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https://docs.google.com/document/d/1nNW2SaSj_cCNsiLSFgy8xYZB5IXsG0VFA-mByigGEtI/edit?usp=sharing

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“I tell them more now than I ever would have before. But how do you explain a war where 110 percent of the people in it got shot? One guy from Mankato got shot six different times.” -Harvey Anderson

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“I tell them more now than I ever would have before. But how do you explain a war where 110 percent of the people in it got shot? One guy from Mankato got shot six different times.” -Harvey Anderson

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Gold Star Family Monument-Veterans Cemetery RI

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Gold Star Family Monument-Veterans Cemetery RI

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Gold Stars Mark World War II Losses-1943

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Gold Stars Mark World War II Losses-1943

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During World War II America had lost in total 405,339 service men. That was an average of 297 deaths every day. The total deaths made up around 0.3% of the population. Many would hang gold stars in their windows if they lost a loved one over seas. This is still a common practice today with gold star monuments in museums and even in our own Veterans cemetery in Rhode Island. The mass amount f stars being seen and hung everywhere created a mass sense of Nationalism and Americanism. The term 'Gold Star Family' was term used somewhat during World War I and gained traction during World War II.

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Bombs Dropped on Ploesti Refineries

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“You… managed to capture the irony, double standards and outright insanity of Army life… in a way that allows us to laugh at ourselves and our leaders and keep moving in the face of adversity.”

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"Joe, yestiddy ya saved my life an' I swore I'd pay ya back. Here's my last pair of dry socks."

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Willie and Joe were cartoon troops made up by Bill Mauldin. Mauldin had freshly graduated from the Chicago Institute of Fine Arts. But at 19 years old he made the decision to enlist in the national guard. His cartoons took a gentler approach at showing Americans the reality of war and that it would be very difficult to win. Willie and Joe were based off of the everyday infantrymen and were disheveled, wet, and unshaven. Not only did people in America appreciate these cartoons but they kept the troops morale higher during such rough times. Soon enough he was moved onto the development team for the news paper 'The Stars and Stripes". Patton a strict Sergeant was someone who believed troops, should be clean shaven and always well-behaved. he made an attempt to have Mauldin taken off of the news paper and put in jail and claimed he was an 'Unpatriotic Anarchist'. Unfortunately for Patton his superior Dwight D. Eisenhower declined his statements because Mauldin managed to boost the troops morale. For his outstanding work Mauldin had received the Pulitzer prize.  Later on in his life as he was placed in a nursing home, he received thousands of letters from troops telling him how he had saved their lives.

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1945-Autumn-Okinawa, The Last Big Battle, April-June

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1945-Autumn-Okinawa, The Last Big Battle, April-June

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Code-named "Operation Iceberg", on April 1, 1945 The US Marines attacked the strong hold that is known as Okinawa. Okinawa was a chain of Islands that the Americans slowly took over and used them as air bases. By maintaining these islands it allowed Americans to pose very strong air threats against the Japanese. America experienced severe casualties and lost roughly 49,000 men. The Battle of Okinawa lasted for around 3 months. One of the most important parts of Operation Ice berg was that the navy would take over the surrounding islands to allow for cover and proper defense. The Navy had arrived on the south west coast of Okinawa on April 6th. There they were were me t with 335 kamikaze bombers and 300 fighters with a battle that lasted up to 5 hours. By June 22nd, the Americans have taken over Okinawa and most of the Japanese sacrificed themselves in the name of the emperor. The un-armed army Medic Desmond Doss was doing all he could to save his fellow troops at the cost of his own life and he managed to save 75 men. Through this incredibly selfless action he was awarded the medal of honor.

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Roosevelt initial plan to tackle war debt was to 'pay as it comes'. This in turn did not work out as it began to climb. So by the end of the war most of the money that payed the debt was borrowed. But to raise revenue, people could start stamp books collecting stamps and once they collected enough they could turn them in to buy stamps worth $25 to $100. This allowed the military to collect revenue through easy campaigning. The First war bonds were released on May 1, 1941. The government had hired the best Madison Avenue advertisers to guilt people into buying bonds. Commonly, they featured troops questioning those back home if they were doing enough to help the war effort. Many were scrutinized even if they could not afford to buy bonds. Then the government had proposed the Victory tax which had taken 5% of a laborers pay. This was to raise money for military operations without ridiculously raising taxes. a very key concept about the victory tax was 'if they have less money they wont spend it'. By doing so they were able to halt inflation on such high demand goods in the market.

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“I can’t really describe it, to tell you how horrendous it was to see these people treated like animals. Even worse than that.” This is a quote from Andrew Kiniry who was in the Buchenwald concentration camp as part of the United States Army.

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"Yesterday, December 7, 1941 — a date which will live in infamy — the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan." This is a quote from Roosevelt after Pearl Harbor was attacked by the Japanese. He is saying that the US was unexpectedly attacked and that it is a day that will be remembered for a long time.

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Allies liberate Holocaust survivors, early 1945

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Allies liberate Holocaust survivors, early 1945

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The first concentration camp to be liberated was Majdanek which was near Lublin, Poland in July of 1944. Realizing that the Soviet Army was advancing the Nazis transported prisoners deep into Germany. Some were taken by train but most were forced to walk with many dying on these walks. In January of 1945, Russian Soldiers got into Auschwitz where they found only a few thousand prisoners because the rest had already been taken out. On April 15, 1945, British forces liberated Bergen- Belsen where they found 60,000 people who were mostly either starving or horribly sick. When liberating the concentration camps many more people died after eating food because their bodies were too weak to digest it.

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On Sunday December 7, 1941 the Japanese launched a surprise airstrike on Pearl Harbor just before 8 am. This attack killed 2,403 US citizens including 68 civilians, damaged or destroyed 19 US Navy ships including 8 battleships, and damaged or destroyed 328 aircrafts. This attack led to the United States declaring War on Japan. Japan did this so that the US couldn’t stop them from their plan to take over countries in the Pacific. Although this was a devastation attack, Japan failed to completely destroy the Pacific Fleet as it missed oil tanks, ammunition sites, and repair facilities. They also didn't destroy the 3 aircraft carriers in Pearl Harbor as they were not present during the attack.

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This is an image of a newspaper article from The New York Times AFter the USS Rueben James was sunk.

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On October 31, 1941 the US Destroyed Reuben James was torpedoed and sunk by a German U-boat while on convoy duty off of Iceland. The Reuben James was escorting Lend Lease ships going to Great Britain when it was attacked. This attack killed 115 of the 160 men on board and all officers on board were killed. This was not the first US ship to be torpedoed but it was the first ship lost to torpedoes. It was also the first US ship sunk in WWll and it was destroyed before the US declared war on anyone. Germany tried to justify the sinking by saying that because the Reuben James was escorting ships that Germany was at war with, the ship was fair game.

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This is an image which was in the New York World-Telegram and the Sun Newspaper Photograph Collection of President Roosevelt signing the Lend- Lease Act.

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Passed on March 11, 1941, the Lend Lease Act let the US lend or lease war supplies to the allies who were vital to the defense of the US. President Roosavelt signed this bill after it was approved by the house of representatives. This was put in place for the US to support allies without directly joining the war. The US sent allies tanks, aircrafts, ships, weapons, road building supplies, clothing, chemicals, food, and more. By the end of the war the US had issued over $49 billion dollars in Lend Lease aid to almost 40 nations.

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This is an image of a registration card from the draft. This man was 49 years old which means he was required to register for the draft.

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1941- America's Participation in World War II Begins - Aiden

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1941- America's Participation in World War II Begins - Aiden

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America's first peacetime draft: On September 16, 1940, the US passed the Selective Training and  Service Act of 1940 signed by Franklin D. Roosevelt which required men between 18 and 64 to register for the draft although only men ages 21-45 were actually drafted. It was put in place because of increased world tension and this system allowed the US to fill manpower needs for war smoothly and quickly. The draft was done by birthday and if your birthday was called then you had to serve. Anyone who was drafted was required to serve for at least 1 year. During the war more than 10 million men were drafted to serve. This draft stayed in place for the Vietnam and Korean War and finally ended on July 1, 1973.

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"It wasn't my choice to be kissed. The guy just came over and kissed or grabbed." -Greta Zimmer Friedman

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1)The Lost Weekend (Starring: Ray Milland and Jane Wyman)
2) The Bells of St. Marys (Starring:Ingrid Bergman and Bing Crosby)
3) Mildred Pierce (Starring: Joan Crawford, Zachary Scott, and Ann Blyth)
4) Spellbound ( Starring:Ingrid Bergman and Gregory Peck)
5) Anchors Aweigh (Starring:Gene Kelly and Frank Sinatra)

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News of Victory hits home, Aug. 14-15, 1945

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News of Victory hits home, Aug. 14-15, 1945

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Rumors of Japan’s surrender flooded America on August 14, 1945. Hearing this German immigrant Alfred Eisenstaedt went out to Times Square with his camera. He noticed a man going around grabbing and kissing women. Eisenstaedt however waited until the man kissed a nurse in a white uniform to complement the sailors' dark uniform. The contrast created the visual and emotional impact he intended. The picture symbolizes the celebrations that happened at the end of the war. George Mondonsa -the sailor- and Greta Zimmer Friedman -the nurse- are the two people in the photo. They have different stories of what happened. George says that after hearing about Japan’s surrender he and his girlfriend went out to the bars to celebrate. They eventually got separated and then he saw Greta. He says that he was taken back to when he was fighting in the war and watched the kamikazes attack the USS Bunker Hill, he kissed Greta because she reminded him of a nurse. His kiss was his way of thanks. Greta has a different story, her boss closed up shop when the news hit and so she also ended up in Times Square. While walking she recalls being grabbed and kissed and that was it. The photo is recreated in Times Square on VJ Day as a celebration for that important event in history.

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Also known as operation Tidal Wave, The attack had taken place on August 4th, 1943. Motivation for this attack stemmed form German U-boats attacking Venezuelan oil shippers headed to Texas. This involved 178 B-24 liberators and 52 of these aircraft's were shot down. The Allies main goal was to slow down the axis powers as 30% of their oil was supplied through this refinery.  This plan was brought out of Benghazi, Lybia. In which the Germans were aware of their attack. Upon their arrival they were met with German defenses. This attack had managed to slow oil manufacturing in this Romanian refinery by roughly 40%. Following in a news report on November 17th, 1943 had wrote that 1,548 enlisted men and officers were decorated in honor of that day. This day would then be known as 'Black Sunday'.

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1) Sentimental Journey (By Doris Day)
2) Its Been A Long, Long Time (By  Harry James and Kitty Kallen)
3) Rum and Coca-Cola(By The Andrews Sisters)
4) On The Atchinson(By Johnny Mercer)
5) Till The End Of Time(By Perry Como)

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By 1945, World War II has uprooted millions

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By 1945, World War II has uprooted millions

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When the world had ended their were around 55 million people uprooted in Europe alone. In 1945 an agreement was signed by the United States, Britain, and Soviet Union that prisoners of war would be held in a separate camp until they could be taken into the authority of the United States or the Soviet Union. From May to September 1945 most of the people who were uprooted went home. But by the end there were 1.2 million of the uprooted people who stayed in Germany and refused to go home. Prisoners of war who originally lived in allied countries were the top priority to be sent back home. This stamp is important because it brings attention to just how many people who had lost their homes and lives they had before the dictators had taken power.

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While the men were overseas fighting in the war women began to join the war effort. During the war six million women got wartime jobs in factories. Around 200,00 women joined the military by being nurses to help soldiers who were injured in combat. Around three million women also volunteered for the Red Cross. These women when the war ended wanted to keep their jobs and the independence in which they had gained. This was an important event that had occurred because it broke grounds for women and created a new role for women. This event was also significant because of women working the government had to start day care for most women's children to go while they were at work. The factories that women worked in were essential because it made wartime equipment. Even though women now wanted to keep their jobs most were laid off.

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Allies land in North Africa November 1942

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Allies land in North Africa November 1942

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The event depicted upon was when the allies landed in North Africa. This event took place from November 8th-16th 1942. The allied countries that were involved in this event was the US,UK, and Free France. The intention of the allies landing was to ease up the pressure that the Soviet Union from the axis power. When the allies powers landed there was a great deal of losses. This was because the French had presented a stronger resistance than had been expected . This event was significant because as a result of the landing the city had been turned over to the British and US forces.

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The event which took place in the stamp took place throughout World War 2 starting in the late 1940s. But deciphering enemy code became essential in 1942. This was planned out by the allies capturing codes then breaking the codes. By the end of 1942 there were around four thousand codes intercepted. The people who interpreted the codes were Polish and British mathematicians. Interpreting codes allowed for the allied countries to read German messages. This was significant because it lowered the chances for the Germans to sink allied ships dramatically. By having the ability to break codes it made the allies aware of events which ultimately saved lives and shortened the war. This event was very important to the war effort because it gave the allies an advantage in the war.

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Food and Other Commodities Rationed, 1942

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Food and Other Commodities Rationed, 1942

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The event depicted in this stamp began in the day after Pearl Harbor. The first good to be rationed was tires. The group that was in charge of rationing was The Office of Price Administration. Rationed occurred across the United States in order to conserve raw materials. In May of 1942 the government had put a rationing on food. The way in which rationing worked is that people were given two books in which kept coupons inside it. These books were given to men, women, children, and babies who were eligible. One book contained blue points which were used for processed goods. While the other book contained red points which were used for meat, fish, and dairy products. Each person that had these books had 48 blue points and 64 red points for each month. As a new month the coupons expired and new ones were given. Whenever a new item that was to be rationed was announced the public would stock up on that particular good. Two years after World War 2 the restrictions were lifted in June of 1947.

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Allies free Rome, June 4; Paris Aug. 25, 1944

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Allies free Rome, June 4; Paris Aug. 25, 1944

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Although Italy surrendered September 3, 1943 German forces did not want to lose control over mainland Italy. The allies worked their way up the Italian peninsula and landed 75 miles from Rome being stopped by the Gustav Line. Operation Diadem was made to break through said line, and the task was given to British and American troops. German commander Albert Kesserling made a fatal mistake and abandoned the Gustav line on May 25, 1944. The allies were then able to capture Rome. The capture of Rome's biggest goal was to distract the Germans and get them more focused on Italy in preparation for D-Day.

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The D-day invasion codename Overlord was the largest land, air, and sea force in human history. Consisting of 12 nations led by American and British troops, General Dwight D. Eisenhower was the supreme commander of the mission. American troops were in charge of the Omaha and Utah beaches. Omaha being the most heavily guarded one, more than 4,700 were killed, wounded, or missing. Through great efforts 175,000 allied troops and 50,000 vehicles were able to secure the beaches. The invasion led to an unconditional surrender from the Germans on May 7, 1945.

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Battle for Leyte Gulf, October 23-26, 1944

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Battle for Leyte Gulf, October 23-26, 1944

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The Battle for the Leyte Gulf was the largest naval engagement of World War II, and lasted from October 23 to October 26, 1944. The battle was between The Empire of Japan and the allies including the US. Australian naval assets, and Mexican air force units. The goal of the battle was to block Japan from its southeast asian resource such as oil, rubber, and other raw materials. Originally the Navy wanted to attack Taiwan, however General MacArthur pushed to fulfill his promise of returning to the Philippines. After a bloody battle with 16,043 American soldiers and 7,270 American sailors killed , Japan had suffered its greatest loss. They lost 26 warships and although they still had some Navy ships were blocked off from the oil to run them. This battle marked the first time kamikazes were used in war and the suicide trips were what started the consideration of the atomic bomb. Ultimately the loss opened the way for the allies to invade the Ryukyu islands, and push Japan back onto the mainland.

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Bastogne and The Battle of the Bugle, Dec. 1944

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Bastogne and The Battle of the Bugle, Dec. 1944

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On December 16, 1944 Germany launched its last offensive attack. Through the element of surprise the Germans were able to push through the American line which is what created the Bulge in The Battle of the Bulge. The victory through the line was short-lived for the Germans. They did not have the fuel or manpower to push through and the Americans regained their positions six weeks later. During the fighting captured American soldiers and Belgian prisoners were murdered by Waffen SS units, this was known as the Malmedy Massacre. At the end of January the battle had ended. The Americans suffered 81,000 casualties and the Germans faced around 100,000. The losses that Germany faced would be too great to come back from and this battle led to the push in the heart of Germany, known as the Battle of Germany.

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Newspaper of the freeing of Rome

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Eisenhower's speech before the troops fought on D-Day

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Ship that was hit during the Battle of the Leyte Gulf

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Newspaper of the Bastogne and the allies pushing back the bulge of the Germans