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(Álvarez-Cañizo et al., 2015)

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When focusing on reading fluency, it's important to consider several key elements including speed, accuracy, expression, phrasing, and punctuation. Speed refers to the rate at which a student reads, aiming for a balance between fluency and comprehension. Accuracy involves reading words correctly, while expression involves conveying the appropriate tone and emotion as they read. Phrasing focuses on reading in meaningful chunks, which aids in comprehension, and paying attention to punctuation helps in understanding the structure and flow of the text.

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A great developmentally appropriate classroom activity for 1st graders to support the development of fluency is the "Read and Retell" activity. In this activity, students are paired and given a leveled passage to read together. After reading, they take turns retelling the main events of the passage to each other. This activity accommodates the needs of learners at various developmental levels by providing passages at different reading levels. Advanced readers can work with more complex texts while struggling readers can work with simpler ones. Additionally, giving graphic organizers or visual prompts can further support learners needing extra assistance in organizing their retellings.

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Reading A-Z is an online collection of over 1,000 leveled books, quizzes, and reading resources. It allows parents to access books at their child's individual reading level, promoting fluency practice with appropriately challenging texts. The leveled books and corresponding quizzes support progress monitoring. Importantly, Reading A-Z includes a large bilingual section and books that reflect diverse cultures, making it accessible for English language learners and families of color.

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Learning A-Z https://www.learninga-z.com/site/products/readinga-z/overview Support your Science of Reading instruction with printable and projectable lesson plans, close reading packs, decodable passages, and assessments. https://www.learninga-z.com/user_area/content_media/raw/ReadingAZwhite.png?bgcolor=red https://www.readinga-z.com/ Reading A-Z

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Teach K-5 Literacy with Confidence | Reading A-Z

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Support your Science of Reading instruction with printable and projectable lesson plans, close reading packs, decodable passages, and assessments.

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Colorín Colorado is a free website designed to support families of English language learners. It offers various video and text resources in multiple languages, including tips for supporting reading development, webcasts, and instructional strategy demonstrations. The site acknowledges the vital role of the home language and provides resources for ELLs to develop literacy skills in their first language in addition to English. This focus on bilingualism and respect for diverse languages makes it an excellent resource for families where a language other than English is spoken.

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A bilingual site for educators and families of English language learners

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Phonemic awareness is the ability to hear, identify, and manipulate individual sounds (or phonemes) in spoken words. Elkonin boxes are a popular tool used to develop phonemic awareness. They are visual aids that help children segment words into individual sounds. Each box represents a phoneme, and the child places a token or counter in each box as they say the individual sounds in a word. This activity helps children understand the concept of individual phonemes and improves their ability to manipulate and blend sounds to form words.

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One developmentally appropriate classroom activity for 1st grade to support the development of phonemic awareness is the "Sound Sort" activity. In this activity, students are provided with a variety of picture cards representing different objects or animals. Each picture card is labeled with the corresponding word. The students are then asked to sort the picture cards based on the beginning, middle, or ending sounds of the words.

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The Sound Sorting activity accommodates the needs of learners at various developmental levels by providing different levels of support and challenge. At the beginning stages of phonemic awareness, students can be provided with picture cards with clear and distinct beginning, middle, and ending sounds. Students can be given picture cards with more subtle and challenging sound differentiations as they progress. Additionally, the teacher can provide verbal prompts and guidance for students who need extra support to help them identify and categorize the sounds. More advanced students can be encouraged to develop their own words and sounds to sort, thus providing a higher level of challenge.

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One resource that can assist families with developing phonemic awareness at home is the website "Reading Rockets." This website provides a variety of activities and strategies for parents to support their children's literacy development, including phonemic awareness. They offer tips for parents from diverse cultural and linguistic backgrounds and resources for children with special needs or those learning English as a second language.

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Reading 101 for Parents: Your First Grader

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Discover the typical literacy milestones for your first grader, and how to support your child's developing skills in reading and writing. Use the links on the left to find activities, videos, and other resources to build skills in these key areas: recognizing the sounds in speech, phonics, fluency, vocabulary, comprehension, and writing.

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(Rababah, 2017)

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the book "Phonemic Awareness in Young Children" by Marilyn Jager Adams. This resource provides practical guidance for parents on how to foster phonemic awareness in their children at home. The book offers many activities and games that can be easily incorporated into daily routines, making it accessible for families with various communication, cultural, or family/housing dynamics.

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Stahl, S. A. (1998). TEACHING CHILDREN WITH READING PROBLEMS TO DECODE: PHONICS AND “NOT‐PHONICS” INSTRUCTION. Reading & Writing Quarterly, 14(2), 165–188. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057356980140203

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Phonics blending is a fundamental skill that helps children learn to read and pronounce words. It involves combining individual sounds together to form words. This process requires understanding the relationship between letters and sounds and being able to blend them together to create recognizable words. By mastering phonics blending, children can decode unfamiliar words and improve their overall reading ability.

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This website offers children a wide range of interactive phonics games and resources. It provides engaging activities that can support learners from diverse backgrounds and family dynamics.

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A site packed with interactive phonics games, phonics planning, assessment ideas and many teaching ideas and resources to help children to learn to hear phonemes, recognise graphemes and develop the blending and segmenting skills that are vital for learning to read and spell.

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A great developmentally appropriate classroom activity for 1st graders to support the development of phonics is "Word Family Sort." In this activity, students are given a set of word cards with different word endings (e.g., -it, -ig) and are asked to sort them into word families.

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The Word Family Sorting activity accommodates the needs of learners at various developmental levels by providing different sets of word cards tailored to individual students' abilities. Advanced learners can be introduced to more complex word endings while struggling learners can focus on simpler word families. Additionally, providing visual aids and manipulatives can further support learners needing extra assistance grasping phonics concepts.

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Starfall is a website that provides interactive phonics activities, books, and educational games. It offers resources that can be beneficial for families with diverse cultural backgrounds and communication needs.

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At Starfall, children have fun while they learn. Educational games, movies, books, songs, and more for 1st, 2nd, and 3rd grade learners.

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Álvarez-Cañizo, M., Suárez-Coalla, P., & Cuetos, F. (2015). The Role of Reading Fluency in Children’s Text Comprehension. Frontiers in Psychology, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01810

Rababah, E. Q. (2017). The Impact of Using Reading Storybooks and Writing Journal Activities on Print and Phonemic Awareness of Jordanian Kindergarten Children. Journal of Educational and Psychological Studies [JEPS], 11(4), 736–748. https://doi.org/10.53543/jeps.vol11iss4pp736-748

Stahl, S. A. (1998). TEACHING CHILDREN WITH READING PROBLEMS TO DECODE: PHONICS AND “NOT‐PHONICS” INSTRUCTION. Reading & Writing Quarterly, 14(2), 165–188. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057356980140203

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A developmentally appropriate classroom activity for first graders to support vocabulary development is a "Word Detective" activity. In this activity, students are given magnifying glasses and a list of words to find around the classroom or in books. They have to find the words, read them, and then use them in a sentence or explain their meaning. This activity accommodates the needs of learners at various developmental levels by allowing struggling readers to focus on finding and recognizing simple words, while more advanced readers can be challenged with longer or more complex vocabulary words. It also incorporates movement and hands-on learning, which is beneficial for all first-grade students.

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In first grade, a vocabulary log can be a great tool for students to expand their word knowledge. The vocabulary log can be a simple notebook or a section in their daily journal where they write down new words they learn. They can include the word, its definition, and a sentence using the word. This helps them remember the word and understand its meaning in context. Teachers can also encourage students to illustrate the words to further reinforce their understanding. The vocabulary log can be a fun and interactive way for first graders to engage with new words and build their vocabulary skills.

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1. "The Reading Mind: A Cognitive Approach to Understanding How the Mind Reads" by Daniel T. Willingham (book)

2. "Teaching English Language Learners: Strategies That Work" by Diane Haager, Janette K. Klingner, and Terese C. Aceves (book - suitable for ELL students)

3. "Reading Rockets"

4. "The Dyslexia Empowerment Plan: A Blueprint for Renewing Your Child's Confidence and Love of Learning" by Ben Foss (book - suitable for students with dyslexia)

5. "MindShift Podcast" by KQED (podcast featuring episodes on various aspects of education, including reading strategies for diverse learners)

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Vocabulary Resources -My First Dictionary

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Vocabulary Resources -My First Dictionary

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Angela Wilkes' "My First Dictionary" is an illustrated dictionary for first graders. It offers straightforward and age-appropriate definitions of words, making it an excellent tool for families to introduce new vocabulary to their young learners at home.

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Vocabulary Resource- Wordless Picture Book

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Vocabulary Resource- Wordless Picture Book

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Wordless picture books can be an excellent resource for families with diverse communication, cultural, or family/housing dynamics. These books allow for storytelling and vocabulary development without relying on specific language skills. Families can create their own stories based on the pictures, encouraging language development in a way that accommodates various communication and cultural backgrounds.

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One developmentally appropriate classroom activity for comprehension is a "picture walk" activity. During a picture walk, the teacher guides students through a book, focusing on the illustrations and discussing what they see. This activity helps students make predictions about the story and understand the sequence of events before they read the text.

This activity accommodates the needs of learners at various developmental levels by allowing visual learners to engage with the content through the illustrations. Auditory learners can participate in discussions about the story, and kinesthetic learners can be encouraged to act out parts of the story based on the illustrations. The picture walk activity provides a multi-sensory approach to comprehension, catering to diverse learning styles and developmental levels within the 1st-grade classroom.

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One developmentally appropriate classroom activity to support comprehension development is "Story Sequencing." In this activity, students are given a story and a set of pictures representing key events from the story. The students are then asked to arrange the pictures in the correct sequence to retell the story. This activity accommodates the needs of learners at various developmental levels by providing visual support for those who may struggle with reading, while also challenging more advanced students to articulate and justify their sequencing choices, thus catering to different learning styles and abilities.

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One great resource to assist families with developing comprehension at home is the "ReadWorks" website, which provides a wide variety of reading comprehension passages, questions, and lessons for K-12. It offers resources specifically designed to support English language learners and students with learning disabilities, making it a valuable resource for families with diverse communication and learning needs.

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ReadWorks | K12 Reading Instruction that Works

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The Student Library ​is a place for readers to explore new and exciting topics independently!

With a digital class, your reader will have access to thousands of nonfiction and fiction texts to follow their interests.

​Use the student portal below and your digital class code to help your reader get started!

Learn how to use the Student Library with Anissa!

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Free resources to encourage more reading

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Free library of articles to encourage more reading

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Another resource that can specifically meet the needs of families facing communication or cultural challenges is the "Storynory" website, where children can listen to free audio stories. This resource is beneficial for families who may have language barriers or limited access to printed materials, as it provides engaging stories that can help develop comprehension skills through auditory learning.

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Storynory has over 1,000 free audio stories for children, including classic fairy tales, myths, world stories, poems, and brand new originals read by professional actors.