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A right-wing military revolt against the Republican government began in Spanish Morocco and spread. The failed coup turned into a full civil war, dividing the country between the Nationalists and Republicans.

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July 29, 1936 – German Airlift of the Army of Africa

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July 29, 1936 – German Airlift of the Army of Africa

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Germany airlifted 1,500 Nationalist troops from Morocco to southern Spain was a crucial point in logistics. This allowed Franco’s Army of Africa to strengthen Nationalist positions and launch a powerful offensive.

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September 1936 – Franco Becomes A Nationalist Leader

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September 1936 – Franco Becomes A Nationalist Leader

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Francisco Franco emerged as political and military leader of the Nationalists. His leadership made the right-wing more unified, contrasting with the divided Republican side.

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October–December 1936 – Battle for Madrid

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October–December 1936 – Battle for Madrid

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Nationalists launched a major offensive to capture Madrid. Soviet aid and the arrival of the International Brigades on November, 1936, helped the city resist, turning the battle into a symbolic Republican victory.

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Nationalists, aided by 10,000 Italian troops and modern equipment, captured Málaga. The defeat showed Republican weaknesses in supplies and coordination, and marked significant Nationalist gains in the south.

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The German Condor Legion bombed the Basque town of Guernica killing over 1,500 civilians. It was one of the first examples of terror bombing against civilians and showed fascist brutality.

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June–October 1937 – Nationalist Conquest of the North

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June–October 1937 – Nationalist Conquest of the North

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Nationalists captured Bilbao on June 19, and Gijón on October 22, securing control over the Basque Country and Asturias. This deprived the Republic of vital industrial and mining resources.

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December 1937–February 1938 – Battle of Teruel

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December 1937–February 1938 – Battle of Teruel

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Republicans shortly took Teruel in winter but were forced to retire after heavy fighting. The defeat weakened Republican manpower and equipment while showing the growing strength of Nationalist forces.

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July–November 1938 – Battle of the Ebro

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July–November 1938 – Battle of the Ebro

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Republicans launched their last major offensive across the Ebro River. Despite initial advances, they were pushed back with many losses (around 75,000). The battle marked the beginning of the end for the Republic.

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Barcelona, where the Republican force was, fell almost without resistance due to hunger, tiredness and bombings. Its loss marked the collapse of Republican morale and the end of organized resistance in Catalunia.

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Internal divisions within the Republic led to collapse as Franco rejected conditional surrender. Nationalists entered Madrid, ending the war and establishing Franco’s dictatorship for nearly 40 years.