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Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de León lands in Florida, marking the first recorded European contact with mainland North America.

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The Spanish establish St. Augustine in Florida, the oldest continuously inhabited European settlement in the continental United States.

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The English found Jamestown, Virginia, the first permanent English colony in North America.

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The Pilgrims, English religious separatists, establish Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts.

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The English found Massachusetts Bay Colony, another Puritan settlement aiming for greater religious autonomy.

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Lord Baltimore secures a charter for Maryland, founded on principles of religious tolerance and intended as a haven for Catholics.

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New Sweden is established by Swedish colonists along the Delaware River.

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The English capture New Netherland from the Dutch, renaming it New York.

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William Penn founds Pennsylvania, a Quaker colony known for its religious tolerance and democratic principles.

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The French found New Orleans, establishing a foothold in the Mississippi River Valley.

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James Oglethorpe founds Georgia, the last of the thirteen English colonies, intended as a haven for debtors and persecuted Protestants.