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David Ibrahim

The genotype for people with cystic fibrosis is ff. The genotypes for people without cystic fibrosis is are either FF, or Ff. Not having CF is the dominant trait, and expressing CF is the recessive trait. CF’s pattern of inheritance is co-dominance. The CTFR gene is affected; this gene is in the seventh pair of chromosomes. Symptoms of cystic fibrosis are, chronic coughing (dry or coughing up mucus), recurring chest colds, wheezing or shortness of breath, frequent sinus infections, and very salty-tasting skin. CF is not a sex-linked disorder. Parents would need to have either Ff x Ff, Ff x ff, or ff x ff in order to pass on the trait. Approximately 1,000 new cases of CF are diagnosed each year.Caucasian men are more likely to inherit this disorder. One interesting fact I learned about this disorder is that cystic fibrosis  is the most common fatal genetic (inherited) disease in North America.

https://medlineplus.gov/cysticfibrosis.html
https://www.cff.org/intro-cf/about-cystic-fibrosis
https://www.yourgenome.org/facts/what-is-cystic-fibrosis#:~:text=The%20most%20common%20genetic%20abnormality,for%20cystic%20fibrosis%20to%20occur
https://cystic-fibrosis.com/men

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What is the genotype for people with this condition?
Hemophilia is a genetic sex linked disorder which is the inability to form blood clots when blood starts to flow, this can cause large amounts of excessive bleeding from simple injuries. Since the disease is sex linked only the X sex chromosomes in male and female need the hemophilia. Hemophilia is also recessive meaning that the disease much be recessive (h). This means in female hemophilia is (X(h)X(h)) and in male it should be (X(h)Y).
1. Recessive/dominant trait?
Hemophilia is a sex linked recessive disorder meaning that 2 of the recessive alleles must be present. However, this is only for the females, for sex linked traits only the X chromosomes gets the allele so only FEMALES need 2 recessive (h). In the males case it only needs one (h) considering it only has1 X chromosome putting them at risk.
2. Complete/Incomplete/Codominance pattern of
inheritance?
Hemophilia is technically completely recessive compared to the completely dominant normal genes however since it is in sex cells it is tricky, that does not mean that if at least one parent has a normal gene and another is full normal that all their children are normal, it depends on other factors such as gender and X chromosomes.
3. What gene is affected?
In hemophilia there is problems with clotting blood, blood clotting is caused by a protein like many other functions of the body as well. What makes these proteins are the VIII factor or the IX factor becoming mutated over time from this disease.

What is the phenotype for people with this condition?
When someone contains and gets hemophilia they appear to have large amounts of spontaneous joint and muscle bleeds, you can clearly tell them have hemophilia if they have excessive bleeding if they gain something such as a simple cut.
1. How is it expressed?
Hemophilia is expressed in the X chromosomes inside of the sex chromosomes. It is a recessive trait so in females two (h) are needed and in males only 1 (h) is needed to inherit the genetic disorder.
2. Symptoms?
Hemophilia is excessive bleeding without being able to contain any blood clots, this can be shown in daily life with simple injuries such as inflammation in the teeth, bleeding in joints, bleeding in the skin, and much more.

How is this condition passed from one generation to the next?
Hemophilia is passed down from the parent to child from the X chromosomes recessive genes. It is a recessive trait meaning that it needs either 2 or 1 recessive (h) to be passed down from parent to child depending on the child’s gender and the parents gender as well.
1. Is it sex-linked?
Hemophilia is indeed a sex linked trait that means that it has to do with the last 2 chromosomes that have to relate with gender. It can either have 1 of the recessive genes or two depending on the gender.
2. What genotype would parents need to have to pass
on the trait?
For a child to have hemophilia the parent(s) must (both) have at least one recessive hemophilia gene always depending on the child’s gender. If the child is going to be female both parents must be recessive but if it is male, only one parent really needs it.

Statistics!
1. How common is this genetic disorder?
While hemophilia is not very common at all, it is still possible to get, about 1 in every 5000 males get it (considering they have a higher chance) and about 33,000 male people in the US contain it.
2. Are certain groups of people more likely to inherit
this disorder?
Yes, there are certain groups of people, specifically gender who are likely to inherit it. Males are more likely to inherit it considering how they only have 1 X chromosome which inherits the recessive allele causing the entire disease. Females have 2 X chromosomes making them more safe needing 2 of the alleles.

Interesting fact:
What I found interesting is that males for a lot of recessive sex linked traits have a higher chance of gaining a genetic disorder because they only have 1 X chromosome. This is why there is such thing as color blindness in mostly men.

https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/hemophilia/facts.html

https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/hemophilia-in-children

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Albinism is a recessive trait that is found in humans and even animals which means that the genotype for this condition is aa.The gene that is affected is the TYR gene which is the gene responsible for making melanin.The pattern of inheritance of albinism is incomplete dominance and humans that express it have lightly colored or white hair.They also have blue,brown,or hazel eyes and lightly colored skin due to the lack of melanin.It is important to remember that there are symptoms for this genetic disorder including crossed eyes and visions problems.You are either born with it or not born with it. It is not a sex-linked disorder which means that it is autosomal. The genotype that the parents would need to have to pass on this trait is Aa and Aa or aa and aa. If the parents are not albino and they’re child is than they would both have to be carriers. Albinism affects one in every 18,000 to 20,000 people. African-Americans and Africans are most likely to inherit this disorder. The frequency of albinism in African-Americans is 1 in 10,000 compared to caucasians is 1 in 36,000. I find this genetic disorder very interesting since it can also be expressed in animals.

Sources : https://my.clevelandclinic.org
Https://www.nhs.uk
Https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Https://albinism.ohchr.org

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What is the genotype for people with this condition?
Huntingtons disease is is a disease that causes the nerve cells inside of the brain to gradually break down and die continuously which could be very fatal. Most people who have Huntington’s disease are heterozygous dominant containing expanded mutated genetic material as (mHTT). It also contains one copy of mutated gene segments from their parent (Ht), it is also possible to have both parents with it making (HH).
1.  Recessive/dominant trait?
Huntington’s disease is an autosomal dominant trait meaning that it is a way genetic disorders are passed from a single parent to child. A single copy of this gene can possibility give the genetic disorder inside of the child which gives them Huntington’s disease no matter the other parents genotype.
2. Complete/Incomplete/Codominance pattern of inheritance?
Huntington’s disease is a completely dominant autosomal trait. This means that it not only needs one of this mutated genetic material to cause but it completely masks the recessive allele. This meaning if the recessive allele is being normal, Huntington’s disease will completely mask it showing no signs of being normal.
3. What gene is affected?
Huntington’s disease is caused by a mutation or change inside of a particular gene known as HTT which codes instructions for a protein known as huntingtin. This protein in is one of the highest active proteins inside of the brain, it transports materials, sends chemical messages, and attaches to proteins or other structures.

What is the phenotype for people with this condition?
People who have Huntington's have dying nerve cells inside of their brain due to a mutation in the gene that codes for the Huntingtin protein. There are also physical affects of Huntington’s disease such as odd movements with stumbling and fumbling movements.
1. How is it expressed?
Huntingtons disease is expressed by a mutation in the gene of what codes the Huntingtin protein which has multiple functions in the body which could lead to a various amounts of symptoms.
2. Symptoms?
Symptoms for Huntington’s disease are odd movements, behavioral issues, cognitive diseases, and pretty much everything that includes the nervous system. This is because as stated before, Huntington’s disease is located in the brain which is basically the control center of the entire body systems.

How is this condition passed from one generation to the next?
Huntington’s disease only needs one parent having Huntington’s disease for a child to get it with genotype of either (Hh) or (HH). When parents breed with one another then  there is a chance they will gain a child with Huntington’s disease with higher chances based on their genotype, again, it is made in an autosomal dominant pattern so it is very likely a child could gain the trait.
1. Is it sex linked
Huntington’s disease is an gene mutation inside of an autosomal chromosome meaning that it is not inside sex chromosomes.
2. What genotypes are needed to pass on
For this genetic disorder to be passed down from one parent to child it only needs one copy of the genetic disorder. This means it only needs one copy of the dominant trait to pass down the disease. So if a parent who has (HH) or (Hh) with the dominant trait being Huntington's then that is all that is needed to get a child who possibly has the disease.

Statistics!
1. How common is this?
Huntington’s disease is extremely rare and only has a few people who have it considering it’s deadly after effects. About 30,000 people in the US have the disease.
2. Are certain groups more likely to inherit this disorder?
Huntington’s disease is not really common in more groups however, it is very possible that it is more common in European peoples, this is due to the reason that the disease runs and began in Europe.

What is one interesting fact that you learned about this condition?
What I found very interesting was how people who have Huntington’s disease gain a genetic disorder of gene mutations  that code for a protein. It is so interesting how a single mistake can cause a disruption of an entire protein which this protein leads a chain reaction to a mess up to the brains functions. This brain mess up could destroy the entire body and how it works.

https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/huntingtons-disease

https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/huntington-disease/

https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/huntingtons-disease

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Roman

Sickle cell anemia is a autosomal recessive trait, it’s codominant, and affects the hemoglobin beta (HBB) gene.

People who are heterozygous for sickle cell are phenotypically normal. The symptoms include shortage of red blood cells, swelling, infections, delayed puberty, and episodes of pain.

Sickle cell is not sex linked, in order to inherit sickle cell BOTH parents MUST have the carry the trait, and if both parents have the trait there is a 1 in 4 chance that the child will have it. If one parent has HbSS and the other is unaffected all the children will have the trait but none with have sickle cell anemia.

The CDC says that about 100,000 Americans are affected by Sickle Cell Anemia.  People from Africa are more at risk to inherit the disease because of places that have malaria.

One interesting fact is there is actually a cure but it requires a blood and bone marrow transplant which are risky.

https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/fixing-sickle-cell-disease-gene

https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/sickle-cell-disease

https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/sickle-cell-disease/#inheritance

https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/sicklecell/data.html