochukwu

This is caused by mutations or abnormal changes in the gene[changes in the DNA of the breast cell]. its symptoms are; lump in the breast or underarm, swelling of the breast, irritation of breast skin, redness or flaky skin in the nipple area, and pain in the nipple area. However breast cancer is most common amongst women.

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Owais Ahmed
Disease: Hans disease (Leprosy)
when speaking macro leprosy is a disease that causes red, or light colored skin patches, reduced touch sensation, and or deformity of limbs

Analyzing the Micro causes I found that leprosy is caused by a bacillus mycobacterium called leprae, This bacteria multiplies over a period of an average of 5 years (could take 1-20) and Invades and destroys your Schwann cells (responsible for development, maintenance, function and regeneration of the peripheral nervous system (Not related to the spinal cord or brain)

this is the reason a leper may loose touch sensation and get red patches on skin followed by reduced touch sensation: because the nervous tissue is damaged

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macro symptoms and dizziness, fatigue, and headaches.
micro this  is happening because your body can't produce enough red blood cells, these red blood cells carry hemoglobin (oxygen).
this can be treated through iron pills or eating foods that are rich in iron like eggs or red meat

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Macro: A person with untreated CAD can experience symptoms such as pressure or squeezing in chest, shoulders, arms, neck and jaw. This pressure or squeezing is called angina (Chest pain). CAD is a disease where cholesterol deposits and plaques cause narrowing or a complete blockage of the coronary arteries (organ systems.)

Micro: When coronary arteries are narrowed or completely blocked not enough blood (cells), oxygen (elements) and nutrients (biological molecule) can be supplied to the heart causing heart tissue (tissue) death.

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macro:An individual with depression can often experience anxiety, led by panic attacks, nervousness and worry. Someone with PTSD is prone to developing depression and anxiety. Symptoms of anxiety and depression include fatigue, headaches, eating disorders, insomnia, sadness, etc.

micro: Abnormal functioning of the brain messengers can alter one's pain threshold, and as a result, you can become more sensitive to pain.
Anxiety and depression can go unnoticed because the signs and symptoms are sometimes dismissed as part of aging.

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Disease: HIV/AIDS
Macro: HIV left untreated can potentially weaken a patients immune system to the point where they develop AIDS.
Micro: This happens because symptoms can be very mild, and you might not notice them. However the virus is very rampant within your bloodstream at this time. As a result, the virus continues spreading, impacting your immune system greatly. The virus continues to attack your CD4+ immune cells (cells), thus causing the patient to become more susceptible to other diseases.
When you are healthy, your CD4+ cell count is roughly 800-1200 per mm3 of blood. The CD4+ cell count in untreated HIV patients gradually decline after a few years. Once this count falls under 200, the patient becomes prone to to developing opportunistic infections and cancers and this ultimately represents the end stage of the disease.
AIDS is of course a serious disease and patients who have reached this end stage commonly suffer from infections that affect the eyes, lungs, gastrointestinal tract (organ system), and many other (organs).

Other complications of the disease include severe weight loss, diarrhea, neurological disease and the development of cancers such as Kaposi’s sarcoma and some forms of lymphoma.

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Disease: Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

GERD occurs when contents from your stomach move back up into your esophagus, referred to as acid reflux. Acid reflux can irritate the lining of your esophagus.

Macro: A person with GERD can also experience symptoms such as
- sour/bitter taste at the back of your mouth
- nausea
- chest pain
- pain when swallowing
- difficulty swallowing
- chronic cough
- hoarse voice
- bad breath
- regurgitation of food/liquid from your stomach to your mouth.

Micro: The lower esophageal sphincter (LES) is a circular band of muscle at the end of your esophagus. When the LES is working properly, it relaxes and opens when you swallow and then it tightens and closes again afterwards. Acid reflux occurs when your LES doesn't tighten or close properly. This allows digestive juices and other components from your stomach to rise up into your esophagus and cause the above symptoms.

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COVID-19 is commonly spread through the mouth or nose of an infected person often by coughing, or sneezing.

Micro symptoms include
cough
congestion
no taste
no smell
nausea
vomiting
runny nose

Macro symptoms include
red eyes
extreme fatigue
headache
body-ache
fever
chills
no appetite
sore throat
SOB
death

Infectious person coughs or sneezes. Droplets containing the virus enter the nose, eyes, or mouth of healthy people. Once inside the body, the virus attaches itself to the healthy cells lining of the nose, mouth, throat, and lungs. The virus then travels through your body planting spikes into the receptor molecule of the host cell membrane. Through this process, the virus is able to enter the healthy cell. Ribosomes then create proteins to feed, multiply and spread the virus throughout the entire body. Each organ system is affected due to the disturbance in homeostasis.

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meningitis

macro level : may have severe headaches, a rash could develop, may start to feel drowsy or become unresponsive, seizures.

micro : swelling of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, usually caused by bacterial or viral infections

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Epilepsy

Macro:  epilepsy causes recurring seizures due to abnormal activity in the brain.  Some symptoms of seizures include twitching of limbs, dizziness, confusion, and loss of consciousness.

Micro:  these seizures are caused by uncontrolled electrical activity in the brain (organ) between brain cells or neurons (cells)

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The disease I'm choosing to talk about is Influenza (Flu). There are four types of Influenza, Type A, B, C, and D. Influenza type "A" and "B" cause what's called seasonal epidemics of disease, what we call "Flu Season". Influenza type C infections usually only cause a mild illness, and generally don't cause epidemics. Influenza type "D" is not known for effecting people, and is primarily found in cattle.
Looking and Influenza on a micro level, most people get infected by breathing in tiny droplets from the sneeze or cough of someone infected. Once you have inhaled the virus, the infected cell duplicates its self over and over. This way, the infected cells are able to infect more and more cells. There is a viral enzyme, that is called polymerase and this is the key to those cells duplicating themselves. The more cells this process affects the more potent the virus becomes.
While the micro stages of this illness occurs, you will begin to feel the macro side of the effects. Symptoms of Influenza are fevers, cough, sore throat, runny/stuffy nose, and tiredness. As the cells continue to duplicate, some people take on more and more severe symptoms like vomiting, and diarrhea. While most people recover from Influenza in under 2 weeks, Some people can develop complications. One of the worst complications is when you develop
Pneumonia, this is either a combination of co-infection of bacteria and influenza or just influenza alone. The result of this complication can be death.

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Sinus Infection/Sinusitis

Macro: The person who has sinus infection may suffer from runny nose, headache, pressure over the forehead and blockage of ears.

Micro: These symptoms happen when sinus is filled with fluids instead of air. As the fluids built up, germs and bacteria grow. It will cause the inflammation or infection of sinus tissue, resulted in sinus infection.

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COPD  - Chronic  Obstructive Pulmonary Disease  Macro: Lung disease where the airflow is obstructed making it difficult to breathe.

Micro: Gas exchange is not being done correctly & the very thin walled alveoli & capillaries can become damaged.

An abnormality in a pulmonary function test can be used to determine if a person has a respiratory obstruction disease like COPD.

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Hypothyroidism

Hypothyroidism, also known as as under-active thyroid disease, is when a persons thyroid gland doesn't produce enough of certain hormones.

Macro: A person with hypothyroidism can experience fatigue, weight gain, muscle pain and aches etc. symptoms can vary based on different factors such as sex and age.

Micro: Hypothyroidism is when the thyroid doesn't release enough of the TS3 and TS4 hormones. These are the hormones needed to regulate things such as the body's metabolism, growth, and mood. Because the hormones TS3 and TS4 travel all throughout your body, the thyroid hormones influence many important organ systems like the heart, brain, and liver. because of that there are a wide-range of symptoms that people with hypothyroidism disease can experience.

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The disease that I choose was Cerebral palsy. The symptoms that are happening at a macro level is the person' ability to move and maintain balance and posture.

On the micro level, this caused by abnormal development or damage to the brain.  This can happen before, during and after birth.

Because of the restricted of little movement or none at all, the muscle retract and tend to get shorten and stiff over time.

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The disease I chose is biventricular heart failure which means both sides of your heart is affected. The macro symptoms are shortness of breathe, dizziness, wheezing, coughing, and nausea. Some micro symptoms as to why this happens could be the increased pressure of your veins expanding that push fluid from your veins into your tissue.

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Stroke:
A stroke is the blockage of blood and oxygen to the brain.

(MACRO) Some symptoms that occur due to a stroke include sudden weakness or numbness in the body, confusion, slurring words, trouble walking or seeing, etc. It often affects one side of the body, either left or right. Symptoms can be severe and lasting if not treated right away. (MICRO) The brain is the organ that allows us to perform our day-to-day tasks such as eating, walking, and talking. Blood carries essential nutrients and oxygen to the brain. When the blood flow is disrupted by a blood clot, the brain will no longer receive what it needs to keep functioning. Brain cells will begin to die or become damaged, ceasing to do its job as it once has.

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Influenza

Influenza is a viral infection in the respiratory system (Nose, throat, and lungs). The main causes on the macro level are fever, aching muscles, chills and sweat, headache, dry cough, shortness of breath, tiredness, and weakness, runny nose, sore throat, eye pain, and vomiting or diarrhea.

Micro Level: Influenza viruses travel through the air in droplets when the person infected coughs, sneezes, or talks. When a person inhales the droplets or touches objects with germs, the germs can be transferred into a person's eye, nose or mouth. There can be risks of developing influenza which can include, people who are working or staying in the hospital, cancer treatment, anti-rejection drugs, long-term use of steroids, blood cancer, or HIV/AIDS can weaken the immune system. Chronic illness can increase the risk of developing influenza which includes, lung diseases like asthma, diabetes, heart disease, nervous system diseases, metabolic disorders, shortness of breath, and kidney, liver, or blood disease can increase the risk of influenza as well.

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Macro: A person suffering from Swine Flu can suffer from respiratory failure in the most severe case.

Micro: The virus is caused when infected cells enter the body through the eyes, nose or mouth. As it multiplies it coats the nose throat and lungs. The virus multiplies by attaching to host cells already within the body and injecting its own genetic material. While the host is left to continue the DNA/RNA process with the newly infected genetic code the virus leaves to infect more cells. As the cells mutate the body becomes increasingly sick and without treatment can cause respiratory failure.

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Hydrocephalus

Macro symptoms include; headaches, nausea, vomiting, drowsiness, poor co-ordination ect.

These macro symptoms can occor/are caused by the (micro) build up of fluid (cerebrospinal fluid or CSF) inside the skull. This fluid buildup can occure if the flow of CSF is blocked, over produced, or if there is a problem with the arachnoid villi (the arachnoid villi stops the CSF from being absorbed into the blood). In conclustion, all of this can cause the venticles and sub-arachnoid space to swell as the fluid in the brain increases.

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Disease: Giardiasis

Giardiasis is a diarrheal disease caused by microscopic parasite Giardia duodenales. A person can be infected by drinking contaminated water or food or even through feces. It can also be transmitted through animals also. Once a person is infected, the parasite lives in the intestines (organ) and is passed through the stool. Once the parasite is outside the body it can survive for weeks. It is capable of clearing up on its own if it is minor. It can be treated with antibiotic medications like Metronidazole to kill the parasite if server. Once on medication it can clear up within a weeks time.

Macro: People with Giardiasis can experience different symptoms like:

diarrhea

fatigue

abdominal cramps

weight loss

dehydration

Micro: If left untreated for a long time it can interfere with the body's absorption of fats and carbohydrates (Biological molecule) from digested food (organ system). The parasite attaches itself to the lining (cells) of the small intestine (organ).

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Disease: Asthma

macro: someone who is experiencing a  Asthma attack will have shortness of breathe, tightness of chest or experience chest pains, and will cough and make wheezing noises when breathing

From what I could find the micro is the same as macro for Asthma

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Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)
My illness of choice is Covid. It is very apt and timely (as we all know we are still riding it out) .

Coronaviruses (CoV) are a large family of viruses that cause illness ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases. A novel coronavirus (nCoV) is a new strain that has not been previously identified in humans. COVID-19 is caused by infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus strain.

MACRO:
Individuals infected may experience:

Fever (temperature of 37.8°C/100.0°F or greater) and/or chills

cough

runny nose

shortness of breath

decrease or loss of smell and taste

unexplained fatigue

muscle aches and pains

nausea, vomitting, diarrhea

and other symptoms like loss of appetite

MICRO:

A virus infects your body by entering healthy cells. There, the invader makes copies of itself and multiplies throughout your body. The new coronavirus latches its spiky surface proteins to receptors on healthy cells, especially those in your lungs.

As copies of the virus multiply, they burst out and infect neighboring cells. The symptoms often start in the back of the throat with a sore throat and a dry cough.

The virus then crawls progressively down the bronchial tubes. When the virus reaches the lungs, their mucous membranes become inflamed. That can damage the alveoli or lung sacs and they have to work harder to carry out their function of supplying oxygen to the blood that circulates throughout our body and removing carbon dioxide from the blood so that it can be exhaled. The inflammation makes it much more difficult for oxygen to swim across the mucous membrane.

The swelling and the impaired flow of oxygen can cause those areas in the lungs to fill with fluid, pus and dead cells. Pneumonia, an infection in the lung, can occur.

Some people have so much trouble breathing they need to be put on a ventilator. In the worst cases, known as Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, the lungs fill with so much fluid that no amount of breathing support can help, and the patient dies.

I

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Disease: Gastritis

Macro: Some of the symptoms caused by Gastritis are; inflammation and irritation of the stomach.

Micro: This symptoms can be due to a bacteria called "Helicobacter Pylori" which lives in the mucous lining of the stomach, or because of the "Bile reflux" that connects the gallbladder and the liver (organ). Moreover, it can be that viruses and bacteria produced infections in the stomach. Furthermore, stomach cancer and loss of blood can be some of the consequences for not treating it on time.

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Disease: Pneumonia

Macro: pneumonia symptom's include, cough, fever, shortness of breath, sharp or stabbing pain when breath deeply or cough, etc.

Micro: pneumonia can be a very deadly disease. Pneumonia attack's the white blood cells within our bodies. The cause of pneumonia is caused by viruses, bacteria, and fungi. Pneumonia can deeply harm one or even both of your lungs. This can cause the air sacs or alveoli of your lungs to load with fluid and pus. The risk factor that pneumonia comes with is, bacteria in the bloodstream (bacteremia). Bacteremia can cause organ failure.

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Cystic Fibrosis is a genetic disease that affects primarily the lungs and pancreas.
On a "macro" level, you will see symptoms such as:
Intestinal Blockage (mostly in newborns)
Repeated lung infections
Inflamed nasal passages or a stuffy nose
Constant cough that produces thick mucus.
On a "micro" level, what's happening is:
The defective gene affects cells that make up mucus, sweat and digestive juices.
It causes the secretions of mucus to be much stickier and thicker than what they should be and the ducts, tubes, and pathways become clogged. This happens mostly in the lungs and the pancreas.

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Endometriosis-

Endometriosis is a chronic inflammatory gynaecologic disease. There is no cure as of right now, but there are different procedures you can have done such as laparoscopy, laparotomy and a hysterectomy to treat the disease and symptoms. Other treatments for symptoms and progression preventives include observing, pain medications, and hormone therapy.

Macro: Someone who has endometriosis can suffer from symptoms such as immense pain during menstruation, sexual intercourse, urination, and bowl movements. As well as a heavy flow,bloating, intense cramps,nausea,vomiting,diarrhea,constipation, fatigue, back and pelvic pain, depression, and anxiety. Lastly if not diagnosed and treated it can cause infertility and research is being done regarding endometriosis and the risk of leading to cancer.

Micro: These symptoms occur as the endometrium tissue is growing outside of the uterus where it is not supposed to be, gets trapped in areas like the rectum,bladder,cervix and intestines so it can not be released with the uterine lining during menstruation causing those areas to become inflamed. There are 4 different stages of endometriosis; minimal, mild, moderate and severe. Depending on the stage determines how severe your symptoms can be.

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Disease: Thrombotic Disease (Blood Clots)

Macro: An individual with Blood Clots may experience symptoms such as..
- Swelling in the legs/arms
- shortness of breath/difficulty breathing

Micro: These symptoms occur when there has been some form of damage done to the lining of a blood vessel, commonly an artery or vein (Cardiovascular system). Such damage can be obvious and/or not at all. Clotting also occurs when the blood in the vessel stops moving and becomes stagnant (known as Thrombus) . This is the result of the muscles not moving/contracting to be able to pump the blood through the body back to the heart. Thus forming clots along the walls of the vein. These clots are able to grow in size and completely block the blood flow through the vein.
Blood clots forming in the artery occur by way of a completely different action. Plaque deposits form on the lining of the artery and are then able to grow. Whilst they are growing they are causing the vessel to shrink thus blocking the flow of blood through the artery causing serious damage to the surrounding tissues. Pieces of these clots are also able to break off becoming known as Embolus clots. These are dangerous as they are able to travel to other parts of the body inflicting more damage.

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My disease of choice is Pneumonia
It is defined as the acute inflammation of the lung parenchyma
On a macro level:the affected individual presents with chest pain as they cough, At times the cough may produce bloody mucus, fever and shaking chills may also be present
Looking at this disease on a micro level: It is caused by bacteria that enters into the body through inhalation. The bacteria congests in the alveoli and there's an increase in the serous fluid thus spread of the infection. The bacteria in the lungs causes it to be inflammed thus causing somebody to have fevers.
Due to the congestion in the lungs and accumulation of serous fluid a person will have chest pains as they try to force the accumulated fluid out of the lung

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Disease:  Necrotizing Fasciitis

Macro:  If this disease is left untreated it can become life-threatening.  You can quickly go into shock due to gangrene and organ failure. Which can also lead to death.

Micro:  These symptoms occur when Group A Streptococcus bacteria infect the connective tissue just below the skin. Then causes gangrene at the entry site and quickly spreads through the skin, fat and connective tissues. The connective tissues allow for the disease to access organs causing failure and eventually death.

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multiple sclerosis

macro: A person with MS tends to experience symptoms such as; dizziness, eye problems, muscle spasms, tremors, bladder/ bowel issues, and fatigue.
Micro: these symptoms occur due to the immune system accidentally notifies your body to attack the myelin. which in return leaves scarring and lesions causing is to be more difficult for signals to travel to and from the brain and body

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Disease: Rubella Virus

Macro: A person (mainly young children) with Rubella can experience symptoms such as a rash that spans from the face, down to the buttocks, and to the arms and legs, as well as swollen lymph nodes, runny/stuffy nose, and a low-grade fever.

Micro:  If the immune system has already been decreased, the immune system (such as white blood cells), will not be able to fight off the infection quickly.  Rubella virus cells will continue to multiply in the respiratory system, spread, and cause infection in other areas.

Interconnected: A fever, rash, runny/stuffy nose, and swollen lymph nodes are all responses from different systems. The lymph nodes are a part of the lymphatic system, and the skin where the rash is belongs to the integumentary system.  Swollen lymph nodes in your lymphatic system can cause trouble breathing affecting your respiratory system, as can having a runny/stuffy nose.  The integumentary system is connected to the immune system, by the immune system responding to the infection with a rash appearing on the skin.

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The illness breast cancer is when cells in the breast ducts that group together and multiply and ruins the tissue around it. It can be malignant which is cancerous or it can be benign which is non cancerous.

Macro: people with breast cancer can experience symptoms like shortness of breath and lumps in the breast and or armpit
micro: These symptoms occurs when a group of cells grown over time faster then the other cells around it and they kill off healthy cells and can spread to other cells around which at that point can become deadly, this leads to low energy in a persons everyday life which is how the micro level functions effects the macro level outcome.

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Disease: Lyme Disease

Macro: Lyme disease is a bacterial infection which can be spread through the bite of an infected tick bug (specifically deer ticks). Major symptoms of Lyme disease can include joint pain, fever, fatigue, headaches, arthritis, and a specific skin rash around the bite area called 'erythema migrans'.

Micro: These various symptoms occur because the bacteria (referred to as 'borrelia burgdorferi')  from the tick bite begins to travel through the bloodstream (cells) and spreads the bacteria outward into various (tissues) in your body. If gone untreated, the infection will create an inflammatory condition within the (tissue) and (organs). This is what creates the skin rash as well as the various joint pain, headaches, and arthritic conditions.

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disease: acute flaccid myelitis (AFM)
a type of acute flaccid paralysis

Macro: The symptoms of AFM is weakness in one or more limbs (arms/legs) or decreased/absent reflexes. Some people with AFM could also experience facial weakness or drooping and also pain.

Micro: AFM disease can be caused by either environmental toxins or an autoimmune disease. Could also be caused by West Nile Virus or a number of different infections. Last year CDC warned COVID-19 could cause more cases of AFM.

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The disease I decided to do is Alzheimer's. On a macro level a person with Alzheimer's can suffer from many different symptoms such as memory loss or confusion. Where on a micro level the neurons stop functioning and lose connection with other neurons and die. Alzheimer disrupts the process of neurons and their network. Which can include communication and metabolism as well.

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The disease I chose is Beta Thalassemia Major, also known as Mediterranean Anemia. This is a very rare and deadly disease if not found extremely early on and treated. Even when treated its still very deadly, if it is not monitored frequently. It is found mostly in people of Mediterranean decent, and it is passed down genetically.

Macro level:
People with Mediterranean anemia, cant do to much physical activity. They experience head aches and tiredness when exposed to to much physical labor.

Micro level:
It comes down to a decrease in hemoglobin and so cells die off faster. They must under go frequent blood transfusions that dangerously heighten their iron levels, so they must take medication to balance it out. Without medication the iron from the blood transfusions will attack their organs resulting in death.

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Illness: Sore Throat

A sore throat is very common to get. It is when the back of your throat is irritated, sore, or scratchy.

Macro: When someone says they have a sore throat it normally means that they have swollen lymph nodes in their neck. Swollen lymph nodes normally enlarge when fighting off an infection from bacteria or viruses.

Micro: Lymph nodes are small bundles of white blood cells. The white blood cells create a number of enzymes which help fight off diseases or in this case a sore throat. If your WBC (white blood cell) is low then it can cause a life-treating infection.

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Disease: Avascular Necrosis

Macro:  People with avascular necrosis will experience small pains in their joints that will grow increasingly uncomfortable, although, many do not have any early symptoms at all. Eventually they will feel pain using their joints or even laying still.  If left untreated bones can micro fracture or collapse completely.

Micro: Your bones (organ) are receiving limited to ceased blood flow (tissue). This means that the bone cannot receive the oxygen (element) and nutrients it need to stay healthy. That bone will no longer be able to produce blood cells (cell) but, thankfully we have plenty of other bones to do that for us.

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Bacterial Pneumonia

Bacterial Pneumonia can sometimes occur on it's own, but most of the time it occurs after you have had a cold or the flu. It usually only affects one lobe, of the lung.

Macro: A person with Bacterial Pneumonia will experience coughing, chills, sharp and stabby chest pains, high fever, very tired, and sweating.

Micro:  Bacterial Pneumonia is an infection of your lungs that is cause by bacteria. If you are young and healthy it usually won't affect you, but if your immune system becomes weak for some reason it can go back to your lungs. When this occurs, the air sac in your lungs get inflamed and infected. Then they fill up with fluid and cause Pneumonia.

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Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

IBS is a syndrome that affects the lower part of the digestive tract. Mainly taking place in the intestines and the bowels, it can cause: excess amounts of gas, severe cramping, bloating, abdominal pain, as well as a lot of discomfort.

Macro: Severe cramping in the intestines due to trapped gas, Severe abdominal pain, extreme diarrhea or constipation, as well as blood in the stool are symptoms that can occur at macro level. Weight loss is also another symptom that can happen due to the fact that it can be hard to ingest food without being in any type of pain.

Micro: Certain foods or drinks can irritate the digestive tract such as caffeine, and can cause slight discomfort or cause multiple emergency trips washroom. Stomach aches become more common, as well as excess gas is produced and trapped within the intestines.

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Bronchial Asthma

Bronchial Asthma is a disease that causes airways to become chronically inflamed. This means that the airways swell and become very narrow while producing extra mucus. All of these combined makes it very hard to breath. This disease is also one of the most common diseases that is diagnosed and affects people for quite a long time.

Macro: Bronchial Asthma causes the person to have periodic 'asthma attacks'. These involve extreme coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and chest pain/tightness.

Micro: This disease affects the airways in a few different ways. The membrane of the airways can control mucus secretion and it may begin to secrete excess mucus. Along with that the airway gets inflamed and narrow. The inflammation and mucus combined makes it very difficult for the person to breath normally.

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is a complex condition characterized by elevated androgen levels, menstrual irregularities, and/or small cysts on one or both ovaries.

Macro: Infertility Acne, Obesity, Menstrual Disfunction,

Micro: Insulin resistance, multiple cysts,

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Ehlers Danlos Syndrome -

Ehlers Danlos Syndrome is a disorder that affects the connective tissues within the body. Ehlers Danlos Syndrome is most commonly inherited, and passed genetically. The syndrome can affect the connective tissues in the skin, joints, and blood vessel walls. Those who have Ehlers Danlos have hyper flexible joints and overly soft, fragile skin. Personally, I suffer from the version of Ehlers Danlos Syndrome that causes extreme hyper mobility. This means that my knees, elbows, shoulders, and other joints hyper extend, and dislocate

The more severe version, Vascular Ehlers Danlos Syndrome, weakens the connective tissue in the walls of the body's blood vessels, and can lead to a rupture of the intestines, or the uterus.

On the macro level, the body’s connective tissue deteriorating can result in dislocations of affected joints, most commonly knees, elbows, and shoulders. The syndrome can also make the skin feel extremely smooth, and elastic. This can result in easy cuts, scrapes and bruises, and can also affect the body’s ability to heal these wounds properly.

On the micro level, all of these injuries happen due to improper production and processing of collagen, connective tissue, and blood vessels. Because these are irregular, they cause loose joints that have a hard time maintaining proper structure.

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Disease: Appendicitis

Macro: It will cause you to experience pain on the right side of the lower abdomen, nausea, vomiting, low fever, and loss of appetite.

Micro: The person (organism) will experience this as their appendix (organ) has a blockage in the lining which results in an infection. The bacteria (cells) then cause the tissue (tissue) to be inflamed. If not treated soon enough it may rupture.