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Title IX of the Education Amendments is signed into law by President Richard Nixon on June 23, 1972. It prohibits sex-based discrimination in any school or other education program that receives federal money.

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The Department of Health, Education, and Welfare publishes the final regulations for Title IX. Schools and colleges must comply with these regulations, with enforcement beginning in 1976.

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1976: Implementation and Immediate Effects

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1976: Implementation and Immediate Effects

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By the first effective year of the regulations, many schools start to comply, particularly in athletics. A significant increase in opportunities for women in sports is observed.

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The Supreme Court rules that Title IX applies only to programs directly receiving federal funds, not entire institutions. This limits the law’s impact significantly until Congress responds with new legislation.

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Congress overrides President Reagan’s veto and passes a law stating that if any part of an institution receives federal funding, all aspects of the institution must comply with Title IX. This restores Title IX’s broader scope.

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1992: Franklin v. Gwinnett County Public Schools

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1992: Franklin v. Gwinnett County Public Schools

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The Supreme Court rules that plaintiffs can seek monetary damages in Title IX lawsuits, increasing the stakes for compliance by educational institutions.

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An unintended consequence of Title IX is a shift in funding priorities. Some schools cut men’s programs to comply with proportionality, sparking debates about equality and fairness in athletics funding.

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The Office for Civil Rights issues guidance on how schools should handle sexual harassment and assault, emphasizing the responsibility to create safe and inclusive environments. This heightens awareness but also leads to criticism about due process.

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Under a new administration, the Department of Education rescinds several Title IX guidelines from the past decade, prompting discussions about the balance between protecting victims and ensuring fair processes for the accused.

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New regulations are enacted, clarifying the responsibilities of schools and setting standards for handling complaints. These changes aim to balance the rights of complainants and respondents but also leave unresolved debates about the best methods of enforcement.