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https://www.boundless.com/biology/viruses/other-acellular-entities-prions-and-viroids/prions-and-viroids/http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/vcjd/

http://www.atsu.edu/faculty/chamberlain/Website/Lects/Prions.htm

http://www.ehow.com/info_8283747_viroids-prions.html

http://www.prion.ucl.ac.uk/clinic-services/information/signs-and-symptoms/

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Just a short flash animation I did for a continuing studies class at OCAD explaining what prions are. Please ignore the fact that the brain is backwards... Music attribution under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/nc-sampling+/1.0/: hisboyelroy at http://ccmixter.org/view/media/home

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Prions

Diseases caused by prions are not curable and are indestructible, but their growth can be slowed by medication

Viroids

Plants kept in very cold environments

Removal of infection

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Prions

Prion bind to single molecule of the normal PrP protein, prion then catalyzed the normal PrP protein into a prion. It occurs by the normal PrP protein folding until its shape is close to a prion.

Viroid

host cell or RNA polymerase synthesize a longer replicated version of the viroids. The new strand is cut down to the original length of the viroid. Then, the strand becomes a circular unit and its ends are binded by RNA ligase.

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Prions

Memory loss

Insomnia

Communication problems

Unsteadiness

Hallucinations

Seizures

Viroids

Stopped growth

Abnormal development

Color change

Deformity (size/shape)

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Prions

Humans

Kuru-spread from human to human from cannibalism leads to loss of motor control and unusual behaviors, such as uncontrolled bursts of laughter, followed by death

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)- acquired from eating beef from animals with BSE, still exists in various areas, disease spreads from human to human by blood

Animals

MAD COW DISEASE (BSE)-spread by the consumption of meat, nervous tissue, or internal organs between members of the same species and lead to developed lesions or “holes” in the brain, causing the brain tissue to resemble a sponge

Scrapie- animal scrapes off its wool or hair because it has a neurological irritation

Viroids

Humans

Hepatitis D- occurs when simultaneous infection of a cell with both the hepatitis B virus and the hepatitis D viroid, extensive sequence between the hepatitis D viroid RNA and human liver cell 7S RNA, a small cytoplasmic RNA that is a component of the signal recognition particle, the structure involved in the translocation of secretory and membrane particles, causes liver cell death by sequestering and/or cleaving this 7S RNA

Plants

Potato Sprindle Tuber (PSTVd)- located in potatoes and tomatoes and causes them to become misshaped and deformed caused by environmental conditions

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Prions

Person/Animal-Person/Animal

Ingestion

Infections

Mutations in gene, encoding the protein

Viroids

Contamination by seeds, planting (human hands/tools), insects

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Prions

Humans

Animals (with hooves)

Cattle (Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy)

Sheep (Scrapie)

Viroids

Plants

Potatoes, cucumbers, tomatoes, chrysanthemums, avocados, and coconut palms

Humans (recent discovery)

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Prions

Neural tissues in animals and humans

Viroids

Almost all plant tissues

Human liver tissue

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Prions

Smaller than viruses

Contain no nucleic acids

Only contains PrP (protein)

No capsid/protein coat

Misfolded protein in brain cells

Viroids

Small, single-stranded

Circular RNA particles

Much simpler than a virus

Infectious proteins

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Prions: are infectious particles, smaller than viruses, that contain no nucleic acids (neither DNA nor RNA); normal body proteins that have become misshapen by other prions entering the cell

Viroids: infectious nucleic acids, are pathogens that contained nucleotide bases without a protein coat (subviral particles)