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Egyptian Health insurance was created in 1964 and increased coverage for many populations.

Egypt has a highly pluralistic health care system, with many different public and private providers and financing agents. Health services in Egypt are currently managed, financed, and provided by agencies in all three sectors of the economy government, parastatal, and private.

The public health system faces many challenges such as underfunding, low-quality care, lack of medical equipment, and qualified personnel.

Due to low standards of care in public facilities, many Egyptians seek care in private facilities if they can afford it.

Despite the government’s attempt at reforming the public healthcare system in Egypt, the public hospitals still have poor quality and do not live up to the Western standard that expatriates are looking for.

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•	Common values and beliefs impacting health and healthcare decisions

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•	Common values and beliefs impacting health and healthcare decisions

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Muslims believe that the body is a gift from God and must be maintained:
- Muslim coworkers and patients may be more tired or irritable due to hunger from the Ramadan holy month which requires fasting for 15-17 hours a day. Muslim coworkers and patients may be more tired or irritable due to hunger from the Ramadan holy month which requires fasting for 15-17 hours a day. Medication timings would be adjusted with certain patients, for example, a glucose IV wouldn't be accepted due to its nutritional value.
- Eating pork is always forbidden in Islam. Numerous antibiotics come in gel capsules made of pig-based gelatin. Alternatives can be used if possible for example, the patient can crack open the capsule and consume its contents only.
- In Islam, physical contact between genders (non-married people and non-family members) is highly discouraged. If the patient is a woman and her face is covered, the only way to verify identity is in private without a man's presence.
- The ancient Egyptians thought that gods, demons, and spirits played a key role in causing diseases. Doctors believed that spirits blocked channels in the body and that this affected the way the body worked.
-The Egyptian view of medical treatment: "Magic is effective together with medicine. Medicine is effective together with magic." The magic referred to takes the form of spells, incantations, and rituals, which called on higher supernatural powers to cure the patient or treat symptoms.

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•	Specific health trends including complementary and alternative medicine commonly utilized

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•	Specific health trends including complementary and alternative medicine commonly utilized

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The Egyptian culture has numerous holistic approaches such as prayer, and natural, or practical remedies as a solution to health problems.

- 700 herbal remedies, magical formulas, and incantations aimed at repelling demons that cause disease.
- Most healers were priests
-Most people wash and shave their bodies to prevent infections
- Example:
They ate more onions, garlic, and foods rich in antioxidants and vitamin A. This reduced their chances of catching diseases.

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Fun Fact #1
- Egyptians is the invention of breath mints. In Egypt before the invention of breath mints, Egyptians had bad oral hygiene due to them not having dentists. The citizens of Egypt suffered from tooth decay which resulted in foul breath. Ancient Egyptians invented the first mints by combining rankincense, myrrh, and cinnamon boiled with honey. The mints were shaped into pills and restored the unpleasant aromas from their mouths.
Fun Fact #2
- Egyptians hated being hairy. Being hairy was consider a lower social status and having a shaved head was considered a sign of nobility. Egyptians priest shaved their bodies every three days. Due to Egyptians hatred towards hair a lot of the cosmetic experiments we used today such as wigs and the first waxing paste made out of a mixture of sugar and beeswax is credited towards them.
Fun Fact #3
- Egyptians put crocodile feces into the entrance of the vagina as a method of birth control. People also used crocodile feces to disperse evil spirits.

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The Ebers Papyrus (an ancient medical document that contains over 842 remedies for illnesses and injuries. It specifically focused on the heart, the respiratory system, and diabetes.)

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Fertility Rate: 3:3 live births per woman

Life expectancy is predicted to rise and reach 75 years for males and 79 years for females by 2050.

Infant Mortality Rate: 13:2 deaths per 1,000 live births

Child Mortality Rate: 16:9 per 1,000 live births Maternal

you dial 123 for an ambulance when you are in a case of emergency.

·       Egypt hosts more than 270,000 registered asylum-seekers and refugees from 65 countries. The majority are from Syria, Sudan, South Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Yemen, and Somalia.

-       Private healthcare facilities consist of nonprofit organizations and for-profit hospitals, clinics, and pharmacies.

o   Medical treatment in Egypt is less costly than that in Europe, the U.S, and some other countries in the Middle East. According to World Bank, even though more than half of the population has access to some form of health insurance, nearly three-fourths of all medical costs are paid out of pocket.

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The official language in Egypt is Arabic but they can understand the English language. The official religion in Egypt is Islam and Sunni Muslims. Egyptians have numerous religion holidays for example, Al-Hijra which is called the Islamic New Year, it will start on July 18th and will end July 19th in the year of 2023.

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Nursing considerations and interventions applicable to providing care

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Nursing considerations and interventions applicable to providing care

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The Egyptian Government has been emphasizing on providing Universal Health Coverage through the Universal Health Insurance Law in 2018.

It intends to restructure the system by providing coverage to all and making health services affordable for citizens.

It has also stated the importance of targeting the most vulnerable population groups as its priority.

Emerging access to global communications and commerce is raising the expectations of the population for more and better care and for advanced health care technology.

-Using more accessible resources and supplies to better care for the community.

Egyptian providers and nurses educating their patients on ways to stay healthy, hydrated, and safe.

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Editors. (2022, July 30). Celebrate al-hijra, Muslim new year. New York Latin Culture Magazine™. Retrieved August 20, 2022, from https://www.newyorklatinculture.com/al-hijra/

Egypt culture : Language, religion, food - original travel. Egypt Culture : Language, Religion, Food - Original Travel. (n.d.). Retrieved August 20, 2022, from https://www.originaltravel.co.uk/travel-guide/egypt/culture

Shvili, J. (2020, August 6). Fun facts about the ancient Egyptians. WorldAtlas. Retrieved August 20, 2022, from https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/fun-facts-about-the-ancient-egyptians.html

Danielle. (2019, May 7). Culturally competent care of Muslim patients. The National Association of Free & Charitable Clinics. Retrieved August 20, 2022, from https://nafcclinics.org/culturally-competent-care-of-muslim-patients/?gclid=Cj0KCQjwjIKYBhC6ARIsAGEds-LJDFYh6pa8WRj-DhgcSnaP7nvty3CP8zRFZU5Iz2ysxyPRq6RW3fQaAsNUEALw_wcB

MediLexicon International. (n.d.). Ancient Egyptian medicine: Influences, practice, magic, and religion. Medical News Today. Retrieved August 20, 2022, from https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323633#channel-theory