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Mary Wollstonecraft was a women's rights activist. She believed that women need an education, just like men, to be useful to society. She published her ideas in her essay, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman.

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The french word for philosopher, which was the name for the people of the time that criticized society. They believed people could apply reason to life, and believed in five things: Reason, Nature, Happiness, Progress, and Liberty. The most famous was Voltaire.

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A philosopher who wrote essays and fought for individual freedom. He believed that civilization got rid of the goodness in people and believed the only fair type of government was a direct democracy. He believed everyone was equal, and that royalty did not matter.

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A famous philosopher who wrote essays that fought for religious freedom and freedom of speech, thought, and freedom of expression. Many people didn't agree with his ideas, and he made many enemies through his writings.

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An intellectual movement in the 17th and 18th centuries that focused on reason, logic, problem-solving, and thought.

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A law discovered by Isaac Newton which states that all the objects in the universe attract all other objects.

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A Greek astronomer who, in the 2nd century, studied and supported the geocentric theory and added evidence to back it up.

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The method scientists use to experiment and test theories. The steps go: Observation, Question, Hypothesis, Experiment, and Conclusion. It was pioneered by Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, Francis Bacon, and René Descartes.

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An English scientist who studied at Cambridge University. He discovered gravity (the force that attracts all objects to each other) and discovered the Law of Universal Gravitation. He also made his Three Laws of Motion, which are very famous in the scientific world.

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The theory that the sun is in the center of the universe and everything revolves around it. Pioneered by Nicolaus Copernicus.

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The Polish astronomer that is credited with creating the Heliocentric theory. He published his ideas in his book, On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies.

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The period of time starting in the 1500s where people began to have a new way of looking at and thinking about the natural world. People began to question old ideas and create new theories.

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The theory that the Earth is that center of the universe and that everything else revolves in circular paths around it. Pioneered by Greek philosopher Aristotle and Greek astronomer Ptolemy.

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An English political philosopher who believed that people were evil and that they needed to hand over their freedom to a strong ruler to protect themselves from each other. He created the social contract theory. He published his ideas in his book, Leviathan.

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The theory that people give their freedom and some rights to a government to gain protection from themselves and to gain order. Thomas Hobbes pioneered this theory, and believed people needed a strong ruler and an absolute monarchy that could make the right decisions for them. He published this idea in the book, Leviathan.

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A German astronomer who studied the movement of the planets, moon, sun, and stars. He found that things move in elliptical or oval-shaped orbits, not perfect circles. His work proved that Copernicus' heliocentric theory was correct.

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A philosopher that believed that humans were good and that they  should govern themselves in a self-government. He disproved the absolute monarchy style of government of the time with his Tabula Rasa theory that all people are born equal, and that our experiences shape who we are. He believed that everyone is born with three rights: life, liberty, and property, and that government is used to protect those rights. He said that if a government did not, the people it governed had a right to rebel. He supported the idea of separation of powers (the idea that the lawmaking and law enforcing powers should be separated in a government). He also believed that the power of a government comes from the consent of the people it governs.

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A French philosopher who came up with the idea of Separation of Powers in governments, which is the idea that the lawmaking and law enforcing powers should be separated in a government. He also came up with the idea of checks and balances, which is the idea that no one should have too much power and that to keep one group's power in check you need to give another group power as well. His ideas had a huge impact on the U.S. Government today.

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An Italian astronomer that built his own telescope to look into space at the sun, moon, stars, and planets. He found that Jupiter had 4 moons that revolved around it, that the sun had dark splotches on it, and that the moon had craters on its surface. All of these findings went against the geocentric theory and the theories of scientists in the past. Previously, Aristotle had said that the moon and stars were pure and perfect orbs, but the craters on the moon and spots on the sun proved he was wrong. The geocentric theory also said that everything revolved around the Earth, but the discovery that Jupiter had 4 moons that orbited around it completely disproved that theory. All of this pointed towards the heliocentric theory as the correct theory.