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Definition- the activity or skill of marketing coherent words on paper and composing text or the activity or occupation of composing text for publication.

Extended definition- "writing is a cognitive activity involving neuropsychological and physical processes and the use of writing systems to structure and translate human thoughts into persistent representations of human language."

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writing

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Writing is a medium of human communication that represents language and emotion with signs and symbols. In most languages, writing is a complement to speech or spoken language. Writing is not a language, but a tool used to make languages be read.

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There are many different ways you can apply writing into a physical education setting. Here are some examples:
-diaries and journals
-letters
-editorials
-summaries
-descriptions and explanations
-critiques
-steps or sequence
-problem solving
-prediction
-various forms of creative writing
-advertisements or brochures
-posters or visual displays
-class chat rooms
-analysis and argumentation
-Exit slips

https://www.educationworld.com/a_curr/profdev/profdev118.shtml

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All students need to be treated equal and feel included no matter if they are in a regular classroom or in a physical education classroom. It's important to make sure that the students have different options to feel included and to make sure that everyone is treated equally no matter what. Giving students the option to write things down in a physical education setting may benefit them when they come to pe class. There could be a student who doesn't like to express how thy feel verbally so giving them the option to be able to write it down may help them out so much. They may not even want to write it down or say it but having the option there for them is what's important.

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Writing is important in pe classes as it promotes learning in the cognitive domain. Having students do writing activities could benefit them in ways you may not even know are benefiting them. If you ask a student to actually tell you how they feel about the task they did, they may not give you their honest answer as they may just give you the answer you are hoping to hear. If you have the students write down how they feel about the task/activities then maybe they will feel more comfortable with doing so and actually give you their honest feeling about the tasks. It's important to give students different ways to express their feelings regardless of what kind of setting they and yourself are in.

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Definition-A method of teaching people to read by correlating sounds with letters or groups of letters in an alphabetic writing system.
Extended Definition-"Phonics is a method for teaching people how to read and write in alphabetic language. It is done by demonstrating the relationship between the sounds of the spoken language, and the letters or groups of letters or syllables of the written language. Since phonics focuses on the sounds and letters within words, it is often contrasted with whole language and a compromise approach called balanced literacy."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonics

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"For a lot of children, PE is their favorite subject and most looked-forward-to session of the week. Despite this, it is often left as a stand alone lesson without any cross-curricular links or links to the wider school agenda. But, if we combine the love of the subject with the science proving that being physically active supports brain cognitive, development, then it seems a no-brainer that phonics and PE should be linked.

This doesn’t necessarily mean that your PE lessons should include phonics and reading, although it certainly could if that’s something you’re passionate about. What it could mean is that your school phonics lessons include more physically active elements than is usual. The standard experience for phonics is children sitting in groups on the carpet, with no movement or opportunity to be active. If we allowed our children to move around during the session, even just through simple hand movements or gestures, their phonic acquisition would improve."
https://active-edu.co.uk/pe-and-phonics-can-they-work-together/

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These are some examples of phonics applications that could be used in physical education classes:
-You can start a lesson with a physical warmup such as a song that gets them moving
-Identify new sounds with a gesture or an action. For example, having them right their answer in the air with their hand
-Play small games that don't need a lot of space but focus more on games where the students can stand up
-End the lesson with an activity that requires the whole body for a full body celebration like a dance

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"Current phonics instruction exists solely for neuro-typical students and families who use what is considered to be standard, or “academic,” English in their day to day lives and conversations. However, that is not the reality of the diverse world in which we live, and instruction, especially something that is so foundational to continued learning in all contexts should be reflective of the field of learners who engage with the curriculum. Phonics instruction needs to be re-written and re-administered to appeal to students who use a variety of English language dialects, abilities, and understandings in their own personal lives."
Here are some things you can do to make sure it is inclusive:

"Define phonics and phonemic awareness as early literacy skills

Identify the importance of various components and skills of early literacy development and how they contribute to reading and writing throughout schooling

Identify different types of language learners and how to tailor instruction to their learning language needs

Design a lesson that includes various necessary components of comprehensive phonics instruction and use inclusive strategies"

https://knilt.arcc.albany.edu/Inclusive_Phonics_Instruction

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Definition- fluency is defined as the ability to read with speed, accuracy, and proper expression.
Extended definition-In order for us to be able to understand students, they need to be able to read and speak and fluently. Fluency can also be another word for clear, smooth, and almost like effortless.

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Fluency in a language isn't always going to be someone's strong suit. Everyone is different and everyone learns things differently from one another. As a pe teacher, I will make sure that all of my students are treated equally and that no one ever feels left out or uncomfortable. It is so important to make sure that the ELL students are comfortable with trying to learn what we are doing in the class and try and understand what the board is saying we will be doing for the day. Not everyone is fluent in the same language so I will do everything I can to make sure all of my students have a fair and equal opportunity to get the same learning experience as one another.

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Fluency is important to be able to use in physical education classes so that they can be able to read what is on the board for the day and so that we can understand what they are saying if they were to ask any questions. Having fluency in reading also will help in pe classes for example when they are doing stations and the stations have task cards for what they are supposed to be doing.

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"Because fluent readers do not have to concentrate on decoding the words, they can focus their attention on what the text means. They can make connections among the ideas in the text and their background knowledge. In other words, fluent readers recognize words and comprehend at the same time. Less fluent readers, however, must focus their attention on figuring out the words, leaving them little attention for understanding the meaning of text."
https://www.readingrockets.org/teaching/reading-basics/fluency

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Definition- Oral language is the system through which we use spoken words to express, knowledge, ideas, and feelings through what we are feeling and thinking.

Extended Definition- "Oral language refers to the knowledge and skills that we use to produce and understand spoken language. Language knowledge and skills also serve as the foundation for learning to read and write. Oral language is composed of five components which are phonology, morphology, vocabulary or semantics, syntax, and pragmatics."

https://dyslexiaida.org/oral-language-impairments-and-dyslexia-2/

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No matter the setting of your classroom, every student deserves be treated just as equal as everyone else. Every student should be given the same equal opportunities. For the ELL students, we want to make sure that they are given just as equal of an opportunity as the other students in the class. We can provide different methods of teaching and learning to help them and make sure they are learning the information provided. Some things we can do are to provide the information through visuals or audios so that the students aren't just listening to your words. This gets them more involved and helps you make sure they are actually comprehending the information that you are teaching.

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Oral language is something that would actually be very beneficial to the physical education setting.  In physical education class, it is always good to speak about what we are feeling or thinking as opposed to taking out our feelings with our equipment we could be using. Although physical education class could go on without oral language because not everyone expresses their feelings the same way, I believe it would be very beneficial in helping the kids express what they are feeling.

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There are different examples of oral language applications that can be used in the classrooms. The first one being Readers Theatre which is "in which students practice reading and rereading a script, either one that was prepared for them or one they developed collaboratively, based on an informational text they have studied (e.g., Young & Rasinski, 2009). Students are expected to present that text to the rest of the class while others listen. To ensure that students are listening, teachers often ask them to take notes, write down questions, or retell the information presented to a partner." The next one that could be used is digital storytelling which "is to create original narrative and informational pieces. The Storybird app provides access to thousands of illustrations and photographs to illustrate original pieces of writing. These are best when completed collaboratively in order to create lots of opportunities for students to engage in meaningful discussion with one another." And last, you can use is listening stations which is " in which students listen to digital recordings of their teacher reading a complex informational text aloud, then discuss the questions the teacher poses at the end of the recording (Skouge, Rao, & Boisvert, 2007)."

https://www.readingrockets.org/article/speaking-and-listening-content-area-learning

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No matter the setting of your classroom, every student deserves to be treated just as equal as everyone else. Every student should be given the same equal opportunities. Fir the ELL students, we want to make sure that they are given just as equal of an opportunity as the other students in the class. We can provide different methods of teaching and learning to help them and make sure they are learning the information that's being provided. Some things we can do are to provide the information through visuals or audios so that the students aren't just listening to your words. This gets them more involved and helps you make sure they are actually comprehending the information that you are teaching.

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ALT South Group webinar - Using AI to facilitate qualitative research White Rose Learning Technology group meeting ALSIG - Reflecting on supporting staff and students to develop critical AI literacies for active learning

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Vocabulary is something that is very important to show and have in a physical education setting. In physical education class, it is important to make sure that all the students know and can understand what you are saying/teaching and that they know what they are supposed to be doing in their tasks. Without using/having good and clear vocabulary, the students could get confused with what you are saying and not understand what they are supposed to be doing. It is important to stay clear with your vocabulary so that way the students don't get confused.

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Definition- definition is the body of words used in a particular language or a list or collection of words defined or explained.

Extended definition- "Vocabulary may refer to the collection of words known by an individual or by a large group of people. It may also signify the body of specialized terms in a field of study or activity. It may designate a physical object, such as a book, in which a collection words is defined or explained. And it may name things other than words, such as a lost or collection of terms or codes available for use, a set or list of nonverbal symbols, and a set of expressive forms used in an art."

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/vocabulary

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There are different examples of ways we can use vocabulary applications in the classrooms. According to reading rockets, "direct instruction is a good application to use because it provides students with specific instruction to help learn learn difficult words such as words that represent complex concepts that are not part of the student's everyday experiences. Some classroom strategies that could be used are word hunts, word maps, list group label, and semantic gradients."

https://www.readingrockets.org/teaching/reading-basics/vocabulary

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Below are some more applications that can be used to help with phonological awareness"
"-Ask students to recognize whether words have been pronounced correctly.
-Ask students to watch you as you pronounce new words or new names.
-Ask students to say vocabulary words aloud and to pronounce them correctly.
-Highlight, describe, segment, and pronounce individual speech sounds if similar sounding words are confused"
"-Use a guide word or gesture to remind students of a sound's identity, especially short vowels.
-Segment syllables and/or speech sounds before spelling words or to correct misspellings.
-Orally rehearse the repetition of phrases and sentences that are being written, to reduce the load on working memory.
-Write and talk when explanations are given; reduce the load on working memory.
-Provide written, pictorial, or graphic support when spoken language must be processed."

https://www.readingrockets.org/article/phonological-instruction-older-students

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Below are going to be some examples of Phonological Awareness:
-Rhymes
Nursery Rhymes, riddles, songs, poems, and read aloud books
-Matching pictures to words
-Matching words to other words used
-Using games to keep the students involved
-Making pictures to other pictures
It's important to make sure you aren't focusing on actual written words, more on the visuals of what you are trying to teach.

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Definition-Phonological Awareness is an individuals awareness of the phonological structure, or sound structure, of words. Phonological awareness is an important and reliable predictor of later readings ability and has therefore, been the focus of much research.
Extended Definition- "Phonological Awareness, or the awareness of and ability to work with sounds in spoken language, sets the stage for decoding, blending, and, ultimately, word reading. Phonological awareness begins developing before the beginning of formal schooling and continues through third grade and beyond"

https://www.doe.mass.edu/massliteracy/skilled-reading/fluent-word-reading/phonological-awarness.html

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Importance in a Physical Education Setting

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Importance in a Physical Education Setting

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Phonological Awareness is something that would work very good with a physical education setting. For example, you can have a speaker outside with the class and play sound audios for the students that need it. You also use a lot of visuals in pe as it is important to have task cards written in both English and Spanish and have a representation of what they are supposed to be doing.

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It is so important to always make sure your classroom is inclusive! Comprehension isn't always going to be something that comes easy to all students. No matter what, all students should be treated the same and have the same opportunities. You may have some students who don't comprehend things as fast or easy as the other students so it's important to really make sure that they eventually comprehend it and maybe find other ways to help them comprehend it if the original way isn't helping any. One way we can help them comprehend things better is to provide them visuals or audios so they aren't just listening to you or reading what they are trying to comprehend.

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Definition- the action or capability of understanding something.
Extended Definition- Comprehension is the understanding and interpretation of what is read. To be able to fully understand written material, children need to be able to decode what they read, make connections between what they read and what they already know, and think deeply about what they have read.

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Some things that students do to help them be good readers and comprehend what they read is "draw on prior knowledge, draw inferences, pay attention to sentences and text cohesion, self monitor, form mental images, summarize and retell, and think about text structure."
https://www.readingrockets.org/teaching/reading-basics/comprehension
In my opinion, the best comprehension strategy for pe is questioning and visualizing. Asking students questions like "do you have any questions" or "does everybody understand" will make sure that the students are comprehending and grasping what you are saying. Having students visualize things will also help them as all students aren't going to be learners that learn from just you talking, it may help them to actually look at something in order for them to comprehend it.

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Without comprehension, children would gain no meaning or have any benefit from what they read or are told. Comprehension is used to increase students understanding of the text to help them become active readers. Comprehension is so important in a physical education setting because they really need to comprehend the skills they are being taught in order to be successful at the task they are learning. For example, if we are playing tennis and a student doesn't comprehend how to hold the racket, then they aren't going to be very successful in the task until they comprehend it. It is very important to make sure the students understand/comprehend before the task and before moving on.