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January 1863: Lincoln announced the Emancipation Proclamation

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January 1863: Lincoln announced the Emancipation Proclamation

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The Emancipation Proclamation was a presidential proclamation issued by President Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863, during the American Civil War. It was an important turning point in the war and was a key factor in the eventual abolition of slavery in the United States. The Emancipation Proclamation was later followed by the 13th Amendment to the Constitution, which abolished slavery throughout the United States. This was more along the lines of justice because it called for more action against southern ideologies of slavery and caused them to create change. This was not only justice for the north but was justice for black people too as it ended the institution of slavery which was extremely immoral and unjust.

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December 1863: Lincoln announced the 10% plan 

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December 1863: Lincoln announced the 10% plan 

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The 10% Plan was a proposal put forth by President Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War. It was designed to facilitate the reconstruction of the southern states that had seceded from the Union and to bring them back into the country. The plan called for offering a pardon to all southerners who pledged allegiance to the United States and would take an oath to support the Constitution. In addition, it required that 10% of a state's voters take the oath in order for the state to be readmitted to the Union. This pushed America towards healing because this new rule was extremely lenient compared to what the rest of the Republicans wanted.

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1864: Republicans wanted to replace Lincoln's 10% plan with the stricter "Wade-Davis plan"

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1864: Republicans wanted to replace Lincoln's 10% plan with the stricter "Wade-Davis plan"

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Under the Wade-Davis Plan, each Southern state would have been required to adopt a new state constitution that abolished slavery and provided for African Americans. The plan also called for a majority of the white population in each state to take an oath of loyalty to the Union before they could be granted political rights. In addition, the plan proposed the establishment of a provisional government in each state that would be responsible for overseeing the implementation of the new constitution and the enfranchisement of African Americans. The Wade-Davis Plan was seen as a more radical and progressive approach to Reconstruction than the Lincoln Administration's policy. It was supported by many abolitionists and Radical Republicans. This plan was more along the lines of justice because it called for more white southerners to follow the Union, but was never passed.

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Spring 1865: Confederate armies surrendered and didn't have much representation in congress

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Spring 1865: Confederate armies surrendered and didn't have much representation in congress

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During the Reconstruction period, the Southern states had no representation in Congress and were unable to have a say in the policies and decisions that were being made at the national level.  The Southern states were under military occupation and were not allowed to participate in the national government. This lack of representation was a major source of frustration for many Southern whites, who felt that they were being unfairly treated and discriminated against by the federal government. At this point in time, it was justice to not allow the south back into congress because they were the ones that seceded.

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December 1865: 13th Amendment is ratified

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December 1865: 13th Amendment is ratified

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The 13th Amendment banned slavery and involuntary servitude. It was a major turning point in American history and had far-reaching consequences for the nation's political, social, and economic landscape. It effectively ended the practice of slavery, which had been a source of conflict and division in the country for centuries. This was justice as it gave a significant portion of Americans rights when they previously did not have any.

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Spring 1865: Freedman's Bureau was passed

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Spring 1865: Freedman's Bureau was passed

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The Freedmen's Bureau was a big step in the right direction during the Reconstruction Era, helping to shape the political, social, and economic climate of the South after the Civil War. However, its efforts were often met with resistance from white supremacist southerners who opposed the idea of African Americans being given equal rights. Despite these challenges, the Freedmen's Bureau was crucial for rebuilding and was justice because it gave black Americans the justice and freedom they deserved.

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Spring 1866: First civil rights act was passed

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Spring 1866: First civil rights act was passed

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The Civil Rights Act of 1866 was the first law of its kind in the United States, and it was a significant step forward for civil rights in the country. The act granted citizenship to all people that were born in the US, including former slaves, and it granted them the same rights as white Americans. Some rights  included the right to own property and the right to sue in court. The act also made it illegal for states to pass laws that discriminated against African Americans on the basis of race. The Civil Rights Act of 1866 was an important step before the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution, which was ratified in 1868 and granted citizenship and equal protection under the law to all who were born in the United States. This was justice because the civil rights of 1866 created major change in the south and called for black Americans to be on the same level as white supremacists much to their disdain.

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December 1866: Founding of the KKK (Meaningful Event)

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December 1866: Founding of the KKK (Meaningful Event)

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The KKK is a white supremacist hate group in the United States. It was founded in 1866 by a group of Confederate veterans in Pulaski, Tennessee, with the original intention of resisting Reconstruction and promoting white supremacy. The group has a long history of violence and terrorism against African Americans. The KKK used intimidation and violence to maintain white supremacy and suppress the rights of African Americans. The group used hoods, robes, and other symbols to conceal their identities and to instill fear in their victims. The KKK tried to undermine justice and reflected the way that southern whites truly felt. They wanted to make sure that whites stayed on top of the social totem pole. This was neither healing nor justice, but the KKK would play a large role in preventing justice from being served.

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Spring 1867: the first reconstruction acts were adopted

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Spring 1867: the first reconstruction acts were adopted

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The first Reconstruction Act, which was passed in March 1867, divided the South into five military districts and placed them under the control of Union generals. The act also required the Southern states to hold conventions to draft new state constitutions that would include  the abolition of slavery and the enfranchisement of African American men. The act also required the Southern states to ratify the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution, which abolished slavery throughout the United States.  The act was met with resistance from many white Southerners who opposed the idea of African Americans being given equal rights. However, they were seen as necessary by many Northern Republicans, who believed that military rule was needed to ensure that the Reconstruction process was carried out fairly and effectively. This was justice because it forced the Southern states to take action and create change in order for them to be allowed back into the Union rather than just being forgiven.

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March 1867: Tenure of Office Act was enacted

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March 1867: Tenure of Office Act was enacted

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"This law forbade the president from dismissing any official who had been approved by the Senate, without the agreement of the Senate" (High School Case Method Study). This is justice because Andrew Johnson was disregarding the demands of congress and let some Southern states into the United States (or the Union). This act called for a total change of heart from Southern states and to be held accountable for their actions against black people for several hundred years

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February 1868: Andrew Johnson was impeached and ousted as POTUS.

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February 1868: Andrew Johnson was impeached and ousted as POTUS.

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Johnson, who became president after the assassination of Abraham Lincoln in 1865, was a strong advocate for a lenient Reconstruction policy, which included pardoning Confederate leaders and allowing Southern states to re-enter the Union without having to meet certain conditions set by Congress. However, Congress, which was controlled by Radical Republicans, favored a harsher Reconstruction policy, and tried to restrict his power. Andrew Johnson's impeachment was an important event in the Reconstruction Era because it demonstrated the determination of Congress to assert its power and authority over the executive branch of government. This is definitely justice because it held Johnson accountable for being too lenient and called for the Confederacy to repent and pay its consequences for it's actions.

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The Fourteenth Amendment grants citizenship and equal protection under the law to all people born in the United States, including former slaves. It says that "All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws". This Amendment also made it illegal to not follow the Freedmen's Bureau. This was justice similar to the 13th Amendment because it completely changed the Southern way of life and granted a chunk of the Southern population protection from white supremacy.

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February 1870 : Fifteenth Amendment was ratified

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February 1870 : Fifteenth Amendment was ratified

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The 15th Amendment granted African American men the right to vote. It guaranteed that “the right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous conditions of servitude” (Foner, Give me Liberty). The 15th Amendment became part of the Constitution in 1870. Congress required Georgia, Virginia, Mississippi, and Texas that at the time did not have representation in Congress to ratify it before their representation was restored. Military rule ended." Along with the 13th and 14th amendments, this was justice as it granted as well as preserved the rights of not just black people, but a lot of other oppressed people like Asians, and Native Americans.

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"A series of laws that gave federal courts, for the first time, jurisdiction over civil rights crimes by individuals, including attempts to violate black voting rights. The power of the Klan was effectively broken" (High School Case Method Study). The KKK losing its power was justice and a step in the right direction for black people and southern republicans as there was no longer a systematic way for white supremacists to disrupt their plans for reuniting the union.

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1873: Economic Depression (Meaningful Event)

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1873: Economic Depression (Meaningful Event)

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"The economic depression lasted for years. In 1874 unemployment reached 25% in New York City. Voters blamed the Republicans, as the party in power for the 'hard times'. As a result in the 1874 Congressional elections, Democrats won control of the House of Representatives for the first time since before the civil war. By 1878 over ten thousand companies went bankrupt" (High School Case Method Study). While the economic depression can't be seen as a deliberate attempt at either healing or justice, it is still extremely important event on the timeline because the USA suddenly had a different issue/disaster that they had to fix and heal the country from, which put justice for crimes against African Americans and  in the back seat.

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1875: Mississippi faced a surge of White League Terror

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1875: Mississippi faced a surge of White League Terror

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"Democrats took control of Mississippi. The Republican Party shut down and president Grant did not send the army to restore order, so Hayes would win the state government election in Ohio, which was a major swing state" (High School Case Method Study). This was healing, not justice because there was no army to keep order within Mississippi and many white supremacists could have terrorized the black community with little to no repercussions.

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"In February 1877 the negotiations led to a meeting at the Wormley House in Washington and to segregation. The Compromise of 1877 resolved the disputed 1876 presidential election between Democratic candidate Samuel Tilden and Republican candidate Rutherford B. Hayes. Democrats agreed that Hayes would become president in exchange for the withdrawal of federal troops from the South and the granting of home rule in the South" (High School Case Method Study). This was healing because it gave the South more leeway to continue their old ways of life. Without the stationing of federal troops in the South, there was no way to enforce the rules that the Republican congress had put in place.

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The Redeemers - the coalition of merchants, planters, and business entrepreneurs who dominated the region’s politics after 1877 had moved to undo as much as possible of Reconstruction. New laws authorized the arrest of anyone without employment and put the convicted criminals that were majority black in the hands of private businessmen and companies competing for cheap labor. Since the main attraction for investors was the South’s low wages and low taxes, there was little contribution to regional economic development as the region was an export center of rice, tobacco, and cotton. The network of institutions created after the Civil War such as schools, colleges, churches, and businesses supported the growth of a black middle class but the labor market was rigidly divided along racial lines. Black men were excluded from supervisory positions or white-collar jobs. This new law was neither healing nor justice, but it set the black movement for equality back to square one. Police and judges could give a black person 10 years for doing almost nothing such as jaywalking, and get free labor out of them. With the job market being divided too, it also made it hard for black men to get jobs, and unemployment would lead to arrests and prison time.

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"African-Americans at the bottom of a stagnant economy migrated to Kansas seeking political equality, access to education, some ended up as unskilled laborers" (Give me Liberty) Even though African Americans technically chose to migrate to Kansas, the circumstances in many states in the South really forced African Americans to leave for their own safety. This was healing because many Southern Democrats and racist peoples alike were getting exactly what they wanted by having many African Americans leave their towns and cities. This exodus was not discouraged by the government despite the obvious extenuating circumstances that caused the migration.

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The Supreme Court invalidated the Civil Rights Act of 1875. This caused the "1896  Plessy v. Ferguson case, which allowed for approvals of laws requiring separate facilities for blacks and whites, arguing that separate facilities did not discriminate so long as they were 'separate but equal'. Laws mandating racial segregation in every aspect of southern life from schools to hospitals to toilets" (Give me Liberty). Separate but equal is not equal by any means so this did not help the black cause and was healing since the Southerners were trying everything they could to avoid equality. They wanted to stay on top and control the country, and cases such as Plessy vs. Ferguson definitely helped.

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Every Southern state enacted laws or constitutional provisions to eliminate the black vote. Even though the 15th Amendment prohibited the use of race as a qualification for suffrage, they designed laws such as the poll tax in order to retain the right to vote, literacy tests, and “understanding” of the state constitution. They also implemented the grandfather clause, exempting from the new requirements descendants of people eligible to vote before the Civil War applicable of course to only whites. Even though Reconstruction was seen as a regrettable period of black rule to Southern Democrats, those democrats were still able to reduce African Americans to second-class citizenship. Southern governments proceeded to erect monuments that support the Lost Cause, which ultimately started a movement that plagues the US and its schools to this day. These disenfranchisement movements were healing because white southerners had finally found loopholes in the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments. These loopholes were extremely tedious things. A black and white man could both fail literacy tests, but if either man's grandfather voted, the test didn't matter. The Southern exploitation of the Amendments that were in place to protect African American peoples was a deliberate attack on any progress that had been made. These disenfranchisement movements were also based in, and promoted, inherently racist beliefs and stereotypes.

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1896: The National Association of Colored Women was founded (Meaningful Event)

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1896: The National Association of Colored Women was founded (Meaningful Event)

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"Brought together regional women’s clubs to press for women’s rights and racial uplift. The women reformers challenged the racial ideology that considered all blacks to the status of degraded second-class citizens" (Give me Liberty). This was neither justice nor healing. However, it was a fight for equality at a time when all men weren't equal. The NACW ended up being a very influential and important group in the fight for colored women's rights, making its founding a meaningful event during the Reconstruction era.

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1913: 50th anniversary of Gettysburg - American memory of the Civil War

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1913: 50th anniversary of Gettysburg - American memory of the Civil War

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President Wilson glossed over the causes and true purpose of the Civil War and never referenced questions of slavery, rebellion, and rampant mistrust. Instead, he focused on the unity of former enemies that were gathered in Gettysburg. The President talked about how the focus should not be on the purpose of the Battle of Gettysburg, but instead a reflection of the 50 year period that had occurred since the battle. A period in his words of “peace and union and vigor” "healing" and “brothers and comrades in arms, enemies no longer, generous friends rather, our battles long past, the quarrel forgotten”. President Wilson's speech was healing because he not only ignored the struggle that black Americans faced and the whole reason the civil war happened, but he also literally says that in the 50 years since the Battle of Gettysburg, the country has been "healing". The admission of healing, combined with the focus of the speech being one of unity between old enemies turned friends, was just a portion of a speech that stated, "our battles long past, the quarrel forgotten". This implies that the south should not be held accountable, the struggle that African Americans went through should not be acknowledged, and America's bloodiest war should just be 'forgotten'.