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Anopheles mosquito, the primary vector for transmitting the malaria parasite, is prevalent in many parts of Africa. The mosquito breeds in standing water, which is common in many African communities due to poor infrastructure and a lack of access to clean water.

Weak health systems in many African countries also contribute to the high burden of malaria. Many African countries have a shortage of trained health care workers and lack of resources to effectively diagnose and treat malaria.

Many areas in Africa have a warm and humid climate, which is suitable for the growth and reproduction of mosquitoes.

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Malaria is one of the leading causes of death and illness in many developing countries, particularly in Africa, where it is responsible for the deaths of hundreds of thousands of people each year. The estimated number of malaria deaths stood at 619 000 in 2021(WHO). The study of malaria is crucial in order to understand the disease and develop effective ways to prevent and treat it. This includes researching the biology of the parasite and the mosquito vector, as well as developing new drugs and vaccines. Additionally, studying the social and economic factors that contribute to the spread of malaria can help to inform public health policies and interventions aimed at reducing the burden of the disease.

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When the Plasmodium parasite infects a red blood cell, it digests the hemoglobin, which releases toxic byproducts such as heme, which is a component of hemoglobin. These toxic byproducts can cause damage to cells, leading to inflammation and pain. Additionally, the byproducts can also disrupt the normal function of organs such as the liver and kidneys, leading to further damage and pain.

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Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs). ACT is a combination of two or more drugs that work against the malaria parasite in different ways. This is usually the preferred treatment for chloroquine-resistant malaria.

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Chloroquine phosphate. Chloroquine is the preferred treatment for any parasite that is sensitive to the drug. But in many parts of the world, parasites has grown resistant to chloroquine, and the drug is no longer an effective treatment.

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The fever and chills of malaria are associated with the rupture of erythrocytic-stage schizonts. In severe falciparum malaria, parasitized red cells may obstruct capillaries and postcapillary venules, leading to local hypoxia and the release of toxic cellular products.

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RTS,S: the vaccine is designed to prevent the parasite from infecting the liver, where it can mature, multiply, reenter the bloodstream, and infect red blood cells.

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The incubation period of malaria(the time between being bitten by an infected mosquito and developing symptoms) can range from 7 to 30 days. During this time, there are usually no signs or symptoms of the disease. Once the incubation period is over and the parasites have entered the red blood cells, the symptoms of malaria will begin to appear.

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Use mosquito nets: use of mosquito nets stops the mosquitos from spreading malaria since there will be new human host for the parasites if everyone uses a mosquito net.  According to BMC, an increase of 10 % in ownership of mosquito nets at village level had an average of 5.2 % decrease in all age malaria deaths

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Wear protective clothing(insecticide-treated clothes): Wear long sleeves and pants to cover your skin to protect one's from getting bitten. According to National Library of Medicine, wearing an insecticide-treated clothes reduced malaria infection by about 70 percent.

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Use insect repellents: When you are outside, use insect repellents to keep the mosquitos away. According to CDC, insect repellents is one important step of preventing malaria.

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Gametocytes are cells that are involved in sexual reproduction. The cells fuse during fertilization to form a new organism.

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The cycle repeats as the sporozoites are transmitted to a new human host.

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The gametocytes undergo fertilization and develop into sporozoites inside the mosquito.

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When a mosquito bites an infected human, it ingests the gametocytes

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The sexual stage of the life cycle occurs when the merozoites enter the red blood cells and differentiate into male and female gametocytes.

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When the hypnozoites activate, they can cause a relapse of malaria.

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Hypnozoites can remain dormant in the liver for a long period of time, allowing the malaria parasite to remain in the body for months or even years without causing any symptoms.

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In some cases, some of the merozoites produced in the red blood cells will differentiate into another form called a hypnozoite. Hypnozoite is a dormant stage in the life cycle of merozoites.

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The daughter cells eventually exit by sequential rupture of the vacuole and erythrocyte membranes, infecting other red blood cell.

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Merozoites invade erythrocytes(red blood cell) and asexually replicate within a parasitophorous vacuole to form daughter cells. Merozoites take in hemoglobin inside the red blood cell as a source of nutrients; Hemoglobin is an oxygen-carrying protein found in red blood cells.

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After a period of time, the merozoites are released from the liver cells and enter the erythrocyte (red blood cells).

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Sporozoites then travel to the liver. When the sporozoites enters the liver and find liver cells. They then differentiate and develop into Merozoites.

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The gametocytes become mobile and elongated ookinetes.  The Ookinetes which invade the midgut wall of the mosquito develop into oocysts. The oocysts grow, rupture, and release sporozoites, an early stage of the plasmodium parasite.

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These sporozoites move to the mosquito's salivary glands, and they are ready to be transmitted to a new human host when the mosquito bites the next person.

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When the infected mosquito bites a new human host, the sporozoites are injected into the bloodstream.

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An Anopheles mosquito, serve as a vector, bites an infected human and ingests Plasmodium parasites(gametocytes), a type of protist(single-celled eukaryote organism),  that are present in the blood.