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I know not all of my definitions have significant terms that the term at hand is related to bolded/underlined. My computer, for whatever reason, was making it very difficult to bold these terms without interfering with the whole slide completely, and by the time I went back to fix it, it was getting very close to the deadline. I will have it fixed by next week so that my future vocab walls have all the appropriate notation.

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Segregation laws in the south after Reconstruction. these laws were very strict and called for extreme separation of races. These laws were ruled constitutional as long as they abode by the "separate but equal" rule. Examples include de facto and de jure segregation.

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Where the idea of integration and desegregation in schools was set to begin. Nine African American students volunteered to be the first to attend Central High and begin the integration process - before Orval Faubus made a huge mess out of it, of course.

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Protest in the mid 50s by African Americans against racial segregation in the bus system. This boycott was started by Rosa Parks and her refusal to give up her bus seat to a white man, and was designed to be a one-day bus boycott. This entailed African Americans in large numbers refusing to ride public transportation as a nonviolent protest while the NAACP worked on a legal challenge.

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Assassin of JFK. After thorough investigation courtesy of the Warren Commission, it was ruled that Oswald was the sole killer of Kennedy. However, many later believed that it was a team operation.

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How the court interprets the Constitution and make their decision. In the Tinker case, many thought that the Supreme Court interpreted the Constitution very loosely, and did not adhere to what it actually said when making the decision to rule the armband protests as symbolic free speech.

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An example of how the Supreme Court made a ruling based on its expansion of what free speech is. In this case, they ruled that kids do not give up their free speech rights when in school, and that wearing black armbands as a protest qualifies as symbolic speech and could continue. Many believed that the court had cut this case a little too much slack and not adhered to the Constitution as well as it should have.

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Supreme Court led at the time by Earl Warren. At this time, the court was taking on controversial topics regarding religion, society, and politics. The decisions made by this court tended to favor civil rights, civil liberties, voting rights and personal privacy.

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As less restrictive immigration policies arose, so did this act. The goal of this act was to alter the American quota system and open the doors of immigration to a wider audience.

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Provided basic medical aid to the poor and disabled Americans not part of the social security system. This was also part of Johnson's Social Security Act.

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A medical care program for the elderly. More specifically, it provided health care for those who were in the social security system and 65 or older. The funding for it came from a tax on the earnings workers received and fro payments of retirees. This idea was introduced in Johnson's Social Security Act.

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What Johnson called his image of America during his speech at the University of Michigan. He believed that even though Americans were spreading across the continent and creating incredible wealth and industry, Americans should still focus on poverty and racial injustice and how to end them.

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Republican candidate from Arizona in 1964. He believed that the federal government were hurting issues such as civil rights and economic affairs, not helping them. He favored tax cuts and and the right to work, but he opposed social welfare and government spending on social issues like education, housing and urban renewal.

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This act was part of Johnson's war on poverty and trained men and women ages 16-21 in skills they needed for work so they could get better jobs and move out of poverty. It also formed Volunteers in Service to America to serve in inner city schools, on reservations, health clinics hospitals, Lastly, it helped fund the Head Start program, which organized play groups and day care for underprivileged kids to prepare them for school.

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This was introduced by Lyndon B. Johnson and intended to train those without jobs, give education to those who needed it, and provide healthcare to those who were in need. This was Johnson's "loophole" to Kennedy's budget cut ideas before he passed.

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Conducted the official investigation of the JFK assassination. They were able to rule that Lee Harvey Oswald was the sole killer of Kennedy - at least for the time being.

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Competition between the United States and the Soviet Union and their development of technology to successfully land on the moon. Based on the success of the Project Mercury satellite, Kennedy committed the united States to landing a man on the moon by 1970. Through multiple successes and failures, Neil Armstrong became the first man to step on the moon in 1969, one year before that in Kennedy's promise. This was a turning point in the space race, for not only did Soviet Russia no longer rival the US, but the technology and inventions developed in the process made life on Earth for Americans much easier and more efficient as well.

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Government practice of borrowing money to spend more than is received from taxes. This idea was conceived by theorist John Maynard Keynes and accepted by JFK. Kennedy then called for tax cuts for the middle class, and increased taxes for the wealthy. This was to try and "put more money in more people's pockets". This also significantly contributed to the economic growth in the late 60s.

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Required equal pay for equal work done to produce goods for commerce. This was part of the result to equalize the wages for men and women, along with boosting minimum wage in general.

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This term described Kennedy's promises and proposals for improvement in the economy, education, healthcare and civil rights. He also hoped to jump start the space program during this time.

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Republican candidate in the 1960 election. He was very similar to Democratic candidate John F. Kennedy in multiple ways; both had been born in the twentieth century, both had served in the navy during WWII, both were elected to Congress and the Senate, both were passionate about foreign affairs and anticommunism, and both were young, energetic, intelligent and hardworking. On the other hand, they had many differences. Nixon did not grow up wealthy, struggled to balance his school studies and work and had to help support his family.

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Democrat candidate in the 1960 election. In many ways, he was similar to the Republican candidate Richard M. Nixon; both had been born in the twentieth century, both had served in the navy during WWII, both were elected to Congress and the Senate, both were passionate about foreign affairs and anticommunism, and both were young, energetic, intelligent and hardworking. However, Kennedy differed from Nixon in that he was from a wealthy family, attended Harvard, and reasoned that his religious affiliations shouldn't interfere with the election.

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Favoring those who tend to suffer from discrimination, especially in employment or education. Affirmative action, along with forced busing, was a method of integration to eliminate segregation. This particular affirmative action was to close the economic gap between blacks and whites in the 1960s. This was a very controversial topic, as many whites believed it to be "reverse discrimination". Also, affirmative action may have some unintended consequences, and could potentially be harmful to those it was initially trying to help.

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A restaurant in Atlanta who resisted and form of civil rights and desegregation. He even closed down his restaurant to avoid serving African Americans when discrimination was banned. Then, he ran for and was elected governor, and wouldn't allow the civil rights leader to even step foot in the Georgia state capitol building. This was after the assassination of MLK, which was marked as a turning point in civil rights movements.

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A party formed by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale, which eventually became known as the symbol of young militant African Americans. The Black Panthers organized armed patrols to protect neighborhoods from police brutality. They also took steps to decrease poverty, such as free breakfasts for African American children. Many African Americans felt empowered and inspired by this movement, and began to wear their hair in "afros" and refer to themselves as "black".

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The term used when African Americans began to follow the lead of Malcolm X and move away from nonviolence. They also began to realize that integration implied that white systems were superior to black systems. James Meredith led a march up until he was shot and left for dead b a white supremacist. Nonetheless, SNCC, CORE, and SCLC members continued his march. The aim of this march was to assert that African Americans needed "balck power" and should use their economic and political muscle to gain equality. Even so, many whites felt threatened.

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Religious sect headed by Elijah Muhammad. Its rules included strictly governed behavior, no drugs or alcohol, and absolute separation of races. Malcolm X was a prominent member - and later, minister - of this group in the 1950s/60s.

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One of the most well-known African American radicals, Malcolm X was a different form of civil rights activist. His journey started in prison, where he converted to the Nation of Islam. Once out of prison, he became the most prominent minister of the Nation of Islam. Eventually, he left the Nation of Islam to start his own organization and took and pilgrimage to Mecca, but was later shot and killed by Nation of Islam members.

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Most well-known African American radical. He landed in prison where he educated himself and converted to Islam. After his release from prison, he became one of the most prominent minister of the Nation of Islam. After many years, he broke away and created his own organization, made a pilgrimage to Mecca, and was eventually shot and killed by members of the Nation of Islam. Malcolm X was just one example of a different kind of civil rights activist.

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This amendment banned poll taxes, which were put in place to keep poor African Americans from voting. Gerrymandering was also reduced so that all African Americans were included in the voting area. This amendment led to a skyrocket of African American involvement in politics in the deep south.

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This act banned literacy tests and gave the federal government power to oversee voting registration and elections in states known to discriminate. At first, this just applied to African Americans, but about 10 years after the initial act was passed, it was extended to cover Hispanics as well. This act was passed in 1965 by Congress because they were shocked by the protests, lobbying, and words from the President himself.

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Major campaign comprised of about 1,000 volunteers - mainly black and white students - formed to flood Mississippi and register African Americans to vote. Also, the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party, an alternate to Mississippi's all-white Democratic Party, was formed during this time.

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This act, passed after a lengthy filibuster, banned segregation in public accommodations and gave the federal government the power to overrule state and local school boars to desegregate their schools.

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Tactic for senators to give long winded speeches in order to draw out legislative business. The filibuster during the civil rights movement lasted more than 80 days until enough votes were cast to overcome it.

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A nonviolent protest in Washington, D.C. to put pressure on Congress to pass more civil rights laws. More than double the anticipated number of people participated, and that number of people included multiple races. This march was the starting point of today's movements, and featured multiple singers and speakers, such as MLK.

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Alabama Governor who was very pro-segregation. He once stood in the doorway of the University of Alabama to block two African American students from entering since he was so against integrating schools. He was eventually forced to back down when he was threatened by the federal government.

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Civil Rights activist involved in the case regarding James Meredith's college admission.

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An Air Force veteran who wanted to be the first African American to enroll at the all-white University of Mississippi. With the help of the NAACP, who were using litigation to challenge segregation, Meredith was able to convince the Supreme Court to make the university desegregate.

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African Americans would set off on buses (subject to federal legislation) and defy segregation by sitting in the front of the buses and using white restrooms. The first group to do this was CORE in 1961 through the deep south. Some of these rides ended in violent attacks on African Americans from segregationists, unfortunately.

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Inspired by Ella Baker, the SNCC aimed to create a "grass-roots" movement that got all African American classes involved the the struggle to obtain (racial) equality.

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A Baptist minister who delivered a peaceful message declaring that since African Americans were tired of the segregation, there was nothing left to do but protest. However, the protests should be nonviolent, and the black people shouldn't show hatred and resent for the whites, but love instead. After this message was delivered, the MIA voted for King to be its leader and continue the boycotts. His leadership and example eventually led to African Americans being able to bus without discrimination.

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African American seamstress who refused to give up her seat on a bus - already in the Negro section - for a white man. In Montgomery, Alabama, it was law that African Americans give up their seats on public transportation for white passengers. Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat after being asked to give it up, and said it was because she thought she shouldn't have to give up her seat that she paid the fare for. This act set off a chain reaction of occurrences that contributed to the civil rights movement.

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Eisenhower signed this bill into law, which established the United States Civil Rights Commission and gave it power to investigate violations of civil rights. It also gave the Attorney General more power to protect the voting rights of African Americans. Some said that although it lacked "teeth", it was symbolically important because it was the first civil rights law passed since Reconstruction.

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Challenge of the NAACP to desegregate public schools at all grade levels. In this case, the NAACP challenged the "separate but equal" segregation policy, which was eventually ruled unconstitutional.

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Arkansas governor who didn't let nine African American students integrate into the school systems and begin the process of desegregating schools.

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Wrote the decision made in the Brown v. Board of Education case that argued that segregated schooling was unconstitutional. All nine of the Court's Justices were behind this decision.

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An African American lawyer who headed the legal team that wanted to use litigation to spread the civil rights movement, make the lynching of African Americans a federal crime, and ultimately take more steps to ending the racism.

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Segregation by unwritten custom and tradition. This was very prominent in the north for African Americans, who were denied access to certain housing and had to accept low-paying jobs - if they were offered jobs at all.

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Segregation imposed by law. This type of segregation was ruled constitutional as long as facilities and areas for blacks and whites were "separate but equal".