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Cityportal.gr | Θεσσαλονίκη σήμερα, τώρα | Εκδηλώσεις, Νέα | Guide

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Ιστορικά στοιχεία του κτιρίου "Μπενουζίλιο", του παλού Μεταξουργείου στην Πυλαία.
Από το βιβλίο της κας Φανούλας Τσούκα-Φουντουκίδου "Η Πυλαία στο πέρασμα των αιώνων. Ιστορία & Λαογραφία".

Κτίσθηκε πριν από το 1886. Σε κάποια χρονική περίοδο αποτέλεσε τμήμα μεγάλου γνωστού τσιφλικιού των Αλλατίνι που διατηρούσαν κεραμοποιείο.

Το 1919-1920 άλλαξε ιδιοκτήτη. Αγοράσθηκε από τον Ισραηλίτη Λεβή Μπενουζίλιο και μετατράπηκε σε βιοτεχνία κατασκευής κλειδαριών και κουμπιών όπου δούλεψαν πολλοί πρόσφυγες κυρίως παιδιά.

Το 1952 που πολλά μεταξουργεία εξαφανίστηκαν, το Μπενουζίλιο που είχε μετατραπεί σε μεταξουργείο,μπόρεσε να επιζήσει , αφού δέχθηκε διάφορες χρήσεις κυρίως από συγγενείς με την υφαντουργία.
Το ακίνητο από κληρονομιά περιήλθε στην κόρη του Μπενουζίλιο, Λίλυ, η οποία το 1976 το πούλησε στους σημερινούς ιδιοκτήτες Αφοι Μούχα.

Ύστερα από αίτηση της συγγραφέως το 1988, χαρακτηρίσθηκαν ως ιστορικά διατηρητέα μνημεία του "Μεταξουργείου Μπενουζίλιο" τα τρία παλιά κτίρια, ο μαντρότοιχος και η καμινάδα, κτισμένη πάνω σε μία ορθογωνική βάση ύψους 2 μέτρων όπου στηρίζεται ο κύριος κορμός " το φουγάρο ", κυκλικής διατομής.

Το 1994 έγινε πρόταση αξιοποίησης του διατηρητέου "Μπενουζίλιο" το σχέδιο του οποίου εκπονήθηκε από τον τότε αρχιτέκτονα και νυν Διευθυντή του Λαογραφικού και Εθνολογικού Μουσείου Μακεδονίας-Θράκης κ. Ζήση Σκαμπάλη. Καταθέτω το σχέδιο.
Δυστυχώς η υπέροχη πρόταση καθυστερεί και το "Μπενουζίλιο" βρίσκεται στην εγκαταλελειμμένη του μορφή.

Ευαγγελία Φαρίνη -Κουκουρίκου
Μέλος της Κίνηση Πολιτών για την Ίδρυση Λαογραφικού Μουσείου στην Πυλαία

Από τον διαγωνισμό φωτογραφίας με θέμα "Κτήρια σε κίνδυνο στην Ελλάδα - MOnuMENTA του μέλους της ΚΠΙΛΜΠ Φαρίνη-Κουκουρίκου Ευαγγελίας "ΜΠΕΝΟΥΖΙΛΙΟ"

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"Μπενουζίλιο", το παλιό Μεταξουργείο στην Πυλαία | Cityportal.gr

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Ιστορικά στοιχεία του κτιρίου "Μπενουζίλιο", του παλού Μεταξουργείου στην Πυλαία. Από το βιβλίο της κας Φανούλας Τσούκα-Φουντουκίδου "Η Πυλαία στο πέρασμα των αιώνων. Ιστορία & Λαογραφία". Κτίσθηκε πριν από το 1886. Σε κάποια χρονική περίοδο αποτέλεσε τμήμα μεγάλου γνωστού τσιφλικιού των Αλλατίνι που διατηρούσαν κεραμοποιείο. Το 1919-1920 άλλαξε ιδιοκτήτη.

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Heat related indicators for the health sector

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Heat related indicators for the health sector

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Heat Related Indices for the Health Sector Glenn Mc. Gregor (University of Auckland, NZ) Christina Koppe (German Weather Service, Germany) Sari Kovats (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK)

The Challenge of a Climate Index for the Health Sector * A heat health index attempts to describe the complex interactions between humans and their surrounding environment (atmospheric and built environments) * Many factors confound/modify the relationship between heat and health (health status, age etc) * The heat health relationship may not be stationary on a range of time scales (intra-seasonal to inter-annual to decadal; the climate (heat) health relationship is dynamic * Biometeorologists generally use "biomet" indices while Epidemiologists tend to use standard climate descriptors such as Tmax, Tmin and RH to represent heat stress

Source: WMO/WHO Guidance Notes on HHWS

Temp Condition 44 heat stroke, brain damage 41 Fever, very heavy exercise 38 normal resting condition 36 shivering 35 severe shivering 33 reduced consciousness ventricle fibrillation 31 "death" 14 lowest measured temperature with full recovery 31 14 Heat Cramps Heat Exhaustion Heat Stroke Core Temperature

Heat Tolerance & Water Balance Dehydration(%) and Effects 2% thirst 4% + dry mouth 6% + increased heart rate + increased body temperature 8% + swollen tongue, difficult speech, reduced mental and physical performance recovery only after IV or rectal fluid administration fast temperature increase, death 12% 14%

Definitions of Heat (Thermal Assessment Procedures) * Simplified Biometeorological Indices (temp and humidity) - Heat Index - Humidex - Net Effective Temperature - Apparent Temperature - Wet Bulb Globe Temperature * Heat Budget Models - COMFA (Brown and Gillespie, 1986), Effective Temperature (Gagge et al. , 1971) Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) (Fanger, 1972), Klima. Michel (Jendritzky and Nubler, 1981), Physiologically Equivalent Temperature (PET) (Hoppe, 1999), MEMI (Hoppe 1984), MEMEX (Blazejczyk, 1994), RAYMAN (Matzarakis et al. , 2009), ENVI-Met (Bruse 2004) and SOLWEIG (Lindberg et al. 2008) - UNIVERSAL THERMAL COMFORT INDEX (UTCI)

Heat Index * Combines air temperature and relative humidity to determine an apparent temperature - how hot it actually feels. * HI is widely used in the USA and is effective when the temperature is greater than 80ºF (26ºC) and relative humidity is at least 40%. * Heat Index(HI) = -42. 379 + 2. 04901523(Tf) + 10. 14333127(RH) - 0. 22475541(Tf)(RH) -6. 83783 x 10**(-3)*(Tf**(2)) - 5. 481717 x 10**(-2)*(RH**(2)) + 1. 22874 x 10**(3)*(Tf**(2))*(RH) + 8. 5282 x 10**(-4)*(Tf)*(RH**(2)) 1. 99 x 10**(-6)*(Tf**(2))*(RH**(2)) * Where Tf = air temperature in degrees Fahrenheit, RH= relative humidity expressed as a whole number. (for conversion: Tc = (Tf - 32) * 5 / 9 )

Humidex * The humidex is a Canadian innovation * The humidex combines the temperature and humidity into one number to reflect the perceived temperature. * Humidex = (air temperature) + h h = (0. 5555)*(e - 10. 0); e = 6. 11 * exp(5417. 7530 * ((1/273. 16) - (1/dewpoint))) * The range of humidex values and the associated degree of comfort is given below: Less than 29 : No discomfort 30 to 39 : Some discomfort 40 to 45 : Great discomfort; avoid exertion Above 45 : Dangerous Above 54 : Heat stroke imminent

Net Effective Temperature (NET) * The net effective temperature (NET) takes into account the effect of air temperature, wind speed and relative humidity. * NET = 37 - (37 -T)/(0. 68 - 0. 0014*RH + 1/(1. 76+1. 4*v**0. 75) ) - 0. 29*T*(1 -0. 01*RH) * T= air temperature (°C), v = wind speed (m/s), and RH = relative humidity (%). * People will feel cold or hot when the value of NET is equivalent to the lowest or highest of 2. 5% of all values. * In Hong Kong, a Cold (or Very Hot) Weather Warning is issued when the NET is forecast to be lower (or higher) than the 2. 5 th percentile (97. 5 th percentile). This procedure is also used for example in Portugal.

Wet-Bulb Globe Temperature * The Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT) combines temperature and humidity into a single number * The WBGT is measured by a simple three-temperature element device. * First temperature, (Tg), is measured by the black globe thermometer * Second thermometer measures the natural wet-bulb temperature (Tnwb). * Third temperature is (shaded) air temperature (Ta) * The three elements Tg, Tnwb, and Ta are combined into a weighted average to produce the WBGT. * WBGT = 0. 7 × Tnwb + 0. 2 × Tg + 0. 1 × Ta * Australian Bureau of Meteorology uses an approximation based on standard measurements of temperature and humidity to calculate an estimate of the WBGT The simplified formula is: * WBGT = 0. 567 × Ta + 0. 393 × e + 3. 94 * where: Ta = Air temperature (°C), e water vapour pressure (h. Pa).

Apparent Temperature * The Apparent Temperature (AT) is defined as the temperature, at the reference humidity level, producing the same amount of discomfort as that experienced under the current ambient temperature and humidity. * Basically the AT is an adjustment to the ambient temperature (T) based on the level of humidity * The Heat Index is a simple hot weather version of the AT * The formula for the AT used by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology is an approximation of the value provided by a mathematical model of the human heat balance * AT = Ta + 0. 348×e − 0. 70×ws + 0. 70×Q/(ws + 10) − 4. 25 (includes radiation) * AT = Ta + 0. 33×e − 0. 70×ws − 4. 00 (no radiation) * where: Ta = Dry bulb temperature (°C), E = Water vapour pressure (h. Pa), ws = Wind speed (m/s) at an elevation of 10 meters, Q = Net radiation absorbed per unit area of body surface (W/m 2) * It should be noted that when using the term AT one must keep in mind that there are three different versions of AT

Apparent Temperature (o. C)

Heat budget models * The human heat budget can be written as: * * * M W S Metabolic rate (activity) Mechanical power (kind of activity) Storage (change in heat content of the body) Skin: QH Turbulent flux of sensible heat Q* Radiation budget QL Turbulent flux of latent heat (diffusion water vapour) QSW Turbulent flux of latent heat (sweat evaporation) Respiration: QRe Respiratory heat flux (sensible and latent)

* * * Comfort Formula (COMFA) (Brown and Gillespie, 1986), Effective Temperature (Gagge et al. , 1971) Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) (Fanger, 1972), Klima-Michel (Jendritzky and Nubler, 1981), Physiologically Equivalent Temperature (PET) (Hoppe, 1999), Munich Energy-Balance Model for Individuals (MEMI) (Hoppe 1984) Man-Environment Heat Exchange Model (MEMEX) (Blazejczyk, 1994) Radiation and Human Bioclimate Model (Ray. Man) (Matzarakis et al. , 2009) Environmental Meteorology Model (ENVI-Met) (Bruse, 2004) Solar and Longwave Environmental Irradiance Geometry Model (SOLWEIG) (Lindberg et al. 2008) * UNIVERSAL THERMAL COMFORT INDEX (UTCI)

UTCI * Developed by a group of biometeorologists - EU Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) * A state of the art comfort index that capitalized on 30 - 40 years of human heat budget modeling and has wide ("universal") acceptance amongst researchers and end users. * UTCI - a multi-node, multi-layered thermo-physiological representation of the human body with spatial subdivisions - a state of the art adaptive clothing model - model output in the form of an equivalent temperature which is related to a strain index that represents the covariant behavior of metabolic rate, core temperature, skin wettedness, blood flow and sweat rate

Thresholds (an exceedence temperature or biomet index) as Indices

Mortality Relationship between cold, heat and mortality Low o. C High o. C Index of Heat Keatinge et al. , 2000: British Med. J.

Thresholds (Apparent Temperature o. C)

Heat Load Mortality Relationship: Europe 130 relative mortality (% EV) 125 120 115 The Netherlands London Baden-Württemberg Budapest Lisbon Madrid 110 105 100 95 -3 -2 -1 0 1 thermal load category (PMV) 2 3

Thresholds are Used to Call Heat Health Warnings

Epidemiologic association [Two-day mean of tmax, after adjusting for potential confounders] Source: Sari Kovats

Action threshold ("trigger") Trigger for Heat Plan = 320 C (max) Threshold = (forecast) temperature above which action is taken to abate the adverse impact of heat Source: Sari Kovats

When to Call a Warning? * To prevent as much heat-related mortality as possible a low threshold would be defined (e. g. Threshold T 1). - In this case, a lower threshold may be chosen, and while the amount of lives that could be saved could be very large (amount a), the cost would be high and warning fatigue may set in. * Or define only very severe situations as "sufficiently hazardous" (Threshold T 3). - The aim of such a system is to prevent only the mortality peaks during very extreme conditions. - As such conditions are very rare and might occur only once in several years, the total number of lives saved with such a system is smaller (amount c), although the costs to run any mitigation would be less. Source: WMO/WHO Guidance Notes on HHWS

Simplicity or Complexity?

Simple vs Complex Biomet Indices Source: Christina Koppe

Percentiles as a "Universal" Indicator ? * Japan * 80 - 85 th percentile of Tmax = optimum temperature * Optimum temperature is the value where there is no apparent health effect OT Source: Honda et al. , 2007

Is there a parsimonious "ideal" index for heat related health problems?

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Heat Related Indices for the Health Sector Glenn

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Heat Related Indices for the Health Sector Glenn Mc.

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Calculation and comparison of thermal stress indicators

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Calculation and comparison of thermal stress indicators

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-Apparent Temperature (Tapp)
To prevent the effects of heat on health, a model based on the maximum apparent temperature (Tappmax) was developed for all cities. The latter is a discomfort index based on air temperature and dew point, calculated using the following formula

Τhe thermal stress is calculated by the formula
Tapp=-2,653+0,994*T+0,0153*Td^2

The Meteorological Station of Panorama has better data regarding the Tapp index

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In data processing we needed the following physical quantities
Temperature - ° C (Celsius)
Temperature is the measure by which the "thermal state" of different bodies is determined, and is related to the average kinetic energy of the particles of a component, which characterizes how hot or how cold it is.
Temperature is important for our daily activities, the feeling of cold or thermal discomfort, but also for agricultural activities.
Relative Humidity - [%]
Relative humidity is the amount of water vapor that a sample of air has to the maximum amount of water vapor that could hold at a given time.
Relative humidity is particularly useful for calculating thermal / cold discomfort indices.
Dew Point - ° C (Celsius),
It is the temperature at which the air must be cooled in order to be saturated, ie it is characterized by 100% relative humidity.
The dew point is used to calculate indicators of heat / cold discomfort, and can give us an indication of whether flakes will survive in the mattress we measure.

(keppas, S)

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The main problems we encountered were:

a) the lack of data from Pylaia’s meteorological station.

b) the complex landscape of the city.

c) that the study was realized with data of one year only (2021). An in-depth research would provide safer results.

Nevertheless, we have drawn some interesting conclusions:

The data showed that the average summer months temperature from the Panorama station, is significantly lower than that of the corresponding less-vegetated (Kifissia) or no-vegetated (Toumba) urban areas. The rural area of ​​Tagarades has slightly higher or similar temperatures and the sea breeze (White Tower station) is benefficial especially on very hot days.
Also, the apparent temperatures (Tap) as well as the discomfort index (Di), have better values

The satellite images helped us to describe the course of the stream and to locate its springs and where it flows into the sea. Urban expansion erased the traces of the various streams gathered by the artificial stream of Pylaia.

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Δήμος Πυλαίας-Χορτιάτη: Παλαιοχριστιανικό Γεφύρι(Καμάρα Πυλαίας), life-events.gr

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The ​​"Arc" of Pylea is particularly important for the history, culture and environment of Thessaloniki, as it is reconned to be a part of an old aqueduct, descending from Chortiatis mountain and used to bring water to the city of Thessaloniki (Saxiambanis and Stefanou). Connected to the aqueduct seem to be some byzantine mill remenants higher in the bank, as well as the silk factory Benezulio (19th century) also situated near the river bank. Parts of early Christian temples have come to light near the nearby temple of the Prophet Elijah. A little further down, there was a product control facility or a water distribution center. Therefore, this area was of great importance from a very early age for the agricultural life of Thessaloniki.
(Blionis G. - Tremopoulos M., 2017)

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Meteorological Station of Pylaia, Thessaloniki - Northmeteo

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(Keppas, S , 2021)

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Ενημερώθηκε: @

Περίληψη / Θερμοκρασία

Ανεμος

Βροχή

Προοπτική

Αίθριος

13.4°C

Ψύχρα

Αίσθηση σαν: 13°C

διαφορά 24ώρου
0.9°C

Σήμερα

Χθες

Μέγιστη:
18.2°C
16:53

15.3°C
16:17

Ελάχιστη:
11.5°C
05:44

8.3°C
06:30

Β
0.0
0.0 km/h Ριπή:

0 Bft - Απνοια

Σήμερα: 0.0 km/h 19:58

Ριπή Μήνα: 0.0 km/h στις 1 Απρίλιος

Ριπή Έτους: 92.5 km/h στις 16/2

Συνεχόμενη:

0.0 mm

6 μέρες βροχής τον Απρίλιος.

Υγρασία & Βαρόμετρο

Ημερολόγιο

Σελήνη

Υγρασία:

80 %

Σημείο Δρόσου:

10.0°C

Βαρόμετρο:

1006.3 hPa

Ανατολή:

06:39

Δύση:

20:14

Ανατολή Σελήνης:

02:05

Δύση Σελήνης:

10:57

Φθίνουσα Σελήνη

57%
Φωτεινότητα

Πρόγνωση Δείκτη UV

Πρόγνωση Δείκτη UV

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Μετεωρολογικός Σταθμός Πυλαίας Θεσσαλονίκης - Northmeteo

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Ενημερώθηκε: @ Περίληψη / Θερμοκρασία Ανεμος Βροχή Προοπτική Αίθριος 13.4°C Ψύχρα Αίσθηση σαν: 13°C διαφορά 24ώρου 0.9°C Σήμερα Χθες Μέγιστη: 18.2°C 16:53 15.3°C 16:17 Ελάχιστη: 11.5°C 05:44 8.3°C 06:30 Β 0.0 0.0 km/h Ριπή: 0 Bft - Απνοια Σήμερα: 0.0 km/h 19:58 Ριπή Μήνα: 0.0 km/h στις 1 Απρίλιος Ριπή Έτους: 92.5 km/h στις 16/2 Συνεχόμενη: 0.0 mm 6 μέρες βροχής τον Απρίλιος.

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Visual display of hot hour distribution during summer days from all stations.

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Low temperatures from all stations during the whole year.

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The beneficial effect of low density of buildings, enough vegetation and altitude on temperature is evident.

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The visual display and distribution of the hot hours can also be seen in the meteorological station data files.
The meteorological station of Panorama has better performance, after the White Tower station located near the sea

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Timelapse of Chortiatis mountain from 10-1-2016 to 13-4-2022 with the Sentinel Hub EO Browser Browser

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Timelapse of Chortiatis mountain from 10-1-2016 to 13-4-2022 with the Sentinel Hub EO Browser Browser

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The snow coverage in Chortiatis as shown in the timelapse is very small in the last 7 years.

The places in which the inhabitants once 6 decades ago kept ice for the whole year and sold it to the nearby city of Thessaloniki, now have almost disappeared. Climate change;

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EO Browser makes it possible to browse and compare full resolution images from all the data collections we provide. You simply go to your area of interest, select your desired time range and cloud coverage, and inspect the resulting data in the browser.

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worth keeping

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μπενουζιλιο3

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Near the regional moat is the historic building "BENOUZILIO"

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Near the regional moat is the historic building "BENOUZILIO"

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With industrial architecture of the 19th century

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Ένα ιστορικό κτίριο κινδυνεύει

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Η ιστορία της δημοτικής ενότητας της Πυλαίας συνδέεται με τα κύματα των προσφύγων που εγκαταστάθηκαν εκεί σε διαφορετικές χρονικές περιόδους της ιστορίας. Είναι μετά το 1912 που η ροή των προσφύγων αυξάνει με γεωμετρική πρόοδο τον ελληνικό πληθυσμό της Θεσσαλονίκης αλλά και των γύρω οικισμών,...

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This beautiful landscape must be protected and developed both because it improves the microclimate of the area, and consequently the health of the inhabitants, as well as to expand its use for beautiful walks and enjoyable activities. In a green environment, people of all ages can enjoy their walk, meet their friends, play with their children. The path develops parallel to the stream while the old path continues downhill. It really is an oasis in the city.

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Green parks are a necessity (from the local press)

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Green parks are a necessity (from the local press)

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H Θεσσαλονίκη, στα επόμενα χρόνια, θα μπορέσει να αποκτήσει ένα εξαιρετικό γραμμικό πάρκο υπερτοπικής σημασίας, κατά μήκος της Ανατολικής Περιφερειακής Τάφρου, που θα ξεκινάει από τις παρυφές του Σέϊχ Σου, θα διανύει 7,6 χλμ και θα φθάνει ως την περιοχή της Μίκρας και τη θάλασσα, εάν αξιοποιήσει την αρχική μελέτη που στο επόμενο 4μηνο θα παρουσιάσει η ΕΥΑΘ Παγίων Α.Ε.

Σε μία πόλη που η συνεννόηση ακόμη και για τα ελάχιστα είναι ζητούμενο, το σχέδιο αυτό μπορεί να φαντάζει αρκετά αισιόδοξο, αλλά είναι οπωσδήποτε εφικτό και, κυρίως, απαραίτητο, όπως υποστήριξε στο GRTimes.gr o πρόεδρος της ΕΥΑΘ Παγίων Α.Ε., μηχανικός κ. Σάκης Τζακόπουλος, επικεφαλής της εταιρείας (ΝΠΔΔ) που είναι ο ιδιοκτήτης της Περιφερειακής Τάφρου, του μεγάλου αυτού έργου που έγινε πριν από έξι δεκαετίες για να προστατέψει την ανατολική Θεσσαλονίκης από τις υπερχειλίσεις ρεμάτων και τις πλημμύρες.

"Έχουμε σε πρώτη φάση αναθέσει την εκπόνηση αναγνωριστικής μελέτης στο τεχνικό γραφείο Νικηφορίδη/Cuomo, η οποία και αναμένουμε να παραδοθεί στο επόμενο τετράμηνο. Η Διευθέτηση και η Ανάπλαση του Περιβάλλοντος Χώρου της Ανατολικής Περιφερειακής Τάφρου, είναι ένα έργο που χρειάζεται η Θεσσαλονίκη. Την ανάγκη αυτή την έχει επισημάνει ο Υφυπουργός Εσωτερικών κ. Σταύρος Καλαφάτης, ο οποίος μάλιστα ζήτησε από την ΕΥΑΘ Παγίων, να προχωρήσει στην επικαιροποίηση της μελέτης που είχε εκπονήσει το 2007 ο ΟΡΘΕ και η οποία ποτέ ως σήμερα δεν αξιοποιήθηκε, προκειμένου, αφού διερευνηθούν όλα τα προς επίλυση ζητήματα, να μπορέσει να δρομολογηθεί η δημιουργία αυτού του μεγάλου σε μήκος, χώρου πρασίνου και αναψυχής", τόνισε ο κ. Τζακόπουλος.

Το έργο, υποστήριξε ο κ. Τζακόπουλος, είναι απόλυτα σύμφωνο με το πνεύμα και τις δράσεις για ασφαλέστερες και βιώσιμες πόλεις και θα μπορέσει να υλοποιηθεί - πιθανώς σε φάσεις- εάν συνεργαστούν οι τρεις Δήμοι, από τους οποίους διέρχεται η Τάφρος και, υποστηριχθεί από την Περιφέρεια Κεντρικής Μακεδονίας. Με μία αρχική εκτίμηση, το κόστος αυτής της σημαντικής σε έκταση ανάπλασης, δεν θα ξεπερνάει τα 20-25 εκατ. ευρώ.

Στα χνάρια της Περιφερειακής Τάφρου

Η Ανατολική Περιφερειακή Τάφρος, ξεκινάει από τις παρυφές του Σέιχ Σου και την Τούμπα και καταλήγει στη θάλασσα, στην περιοχή της Μίκρας. Σε αυτή τη διαδρομή των περίπου 7,6 χλμ. η Τάφρος διέρχεται από τα όρια τριών Δήμων, των Δήμων Θεσσαλονίκης, Πυλαίας- Χορτιάτη και Καλαμαριάς.

Ιδιοκτήτης της Περιφερειακής Τάφρου, έγινε η ΕΥΑΘ Παγίων Α.Ε. , με τον Ν.2937/2001, με τον οποίο τότε είχαν "μοιραστεί τα ιμάτια" της ΕΥΑΘ, στην ΕΥΑΘ Α.Ε. και στην ΕΥΑΘ Παγίων Α.Ε. Δίπλα στην Τάφρο υπάρχουν ιδιοκτησίες του δημοσίου, δημοτικές αλλά και ιδιωτών. Σε κάποια τμήματα πέριξ της Τάφρου, από τα Γ.Π.Σ. των τριών Δήμων, έχουν δοθεί χρήσεις γης, όπως π.χ. ισχύει για το Ελαιόρεμα, που βρίσκεται εντός του Δήμου Πυλαίας- Χορτιάτη και το οποίο είναι χαρακτηρισμένο, ως χώρος πρασίνου.

Η Τάφρος μελετήθηκε στη δεκαετία του 1950 και κατασκευάστηκε μεταξύ των ετών 1958-1962, είναι δε σημαντικό έργο για την αντιπλημμυρική προστασία της ανατολικής Θεσσαλονίκη, καθώς σε αυτή συγκεντρώνονται τα όμβρια από εννέα υδατορέματα και τους κλάδους τους.

Σήμερα, τα αναχώματα της Ανατολικής Περιφερειακής Τάφρου και γενικότερα, οι διαθέσιμες επιφάνειες κατά μήκος της Τάφρου, είναι ως επί το πλείστον αφημένες στην εγκατάλειψη ( εύκολοι χώροι απόρριψης σκουπιδιών), στις αυθαιρεσίες καταπατητών, μη ασφαλείς για τους πολίτες, σκοτεινές και απροσπέλαστες. Η κατάσταση που επικρατεί είναι χαώδης, ενώ όπως φαίνεται και στις πρόσφατες φωτογραφίες, το πράσινο, ενώνεται με τα δένδρα και τα φυτά που έχουν φουντώσει σε πολλά τμήματα της κοίτης της Τάφρου, αλλού στενής, αλλού φαρδιάς, αλλού ρηχής και αλλού βαθιάς και με απότομα πρανή.

Αναγκαιότητα οι χώροι πρασίνου

Οι Θεσσαλονικείς έχουν ανάγκη από χώρους πρασίνου, μία ανάγκη που αποδείχθηκε ακόμη εντονότερη κατά τις ημέρες της καραντίνας , όταν στο πάρκο του Ελαιορέματος, οι περιπατητές ήταν περισσότεροι απ' ότι τις καθημερινές στα πεζοδρόμια της Τσιμισκή. Mάλιστα ο κορωνοϊός, αποτέλεσε την αφορμή, για να μάθουν πολλοί κάτοικοι της Θεσσαλονίκης, ότι υπάρχει το Ελαιόρεμα.

Η αναλογία πρασίνου ανά κάτοικο είναι εξαιρετικά περιορισμένη στη Θεσσαλονίκη και η αξιοποίηση των αναχωμάτων της Περιφερειακής Τάφρου όπως και των διαθέσιμων όμορων επιφανειών, θα μπορούσε να δώσει στους κατοίκους του πολεοδομικού συγκροτήματος ένα υπερτοπικό πάρκο, γραμμικό, ιδανικό για πεζοπορία και ποδηλασία, κατάλληλο για εκγύμναση, αναψυχή, επαφή με το περιβάλλον έστω και στα όρια του αστικού τοπίου.

Να σημειωθεί ότι κοντά στην Τάφρο βρίσκονται πολλά σημεία ενδιαφέροντος ( π.χ. σχολεία, ναοί, μεγάλο εμπορικό κέντρο, αθλητικές εγκαταστάσεις), που θα μπορούσαν να "τροφοδοτούν" με επισκέπτες και περιπατητές αυτό το μεγάλο πράσινο διάδρομο- πάρκο, εάν δημιουργηθεί .

Σήμερα, περίπου το 50% των αναχωμάτων της Τάφρου, είναι μη προσπελάσιμο. Χαρακτηριστική περίπτωση αποτελεί το τμήμα της Τάφρου που ξεκινάει από το Σέϊχ Σου, ως τη Γέφυρα στην οδό Λαμπράκη και από εκεί ως τη Γέφυρα της οδού Βιζύης, δηλαδή το τμήμα του Ρέματος Πολυγνώτου.

"Στην παρούσα φάση, θα αξιοποιηθούν, αφού επανεκτιμηθούν ορισμένα στοιχεία της μελέτης που είχε εκπονήσει το 2007 ο τότε Ο.Ρ.Θ.Ε. και θα συμπληρωθούν, προκειμένου σε αυτή την αναγνωριστική μελέτη, να αποτυπωθεί η υφιστάμενη κατάσταση. Η μελέτη θα αξιολογήσει τα ιδιοκτησιακά χαρακτηριστικά και τις χρήσεις γης σε όλη αυτή την περιοχή, θα εντοπίσει τα προβλήματα που υπάρχουν για τη διαμόρφωση αυτού του υπερτοπικού πάρκου και το πως αυτά θα μπορέσουν να επιλυθούν, θα προσδιορίσει το αντικείμενο του πάρκου και θα εκτιμά τα κόστη μελετών και έργων που θα απαιτηθούν", εξήγησε ο κ. Τζακόπουλος για να προσθέσει:

"Σε επόμενη φάση, θα πρέπει οι συνυπεύθυνοι, δηλαδή η ΕΥΑΘ Παγίων, η Περιφέρεια Κεντρικής Μακεδονίας και οι τρεις εμπλεκόμενοι Δήμοι, να συνεργαστούν για γίνουν τα επόμενα βήματα, για τις μελέτες και την κατασκευή του έργου".

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ΕΥΑΘ Παγίων: Πάρκο κατά μήκος των 7,6 χλμ. της Περιφερειακής Τάφρου GRTimes.gr

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Σε μία πόλη που η συνεννόηση ακόμη και για τα ελάχιστα είναι ζητούμενο, το σχέδιο αυτό μπορεί να φαντάζει αρκετά αισιόδοξο, αλλά είναι οπωσδήποτε εφικτό και, κυρίως, απαραίτητο, όπως υποστήριξε στο GRTimes.gr o πρόεδρος της ΕΥΑΘ Παγίων Α.Ε., μηχανικός κ.

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Water scarcity and climate change The example of the mountain "Chortiatis"

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Water scarcity and climate change The example of the mountain "Chortiatis"

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There are concerns about the decrease of water flows compared to earlier historical periods. The example of Chortiatis is indicative. The mountain used to have a much colder climate than it has today. The ice caps that were permanent during the whole year, now do not last more than a month. This dramatic reduction of the duration of ice caps in the recent decades had a significant impact on the reduction of rivers and streams flowing from Chortiatis’ slopes and it is probably a result of climate change.
(Blionis G. - Tremopoulos M., 2017)

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The deforestration of the rich suburban forest around Thessaloniki took place between the 13th andthe 15th century in such a degree that the materials which were carried by the torrents to the sea changed the coastline of Thessaloniki. In the 19th century the area was an oak forest. Later on, the area became barren and the first reforestation attempt was made in 1929 by professors P. Kontos and X. Georgopoulos of the Forestry Department of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. In a period of 60 years, about 5 million trees were planted which consequently caused a decrease in the river water. https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%AD%CE%B9%CF%87_%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%85, 27/4/2022.

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Guided tour by School Teacher and Geologist Mr. Batalamas

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Guided tour by School Teacher and Geologist Mr. Batalamas

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We were guided to "Eleorema" (Olive Orchard Stream) by Geologist Mr. Batalamas and we saw up close the parts of the older stream that still exist, and how the area has been shaped over the years.

He shared with us experiences from his childhood and described the role that the stream played in people's lives at that time.

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Mr. Blionis who is a biologist gave a lecture on the historical and ecological approach of the big stream, the stream of Pylaia. He is one of the two authors of the book "Thessaloniki of Waters" which we consulted about our work

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Η ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΗ ΤΩΝ ΝΕΡΩΝ

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Σε αυτό το βιβλίο πραγματευόμαστε την ιστορία, την παρουσία, την αξία και τη διαχείριση των χειμάρρων και των υπόγειων νερών της πόλης της Θεσσαλονίκης. Είναι σαφές πως το νερό αποτελεί πηγή ζωής και ένα από τα κριτήρια για τη δημιουργία οικισμών.

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Discussions with meteorologist Mr. Stavros Keppas

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Discussions with meteorologist Mr. Stavros Keppas

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During the program we collaborated with meteorologist Mr. Keppas who explained to us how the meteorological stations work, what kind of data they give, how to process them and, what is more, provided us with the meteorological data from the stations of which he is in charge. This data is also accessible in the following site: https://northmeteo.gr/

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(Συντάκτης: Lambros Georgiou) Cirrus Uncinus πάνω από τη νότια Αγγλία. Αναφέρονται και ως mares'...

Συντάκτης: Lambros Georgiou Κάθοδος πολικής - ηπειρωτικής αέριας μάζας από τον Καναδά τις τελευταίες...

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Κωνσταντίνος Οικονόμου

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Φίλιππος Κασάπης

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Θανάσης Καρανάσιος

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(Συντάκτης: Lambros Georgiou) Cirrus Uncinus πάνω από τη νότια Αγγλία. Αναφέρονται και ως mares'... Συντάκτης: Lambros Georgiou Κάθοδος πολικής - ηπειρωτικής αέριας μάζας από τον Καναδά τις τελευταίες...

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Participating in the ESA European Training Program,

Climate Detectives, we prepared the following environmental school project for the school year 2021-22:

The effect of the Pylaia stream on the local climate.

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The degree of discomfort (DI)  given by the formula
DI=T-0,55*(1-0,01*RH)*(T-14,5)

The degree of discomfort (DI) resulting from the Panorama station during the summer months is significantly lower than the other surrounding areas.
The difference in the data provided by the Panorama station that simulates Pylaia is obvious

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Lazio Region Department of Epidemiology, Via di Santa Costanza, 53-00198 Rome, Italy

Department of Civil Protection, Via Ulpiano, 11-00193 Rome, Italy

Ministry of Health, Lungotevere Ripa, 1-00153 Rome, Italy

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Received: 6 April 2010 / Revised: 21 April 2010 / Accepted: 29 April 2010 / Published: 6 May 2010

Since 2004, the Italian Department for Civil Protection and the Ministry of Health have implemented a national program for the prevention of heat-health effects during summer, which to-date includes 34 major cities and 93% of the residents aged 65 years and over. The Italian program represents an important example of an integrated approach to prevent the impact of heat on health, comprising Heat Health Watch Warning Systems, a mortality surveillance system and prevention activities targeted to susceptible subgroups. City-specific warning systems are based on the relationship between temperature and mortality and serve as basis for the modulation of prevention measures. Local prevention activities, based on the guidelines defined by the Ministry of Health, are constructed around the infrastructures and services available. A key component of the prevention program is the identification of susceptible individuals and the active surveillance by General Practitioners, medical personnel and social workers. The mortality surveillance system enables the timely estimation of the impact of heat, and heat waves, on mortality during summer as well as to the evaluation of warning systems and prevention programs. Considering future predictions of climate change, the implementation of effective prevention programs, targeted to high risk subjects, become a priority in the public health agenda.

1. Introduction

A recent European study has evaluated the effect of high temperatures on health in European cities, showing the highest impact on the population residing in Mediterranean areas [ 1- 3]. The vulnerability to heat is related to the populations' susceptibility, extreme weather event characteristics and adaptation measures and prevention actions put in place. The adverse health effects of heat waves are partially preventable, and after the 2003 heat wave, many European countries have devoted considerable resources into reducing the impact of extreme temperatures on health. Warning systems and a number of specific public health interventions have been widely introduced, although the actual level of implementation of different response measures is heterogeneous [ 4] and evidence of effectiveness of specific preventive activities is still lacking.

Italy is one of the European countries mostly affected by heat waves, and every summer, there is a quantifiable burden of mortality and morbidity associated with the onset of heat waves [ 5, 6]. Recent climate change scenarios have confirmed predictions of an increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme events in southern and central Europe [ 7, 8], and in the future the impact of heat waves on health could have greater public health significance.

Since 2004, the Department of Civil Protection and the Ministry of Health, have implemented a national program for the prevention of heat health effects focused on the elderly and including all regional capitals and cities with more than 200,000 inhabitants. Starting from the largest urban areas, the program was gradually extended to all regions, and to date, has reached national coverage, to include 34 major cities and 93% of the residents aged 65 years and over.

The Lazio Region Department of Epidemiology, identified as the National Coordination Center, centrally manages the city-specific warning systems, whereas at the local level the designated center in charge (Local Civil Protection, Municipality, and Local Health Authority) is responsible for the information network and coordination of the local prevention plan. A National mortality surveillance system was also activated for a "real time" monitoring of summer mortality; the system allows for the assessment of the impact of heat on daily mortality and the detection of increments in mortality associated with heat waves.

The main components of the national program for the prevention of heat-health effects are the:

- city-specific Heat Health Watch Warning Systems (HHWWS);

- local network for the distribution of the warning bulletin;

- national prevention guidelines;

- local registries of at-risk subgroups of the population;

- a rapid "real time" mortality surveillance system;

- evaluation of warning systems and prevention programs introduced.

This article gives an overview of the Italian national program for the prevention of heat health effects, describing the methodologies adopted for the implementation of warning systems, the mortality surveillance system and prevention plans.

2. Heat Health Watch Warning Systems (HHWWS)

The introduction of HHWWS, capable of predicting extreme weather conditions and their impact on health, are a key component in the planning and management of heat-health prevention programs [ 4]. The Italian HHWWS models are based on a retrospective analysis of mortality data and weather variables to identify conditions associated with a significant increase in daily mortality [ 9].

In the largest urban areas, and where more extensive mortality and meteorological datasets are available, HHWWS are based on the air mass-based approach developed by Kalkstein et al. [ 10, 11], which considers weather conditions as a whole. A series of meteorological variables (air temperature, dew point temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind speed and direction) are categorized into air masses using the spatial synoptic approach. For each city, oppressive air masses are identified as those associated with an excess in mortality. The latter is calculated as the difference between observed and daily baseline values. In the Italian cities, two oppressive air masses have been identified as high risk for health: Moist Tropical plus (MT+), characterized by hot humid conditions, observed mainly in the northern cities, and Dry Tropical (DT), characterized by clear skies and hot, dry conditions, observed mainly in the southern and central cities.

For each city, algorithms for the prediction of excess mortality in each oppressive air mass are defined, and the model includes both minimum and maximum temperatures, time of season, degree hours (sum of degrees centigrade above 20 °C for each of the four temperature values considered during the day) and the days in sequence of oppressive air masses [ 12]. A warning is issued when an oppressive air mass with a significant excess in mortality is predicted.

The estimated impact of each air masses on mortality differs among cities, with the mean percent increase in daily mortality for MT+ ranging from +15% to +46% and for DT from 7% to 20% [ 16].

For all cities a second model was developed, based on maximum apparent temperature (Tappmax) ( Table 1). The latter is a discomfort index based on air and dew point temperature, calculated using the following formula [ 10]:

T app =−2.653+0.994( T air )+0.0153 ( T dewpt )2

In this second approach, the relationship between mortality and Tappmax is investigated through a Poisson regression model for each city. The explicative variables included in the model are: holidays, month (May-August), the interaction between Tappmax and month, and the number of consecutive hot days with Tappmax above the threshold. For each value of Tappmax, the model estimates the associated increase in daily mortality and, on the basis of these results, defines monthly thresholds. A progressive increase in threshold levels was observed, thus accounting for the change in adaptation processes throughout the summer season ( Table 1). This model implies a graded classification of risk defined as low (<20% excess in mortality) and high (≥20% excess in mortality).

In the cities where the air mass based model is used, the Tappmax model that predicts at risk conditions (excess mortality) in a continuous way ensures that pre-warning conditions are also identified.

During summer, every morning the National Coordination Center receives weather forecast data from the Meteorological Service of the Department of Civil Protection, runs the city-specific models to predict at-risk conditions for the following 72 hours and produces a warning bulletin. The level of risk issued by the HHWWS is graded on the basis of both model outputs as shown in Figure 1. Level 1 (attention) is issued on days with pre-warning meteorological conditions and low risk of mortality; level 2 (alarm) is issued on days with meteorological conditions associated with a high risk for the population, level 3 (emergency) is issued on the third consecutive day of level 2 and identifies heat wave episodes.

At the national level, the warning bulletins for each city are published on the Italian Department of Civil Protection and Ministry of Health websites, while at the local level, the center in charge receives the city-specific bulletin and activates the information network.

3. Mortality Surveillance System and Evaluation of the Impact of High Temperature on Mortality

Since 2004, Italy has activated an ad hoc rapid mortality surveillance system for the real time monitoring of the impact of heat on mortality during summer [ 13]. To-date the system is operational all year round in 34 cities. Every day, mortality data for the resident population is sent by local Municipal Registry Offices to the National Coordination Center. Individual records include: date of birth and death, gender, place of death, municipality of birth, residence and death, and the cause of the event (accidental\non-accidental). The dataset can be considered complete on average 72 hours after the day of death is recorded.

The mortality data availability allows for the evaluation of the impact of high temperatures on mortality. Every summer, the effect in the population aged 65 years and over is evaluated using three approaches of increasing methodological and analytical complexity ( Table 2):

the calculation of excess mortality by month/summer season;

the calculation of excess mortality by heat wave episode;

the description of the dose-response curve to examine the relationship between Tappmax and mortality.

To estimate the impact of heat on mortality during heat wave episodes and overall throughout summer, excess mortality is calculated as the difference between observed and daily baseline values. Baseline daily mortality is defined as the mean daily value by week and day of the week of the historical time series ( Table 2). The analysis of heat wave episodes enables the real-time quantification of the impact of each individual extreme event on mortality. In our system, a heat wave is defined as a period of at least three consecutive days in which HHWWS predicts level 2/3 risk conditions for health ( Table 2, Figure 1). Excess mortality is calculated including three days following the heat wave to account for the lag effect of the impact.

The dose-response relationship between mortality and Tappmax is explored in each city using smoothing scatter plots [ 14] ( Table 2). Usually, a typical "J" shape relation is observed during summer with a temperature value corresponding to a minimum mortality (threshold value) above which mortality is increased. Threshold values differ among cities according to the exposure levels to which the local population is typically adapted. To analyze the impact of high temperatures on mortality, the slope of the curve above the threshold is estimated. This analysis also allows identifying possible temporal changes in the temperature-mortality relationship and evaluating the effect of the introduction of heat prevention plans.

As an example, the results of the mortality evaluation carried out during summer 2008 for Rome and Milan are shown in Figure 2. The daily trend in mortality (observed and expected) and maximum apparent temperature values (°C) during summer and during heat wave episodes are reported in Figure 2A and 2B, respectively. In Rome and Milan, the overall excess in mortality for summer 2008 was +8% and 15% (p-value < 0.001), while during the heat wave episodes observed the excess ranged between +22% and +30%, respectively. The dose-response relationship between Tappmax and mortality in the 65+ population in summer 2008, 2003 and during a reference period (1995-2002) shows heterogeneity between time periods and cities ( Figure 2C).

4. Identification of at-Risk Subgroups

Results of epidemiological studies showed that heat waves have the worse impact on subgroups of the population, including people with impaired physiological and behavioral responses to heat due to their old age [ 5, 15- 17], to the presence of chronic illnesses [ 5, 16- 18], to limited social contacts [ 18], to living alone [ 17], to low socio-economic conditions [ 5, 17], and limited access to air conditioning [ 18]. The panel of risk factors associated with an increase in mortality may differ among populations due to living conditions, social and cultural context. Three Italian studies have identified a series of socio-demographic factors (living alone, low socio-economic conditions) and health conditions (i.e., respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, metabolic/endocrine disorders, diseases of the central nervous system, depression and psychiatric disorders) which increase the vulnerability to high temperatures [ 5, 17, 19]. To our knowledge, Italy is one of the few countries that specifically addresses prevention programs to high risk individuals (susceptible) as recommended by the national guidelines.

In the Italian cities, two procedures are used to identify susceptible individuals depending on the different data sources available. The first method, adopted in 17 cities, uses population registries and data from health information systems. Information on age, gender, civil status and number of family members are obtained from municipal registers while data on median population income for each census block of residence is provided by the Ministry of Finance. In some cities, a small area-based (census tract) socio-economic status indicator using 2001 census data was applied [ 20]. Information on past hospitalizations (Regional Hospital Discharge Registry) for a group of diagnoses associated with a higher risk of mortality during heat waves are obtained. On the basis of individual characteristics, defined in the literature and/or confirmed through ad hoc studies carried out locally [ 21], each subject is classified in different risk categories, from low to very high. The proportion of susceptible individuals in the total population aged 65 and over ranges from 0.8% to 5.6% across cities.

The second method, adopted in eight cities, is based on the direct notification by GPs and social workers, taking into account demographic, health characteristics and living conditions. The fraction of susceptible individuals identified is more heterogeneous among cities ranging from 0.4% to 11.6%.

Before summer, the list of subjects aged 65 years and over, inclusive of the individual level of risk, is distributed to health and social services in order to ensure that preventive measures are activated in due time.

5. Heat Prevention Plan

In Italy, local prevention plans are based on national guidelines defined by the Ministry of Health. Every year, a survey is performed in all cities to collect information on prevention plans in order to promote a sharing of experiences between local authorities [ 22]. Table 3 summarizes the main prevention activities and level of implementation, the latter is estimated by considering the number of cities where a specific prevention activity is operational from all the cities participating in the national program.

The Ministry of Health identifies prevention activities to be implemented before the onset of summer, and actions to be activated during the pre-alerting days and during alarm/emergency periods. Each year, an education campaign on the risks of heat is carried out and information on preventive measures is available on the Ministry of Health website. Informative fliers are distributed to centers for the elderly, public places, local pharmacies, health centers and to General Practitioner (GPs). During the summer, a national help-line, managed by medical personnel and trained operators, is activated to provide information on practical measures to reduce health risks during heat waves, on the occurrence of at-risk conditions, and about social and health services available in each city. Furthermore, during heat wave episodes, advice on heat stress avoidance is disseminated via the media.

At the local level, training courses and workshops addressed to GPs, nurses, health care and social workers are organized to raise awareness of risks related to extreme heat waves and to prepare both institutions and personnel to mitigate the impact on health.

A range of social activities are implemented to prevent heat-related effects: a telephone help-line or tele-monitoring, scheduled home visits, and delivery of pharmaceuticals provided by social workers or volunteers. Furthermore, air-conditioned spaces have been implemented in social centers for the elderly and residential care homes and, during heat waves, opening hours are prolonged to provide relief for at-risk individuals.

Health prevention activities involve hospitals, nursing homes, GPs and medical staff. Hospitals and nursing homes define their own emergency protocols, including measures such as postponing non-urgent surgeries, discharge planning during high risk periods, staff rotation restrictions, mobilization of at-risk patients to air-conditioned rooms and increasing bed availability during summer.

In each city, the central component of local prevention plans is the active surveillance of high and very high risk patients by GPs, medical and social personnel. The active surveillance is operated through a dedicated telephone line that triggers a network of health and social services in case of an emergency. In particular, GPs play a central role in actively monitoring patients through specific interventions such as telephone calls and home visits, modulation in pharmacological treatment, home-based treatments, special attention towards at-risk patients discharged from hospital and favoring the access to nursing/residential homes when necessary. When level 2 and level 3 warnings are issued, activities like home visits and treatments are enhanced.

6. Discussion

After five years, the Italian heat prevention plan has reached national coverage to include 93% of the population aged over 65 years living in major urban areas. It represents an important example of an integrated approach for the prevention of heat health effects comprising HHWWS, surveillance systems and prevention activities targeted to at-risk population subgroups. The HHWWS system serves as basis for the modulation of prevention measures, and at the local level a good information network is the key component for the efficient running of a heat plan.

Italy was one of the first European countries to develop HHWWS after the exceptional 2003 heat wave [ 23, 24]. More recently, other countries have implemented HHWWS, but they differ greatly with respect to methodology, the information network for warning distribution and the availability of real time outcome data [ 4]. In most European HHWWS a warning is given in case the forecast temperatures reach or exceed thresholds defined a priori and only in some cases based on time series analysis of temperature and mortality [ 23, 24].

In Italy, city-specific HHWWS are based on the retrospective time series analysis of meteorological variables and mortality data providing a reliable epidemiologic basis to account for local climate characteristics and vulnerability of the resident population. This represents a major strength of the Italian HHWWS. Other core elements of the program are the central coordination of HHWWS and a well-structured information network to distribute the warning bulletin to all services involved in local heat-health prevention activities. In some cities, the daily bulletin is used to modulate interventions according to HHWWS risk levels in order to increase efficiency of the whole system.

Following the 2003 heat wave, the interest in the real time evaluation of mortality during summer has increased throughout Europe. Syndromic surveillance and mortality monitoring systems have been developed in some European countries although detailed information on data flow, geographical coverage, type of variables gathered and data collection continuity are not well documented and limited information is available in the literature [ 25, 26]. The availability of real time mortality data during summer is a distinctive feature of the Italian program since it enables the immediate evaluation of the impact of heat waves on mortality; crucial for the timely activation of emergency actions. This data source also allows mortality time series to be updated in order to revise HHWWS models and to provide an indirect evaluation of warning systems and prevention programs. It should be noted that the management of the national mortality surveillance system takes up multiple resources, especially in terms of dedicated personnel, information system support and an efficient collaborative network with local mortality register offices.

The Italian prevention program includes two main components operating at the local level; the social services coordinated by the Municipal offices and Regional Health Agencies, which are the mainstay of the Italian Health Service. Regional Health Agencies have full autonomy in organizational, administrative, financial and technical terms and provide health care services to the population either directly, through their own facilities, or paying for the services provided by independent public and private structures (hospitals and university-managed hospitals). They are also in charge of providing primary care, health education, disease prevention, pharmacies, family planning, child health and information services. A fundamental role is played from GPs, having a central role in primary healthcare delivery. The main activities of GPs include providing medical care, prescribing drugs, ordering diagnostic tests, advising people to specialist services and hospitalizing patients.

The Italian prevention guidelines highlight the importance of targeting prevention activities and available resources to susceptible population subgroups. As documented by the Ministry of Health's annual survey [ 22], protocols to identify these subgroups have been defined in several Italian cities. Although the same individual socio-demographic and health characteristics are considered [ 5, 17], the methods applied to define the registries largely differ, due to the availability of data sources, dedicated skilled personnel and financial resources. Therefore, the fraction of susceptible individuals still remains heterogeneous among cities. In most cities data are retrieved from administrative databases to build a population-based registry while in some cities susceptible individuals are directly notified by health (e.g., GPs) and social workers. The latter method is affected by less objective selection criteria adopted by health and social professionals and by differences in the participation rate between cities.

In order to reduce differences in the methodologies for the identification of susceptible subjects, the National Coordination Center recommends the development of local registries based on data retrieved from current administrative databases and defined considering susceptibility factors identified in the population of interest. To the best of our knowledge, the Italian registries of susceptible individuals, although heterogeneous, represent an unique experience in this field, which have no counterpart in other countries. A further explanation of the large difference in the high risk fraction of population identified is also related to the heterogeneity in the availability of health and social services among cities, and is related to specific resources available for the implementation of the summer prevention programs. For example, in cities where interventions are mainly of social assistance a larger proportion of elderly may be involved, whereas in cities where the intervention is provided by the health services a lower proportion of high risk population is identified.

Results from epidemiological studies conducted in Europe and in Italian cities showed absence or low increase of hospitalizations by increasing temperature with no effect of high temperature on hospital admissions for cardiovascular diseases and an effect on respiratory admissions lower than that observed on respiratory mortality [ 3]. These results suggest that during periods of high temperature many deaths occur rapidly before receiving medical treatment or admission to hospital [ 27]. These findings suggest that specific preventive measures should be targeted to susceptible individuals residing at home. In some cities GPs carry out an active surveillance on susceptible individuals mostly based on scheduled home visits, modulation in pharmacological treatment and home-based treatments. However, GP participation is on voluntary basis and their involvement is around 30%, entailing a small proportion of susceptible individuals under surveillance [ 22]. Among the other interventions put in place, informative campaigns and social support activities are well established, while other health actions such as those involving hospitals and nursing homes and training activities have a lower level of implementation. The picture of public health measures that emerges for US and European countries is almost the same [ 4, 28, 29]. In general, the critical point is that the potential effectiveness of interventions included in heat prevention plans need still to be formally evaluated.

Evaluation of heat prevention plans as a whole is another crucial issue and despite difficulties, process and outcome assessments should be undertaken [ 30]. A preliminary evaluation carried out in Italy suggests that a reduction in the impact of heat on mortality has occurred since the introduction of HHWWS and prevention programs [ 6]. Similar decreasing trends in heat-related mortality have been documented in other countries, although alternative explanations cannot be disregarded [ 31- 34]. There seems to be general consensus that more has to be done in terms of evaluation of HHWWS and prevention measures [ 4, 23].

Another crucial aspect that still requires attention is the timing of activation of HHWWS and prevention activities including the identification of susceptible individuals. In particular the heat plan should be activated sufficiently in advance to be able to cope with heat waves early in the season. Several studies have shown that the highest impact on mortality may occur during the first heat wave episodes [ 2, 6, 35, 36], when the human organism has not had time to adapt to heat [ 4]. Furthermore, at the beginning of summer heat waves act on a "full reserve" of susceptible individuals which is gradually depleted by subsequent heat episodes, and consequently, events with similar levels of exposure, may have a lower impact later in the summer [ 37]. Further efforts are needed to improve the coordination between Italian HHWWS and local prevention activities in order to reduce the impact of heat waves occurring early in the season.

In conclusion, the Italian prevention program is an important example of a collaborative network with a central coordination based on city-specific HHWWS, mortality surveillance system and a wide range of local prevention activities. Improvements are still needed with regards to the coverage of the susceptible populations and the modulation of prevention activities addressed to these subgroups. Moreover, the evaluation of preventive actions is important for the efficient management of resources. After the dramatic media coverage of the 2003 heat wave in Europe, the interest on the effects of climate change on health has suddenly increased. However, in recent years, the attention to this issue has diminished. The preparedness to cope with heat waves becomes a priority in the public health agenda when considering climate change scenarios and the expected increase in frequency and intensity of heat wave episodes in future years.

Acknowledgments

Italian heat prevention plan was funded by the Department of Civil Protection and Ministry of Health.

References

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Variables included in the model

Results*

Tappmax approach
Exposure:

Tappmax= maximum daily value of apparent temperature (Tapp)

TTT app = −2.653 + 0.994( air) + 0.0153( dewpt) ²

Other variables:

- Interaction between Tappmax and month

- Number of consecutive days with Tappmax above the threshold

Tappmax thresholds for 10-20% excess mortality:

August: 29.5 °C to 36.5 °C

September: 25.5 °C to 35.5 °C

Tappmax thresholds for >20% excess mortality:

August: 30.5 °C to 39.5 °C

September: 27.5 °C to 36.5 °C

Air-mass approach
For each Air mass:#

- Air temperature at 6 a.m.(minimum temperature)

- Air temperature at 12 p.m. (maximum temperature)

- Time of season (i.e., from 1 for 1st May to 153 for 30th September)

- Days in sequence of oppressive air masses (DT, MT+, MT)

Air mass frequency:
Excess mortality in 65+ population (%):

Method

Formula

Strengths

Limitations

A) Analysis by month/summer
Relative excess mortality (%)=(O-E)/E*100
Where:

O (observed mortality) = daily mortality of 65+ population

E (expected mortality) = baseline daily number of deaths °

Overall summer/month mortality with respect to previous years

B) Analysis of heat wave episodes
Heat wave: ≥ 3 consecutive days with HHWWS level 2 or 3 risk conditions for health plus 3 days following the event
Relative excess mortality (%)=(O-E)/E*100
Where:

O (observed mortality) = daily mortality of 65+ population

E (expected mortality) = baseline daily number of deaths °

Estimation of the impact of extreme exposures

Accounts for lag effect of heat on mortality

Excess depends on the baseline chosen

Unadjusted for concurrent exposures (i.e., air pollution extremes)

C) Time-series analysis of relationship between temperature and mortality
Shape of exposure-response curve
Poisson generalized additive model (GAM) with smooth function of Tappmax (i.e., penalized regression spline) or locally weighted linear regression

Lack of precision when data points are limited

Preventive measure

Level of implementation*

Description

Social interventions

Health care interventions

Emergency protocols

++

Emergency measures (i.e., bed redistribution, discharge planning) to improve operational efficiency in hospitals, nursing homes and social structures

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Surveillance of Summer Mortality and Preparedness to Reduce the Health Impact of Heat Waves in Italy

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Since 2004, the Italian Department for Civil Protection and the Ministry of Health have implemented a national program for the prevention of heat-health effects during summer, which to-date includes 34 major cities and 93% of the residents aged 65 years and over.

# data[].attributes.body
More about the degree of discomfort

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Abstract

The paper studies the climatology of the Discomfort Index (DI) and the Common Air Quality Index (CAQI) in a large Mediterranean urban center (Greater Thessaloniki Area), examines the relations between the indices and the climatic conditions in the study area and investigates the linkage between the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect and the enhanced discomfort and poor air quality in the city center. Discomfort conditions are more enhanced during July and August. Atmospheric conditions when the population suffers discomfort and feels severe stress are found mainly in the summer season hours with total frequency that can be up to about 4% in a month. Throughout the year, air quality conditions are unhealthier in the stations of urban characterization. Very high daily CAQI values are more frequent during the cold period (about 14%) than during the warm period (1-2%) of the year in the urban stations. Daily DI ≥24°C could be more associated to increased temperature than relative humidity and is strongly related to high and very high CAQI values. During summer, when daily CAQI is ≥76, the feeling of discomfort is the most probable. Consequently, a strong synergy between discomfort and bad air quality exists in summertime. High and very high CAQI values and the discomfort feeling by the majority of the population are related to stagnant atmospheric conditions. During summer season, the poor air quality and the unfavorable comfort conditions for the majority of the population in the city center are associated with the greater frequency of a more intense UHI effect. The above phenomenon is more pronounced during nighttime than daytime.

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References

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Acknowledgments

The work has been financed by the MED-APICE project, co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund in the framework of the MED Programme. We would like to thank Dr. Vavatzanidis for providing us with the datasets from the monitoring network of the Region of Central Macedonia in the Greater Thessaloniki Area.

Author information

Affiliations

1. Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics, Department of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

Anastasia Poupkou & Dimitrios Melas

2. Laboratory of Climatology and Atmospheric Environment, Faculty οf Geology and Geoenvironment, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

Panagiotis Nastos

3. Research Centre for Atmospheric Physics and Climatology, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece

Christos Zerefos

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Anastasia Poupkou.

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# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Climatology of Discomfort Index and Air Quality Index in a Large Urban Mediterranean Agglomeration - Water, Air, & Soil Pollution

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The paper studies the climatology of the Discomfort Index (DI) and the Common Air Quality Index (CAQI) in a large Mediterranean urban center (Greater Thessaloniki Area), examines the relations between the indices and the climatic conditions in the study area and investigates the linkage between the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect and the enhanced discomfort and poor air quality in the city center.

# data[].attributes.headline
Timelapse from above the stream’s sources, from October 2016 to April 2022 per month.

# data[].attributes.subject
Timelapse from above the stream’s sources, from October 2016 to April 2022 per month.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Sentinel-2 L2A imagery taken on April 13, 2022

# data[].attributes.headline
The 'Kamara" of Pylea where the three big streams ended

# data[].attributes.subject
The 'Kamara" of Pylea where the three big streams ended

# data[].attributes.body
The Early Christian Bridge of Pylaia (Pylaia’s Arc) in the beginning of the 20th century. Situated at the junction of the Regional Trench with Eleorema, it was first believed that it was used to connect Pylaia with Chortiatis as a part of Via Egnatia. Nowadays it is believed to be a remnant of an old aqueduct that brought water from Chortiatis mountain to Thessaloniki.
(Blionis G. - Tremopoulos M., 2017)

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
The torrent as it ends in the thermal bay

# data[].attributes.body
The latest residential development that appeared in the second half of the last century is evident.

(Blionis G.)

# data[].attributes.headline
Timelapse  from above the Peripheral Trench named "Anahoma"

# data[].attributes.subject
Timelapse  from above the Peripheral Trench named "Anahoma"

# data[].attributes.body
Images from above the Peripheral Trench of Pylea from October 2019 to April 2022. There are no significant residential changes. The residential development of Pylea took place mainly in the last two decades

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
EO Browser makes it possible to browse and compare full resolution images from all the data collections we provide. You simply go to your area of interest, select your desired time range and cloud coverage, and inspect the resulting data in the browser.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
από παλιότερες εξορμήσεις

# data[].attributes.body
At the "Eleorema"

# data[].attributes.headline
The area of the stream from the springs to the sea and our school

# data[].attributes.subject
The area of the stream from the springs to the sea and our school

# data[].attributes.body
Our purpose has been to study whether the stream that flows through the area of Pylaia and the open air green areas have a beneficial effect on the local climate and consequently on the health of residents.

This stream, which in the past received a lot of water from many torrents of the present-day areas of Panorama and Eleones, is artificial and it was built in 1956 to collect the water from other torrents that crossed the city and caused floods.

The study was based on the following:

a) soil data using meteorological proxies from 5 meteorological stations in nearby areas with different local landscapes (urban, semi-urban, coastal, mountainous). We compared the average temperatures of each area, we recorded the minimum and maximum temperatures as well as the hot days and hours. Finally, we recorded the degree of discomfort (DI) as in 2021 there were long periods of heat.
We calculated and compared the thermal stress indicators Tapp, for the months of July and August on specific days 1st, 15th, 30th and at specific times, 1 am, 5 am, 14, 20
The data was processed by Excel.

b) satellite data, taken by the EO Browser, in order to locate the route of the stream, its springs, as well as the mountain that supplied water to the various streams.

c) historical data, from scientific papers and narratives of elder people.

We collaborated with the following scientists:

a) a Meteorologist associate of AUTh who provided us with the meteorological data

b) a Biologist, researcher and author who specialises on studying ecological and historical data concerning city streams; and

c) a Geologist teacher who provided us stories from the lives of the citizens and their relationship with the stream during the past decades

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Sentinel Playground utilizes Sentinel Hub technology to enable easy-to-use discovery and exploring of full-resolution Sentinel-1,Sentinel-2, Landsat 8, DEM and MODIS imagery, along with access to the EO data products. It is a graphical interface to a complete and daily updated Sentinel-2 archive, a massive resource for anyone interested in Earth's changing surface, natural or manmade.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Sentinel Playground utilizes Sentinel Hub technology to enable easy-to-use discovery and exploring of full-resolution Sentinel-1,Sentinel-2, Landsat 8, DEM and MODIS imagery, along with access to the EO data products. It is a graphical interface to a complete and daily updated Sentinel-2 archive, a massive resource for anyone interested in Earth's changing surface, natural or manmade.

# data[].attributes.body
https://apps.sentinel-hub.com/

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Sentinel Playground utilizes Sentinel Hub technology to enable easy-to-use discovery and exploring of full-resolution Sentinel-1,Sentinel-2, Landsat 8, DEM and MODIS imagery, along with access to the EO data products. It is a graphical interface to a complete and daily updated Sentinel-2 archive, a massive resource for anyone interested in Earth's changing surface, natural or manmade.

# data[].attributes.headline
Average temperatures from all meteorological stations

# data[].attributes.subject
Average temperatures from all meteorological stations

# data[].attributes.body
Average temperatures for January, April, July, September 2021 concerning the 4 meteorological stations of Panorama, Kifissia, Tagarades, Toumpa, Lefkos Pyrgos (White Tower).

The lowest temperature given by the meteorological station of Panorama, which is situated next to Pylaia, is obvious. (Of course, we have to bear in mind that Panorama is around 150 meters higher than the station of Pylaia. The necessary adjustment due to the height can be seen in another diagram. Of course, not only the height but also the complex landscape of the city altogether can affect the final data.)

# data[].attributes.body
January 2022

# data[].attributes.body
EO Browser
1/22

# data[].attributes.body
Data for year:2021
Region:Tagarades
Altitude (m):60
Coordinates (lat, lon):40.49, 23.02

# data[].attributes.body
Data for year:2021
Region:Kifisia
Altitude (m):32
Coordinates (lat, lon):40.59, 22.96

# data[].attributes.body
Data for year:2021
Region:Panorama
Altitude (m):250
Coordinates (lat, lon):40.58, 23.03

# data[].attributes.body
Our school, the 1st High School of Pylaia and the Municipality of Pylaia are located on the outskirts of the city of Thessaloniki. Pylaia is crossed by a stream that in the past received a lot of water from various torrents crossing  the present day areas of Panorama, Eleones (Olive orchards), Konstantinopolitika and Malakopi. They contributed to a common riverbed, the Pylaia stream, forming a junction where nowadays the Arch of Pylaia is situated. The stream which was also called "Bird Pit", has the current name of Eleorema

which means Olive orchard stream.

# data[].attributes.headline
The map via EO browser shows that the stream is a natural border between the areas of Charilaou and Toumpa which are more urban areas than Pylaia.

# data[].attributes.subject
The map via EO browser shows that the stream is a natural border between the areas of Charilaou and Toumpa which are more urban areas than Pylaia.

# data[].attributes.body
EO Browser
1/22

# data[].attributes.headline
What do the Elderly residents of Pylaia say?

# data[].attributes.subject
What do the Elderly residents of Pylaia say?

# data[].attributes.body
Until 1956, when the peripheral trench was built, the bank of a single stream, the Great Stream of Pylaia was descending from Pylaia’s Olive Tree Orchards to the place where now the Theological School is situated and small waterfalls formed behind the Garden of Kalos. The water was clear and children played and swam near the river bank in the summer. There were also river crabs and frogs. When it rained a lot, one could be drifted by its waters and drown.

# data[].attributes.headline
The two branches of the Allatini torrent

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The two branches of the Allatini torrent

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(from descriptions documented in the book by Blionis G. & Tremopoulos M., 2017, "Thessaloniki of waters", published by Antigoni).

# data[].attributes.headline
The Peripheral Trench (year of construction: 1956)

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The Peripheral Trench (year of construction: 1956)

# data[].attributes.body
A peripheral trench, part of which is the so-called Embankment of Pylaia, was built in 1956 to collect water from the torrents that crossed the city and caused floods.

(Blionis G.)

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
It is hosted at the 2nd Primary School of Pylaia. (2021)

# data[].attributes.body
https://northmeteo.gr/

The meteorological station of Pylaia, in which we were interested, as it is close to the stream, started working in the last year. So, we tried to draw data from neighboring meteorological stations.

The meteorological station that simulates the Pylaia station is in Panorama. However, the area of ​​Pylaia is at a lower altitude (80 -150m) than the meteorological station of Panorama (250m). Given that the temperature decreases by about 0.5 οC every 100 meters, we applied a reduction to simulate the climate of Pylaia.

The results we obtained after the reduction do not give much supporting evidence in relation to our original question.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Evening hours temperature  (Agricultural zone Commercial zone urban Suburban. Centre, Park)

# data[].attributes.body
In recent years, the expansion of urban areas in Pylaia has grown at a rapid rate. The former small village has turned fastly into a city. Urbanization generally causes significant atmospheric and surface changes, which lead to a modified thermal climate that turns up to be warmer than that of the surrounding non-urban areas.

About this idea: https://lifeasti.eu/el/arxikh/

# data[].attributes.body
https://northmeteo.gr/

# data[].attributes.body
Data for year:2021
Region:White_Tower
Altitude (m):10
Coordinates (lat, lon):40.63, 22.95