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The first case of cholera was recorded in San Nicolás which then spread to Tondo. This deadly disease was brought by two crewmen from Zamboanga who went ashore to San Nicolás, bringing the disease with them.

The house occupied by the crewmen was burned as ordered by the sanitary boards.

The government officially declared the cholera epidemic in the Philippines.

Read: https://opinion.inquirer.net/4010/death-in-the-time-of-cholera-1882

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July 24, 1882 - Philippine authorities attempted to cover up the outbreak to prevent foreign countries from the cessation of trading goods with the Philippines.

August 24, 1882 - authorities banned dried and fermented fish which they believed could possibly worsen the epidemic at the time.

August 25, 1882 - the Philippine government imposed sanitary and quarantine measures, closed Manila cemeteries, and established an organization for the citizens affected by the massive cholera outbreak.

Ships from infected ports were closed; passengers from other areas of the Philippines were quarantined for 12 hours

Communications between different towns were forbidden unless granted permission from the government.

Read: https://businessmirror.com.ph/2020/06/16/letters-to-jose-rizal-chronicle-the-1882-philippine-cholera-epidemic/

https://intramuros.gov.ph/2020/06/24/19th-century-spanish-manila-in-times-of-epidemics/https://intramuros.gov.ph/2020/06/24/19th-century-spanish-manila-in-times-of-epidemics/

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Implementation of quarantine and sanitation measures

Health promotion and education such as circulars and bulletins to provide directions on how to avoid cholera

Training of Filipino health officers

Resolutions and bulletins to guide the public how to prevent the spread of the disease

Read: https://phjlis.org/index.php/phjlis/article/download/84/64

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The ways of implementing health safety protocols shocked and scared the natives – native Filipinos resisted the interventions of the American and became uncooperative, hastening the cholera outbreak in nearby towns.

Filipinos and Spaniards during the time were outraged by the authorities’ decisions on burning the victims’ bodies serving as an obstacle in their health campaigns

The masses’ suspicion and resistance against the government resulted in anti-American propagandas.

Limited food and overcrowding in concentration camps

Read: https://phjlis.org/index.php/phjlis/article/download/84/64

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January 30, 2020 -  DOH reported the first case of COVID-19 in the Philippines, involving a 38 year-old female Chinese tourist from Wuhan, China.

March 11, 2020 - World Health Organization declared COVID-19 as a pandemic

May 15, 2020 - The number of confirmed cases of coronavirus infection surpasses 12,000, with fatalities exceeding 800.

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January 31, 2020 - Former President Rodrigo Duterte declares a temporary travel ban to and from Hubei, China, while Secretary Eduardo Año of DILG directs all LGUs to establish individual task forces to combat the virus.

March 8, 2020 - Proclamation No. 922 was signed by President Duterte, declaring a State of Public Health Emergency nationwide.

March 16, 2020 - Proclamation 929, issued by President Duterte, declares enhanced community quarantine (ECQ) measures and puts the country under a state of calamity.

March 23, 2020 - The Senate gives its approval to Senate Bill No. 1418, commonly referred to as the proposed Bayanihan to Heal As One Act, declaring a state of national emergency and providing emergency powers to President Duterte. (Read: https://www.sunstar.com.ph/manila/local-news/congress-declares-national-emergency-grants-special-powers-to-duterte)

April 21, 2020 - The DILG instructs the police to take charge of contact tracing in communities.

May 5, 2020 -  DSWD reports that over 12.1 million families have been provided financial aid totaling P65.5 billion through the social amelioration program (SAP).

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March 7, 2020 - DOH elevated the alert level to Code Red Sub-level 1 following the confirmation of local transmission with the 6th COVID-19 case. (Read: https://www.sunstar.com.ph/manila/local-news/doh-raises-code-red-over-covid-19)

March 14, 2020 - Malacañang released the guidelines for Social Distancing

March 15, 2020 - (1) Metro Manila was put under a general community quarantine (GCQ). (2) Law enforcement establishes border control checkpoints, permitting only essential personnel and cargoes to pass through the borders. (3) The extension of class suspension until April 12, 2020, is accompanied by a reduction in government office operations to skeleton workforces, excluding agencies involved in health and emergency services. (4) Encouragement of Work-from-home.

March 17, 2020 - Lockdown begins in Luzon

April 5, 2020 - The DILG instructs LGUs to enact local ordinances mandating the public to wear face masks when venturing outside.

2021 - use of face Shields

March 4, 2021 - Arrival of AstraZeneca vaccines

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April 12, 2020 - Since the initiation of quarantine protocols in mid-March, there has been a 55 percent nationwide reduction in the crime rate.

Limited income opportunities and pay reductions.

Persistent challenges with inadequate food supply and concerns related to health, sanitation, and nutrition.

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During the cholera outbreak in the Philippines in 1882, containment measures were likely limited and focused on quarantine, improved sanitation, and public health campaigns. Public health officials faced challenges due to the era's limited medical understanding and resources. Rapid spread, public panic, and logistical constraints posed difficulties. We learned the importance of early detection, community engagement, and the need for global collaboration since the historical outbreak underscores the ongoing need for adaptive strategies, investment in healthcare infrastructure, and addressing social determinants of health in managing infectious diseases. On the other hand, the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines, containment measures included strict lockdowns, testing and contact tracing, public health campaigns, and vaccination efforts. Public health officials grappled with challenges such as resource constraints, overwhelmed healthcare systems, and misinformation. The rapid spread of the virus highlighted the need for timely and adaptive responses hence it encompasses the significance of global collaboration, the importance of robust healthcare infrastructure, and the value of effective communication to combat misinformation and maintain public trust subsequently, the pandemic emphasized the importance of preparedness, flexibility, and solidarity in addressing health crises.