# data[].attributes.body
Clostridium difficile (C. diff) is a gram-positive, rod-shaped, spore-forming anaerobic bacterium. It is commonly found in the gut but can become harmful when the normal balance of gut bacteria is disrupted, typically after antibiotic use. This overgrowth results in serious intestinal conditions, including pseudomembranous colitis, characterized by inflammation and diarrhea.

In this image, the bacteria are stained purple using the Gram stain technique, confirming their gram-positive nature due to their thick peptidoglycan cell wall. The rod-like shapes (bacilli) are visible in clusters, which is typical for C. diff under the microscope. Identifying the morphology and staining properties of the organism is an essential step in laboratory diagnosis.

Image by Dr. Dovinova via MicrobiologyInPictures

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Key symptoms (diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever) and main risk factors (antibiotics, age, hospitalization)

# data[].attributes.body
This infographic outlines the major symptoms of C. diff infection including diarrhea (10–15 times/day), abdominal pain, fatigue, fever, and dehydration. Key risk factors include overuse of antibiotics, hospitalization, and weak immune systems. Treatment may involve oral or IV antibiotics, fecal transplants, or in severe cases, surgical removal of infected intestines.

Image From DrJockers.com

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Cycle of C. difficile spread among humans, animals, and environments

# data[].attributes.headline
Who Gets It/ How Acquired: Transmission Pathway Diagram

# data[].attributes.subject
Who Gets It/ How Acquired: Transmission Pathway Diagram

# data[].attributes.body
C. difficile can spread through contact with contaminated surfaces, healthcare equipment, or unwashed hands. This diagram illustrates how infections can move between hospitals, clinics, and other healthcare environments. Transmission occurs via human contact, contaminated food, animal manure, and medical settings. Its spores are highly resilient, surviving in diverse environments such as soil, sewage, and healthcare facilities. Understanding this transmission cycle is crucial for preventing outbreaks and improving infection control strategies.

Image from Pawsey Supercomputing Research Centre

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Progression from asymptomatic colonization to full-blown infection in the gut.

# data[].attributes.body
This scientific diagram traces the progression from stomach to colon, highlighting how antibiotics and other risk factors contribute to C. difficile overgrowth. Normally, healthy gut flora suppresses C. diff. However, disruption caused by antibiotics allows dormant spores to germinate in the colon, resulting in toxin production and intestinal inflammation. Additional risk factors such as advanced age and acid suppression therapy further increase susceptibility to infection.

Image from Frontiers in Microbiology

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
 

How C. diff infection develops, spreads, and recurs.

# data[].attributes.body
This CDC infographic outlines the full clinical progression of a C. diff infection. It starts with exposure, often after recent antibiotic use then shows the onset of symptoms such as severe diarrhea, fever, stomach pain, and loss of appetite. Even after recovery, patients may still carry the bacteria and unknowingly infect others. Around 1 in 6 people become reinfected within 2 to 8 weeks. The graphic emphasizes the importance of seeing a doctor, good hygiene, and isolating infected individuals to prevent further transmission.

Image from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
8 essential steps to reduce the spread of C. diff.

# data[].attributes.body
This visual guide demonstrates the proper technique for washing hands to remove germs and spores, especially in healthcare settings. The steps include wetting hands, lathering with soap, scrubbing for at least 20 seconds (including the backs of hands, wrists, and under nails), rinsing with warm water, and drying completely. Because C. diff spores are hard to eliminate, strict hand hygiene is crucial for protecting both patients and providers.

Image from public health hygiene standards (CDC & WHO guidelines)

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Restoring gut health with donor stool to fight C. diff.

# data[].attributes.headline
How a Fecal Transplant Can Treat Recurrent C. diff

# data[].attributes.subject
How a Fecal Transplant Can Treat Recurrent C. diff

# data[].attributes.body
This infographic explains how a fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) treats recurring C. diff infections. Antibiotics used for unrelated conditions can wipe out good gut bacteria, allowing C. diff to multiply. FMT introduces healthy bacteria from a donor through capsules or colonoscopy. These beneficial microbes help restore balance in the intestines, reduce inflammation, and suppress C. diff overgrowth. FMT has been successful in stopping repeat infections in many patients.

Image from Knowable Magazine

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Tracking the genetic spread of a dangerous C. diff strain.

# data[].attributes.headline
Genetic Mapping of C. diff Strain Ribotype 027

# data[].attributes.subject
Genetic Mapping of C. diff Strain Ribotype 027

# data[].attributes.body
This image is a genetic map of 59 C. diff strains, focusing on ribotype 027, a particularly aggressive form of the bacteria. Each colored node represents a different country’s strain, and lines show their genetic relationships. The map reveals how the strain has spread across Europe and evolved into clusters, helping public health experts track outbreaks and identify patterns in antibiotic resistance and virulence.

Image from European Surveillance Study on C. difficile Ribotype 027 (via research publication)

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Misusing and overusing antibiotics puts us all at risk.

# data[].attributes.body
This PAHO/WHO infographic highlights how taking antibiotics when not needed accelerates antibiotic resistance. It shows that misuse can lead to resistant infections, longer hospital stays, and higher medical costs. It also stresses the importance of following qualified healthcare professionals’ advice to reduce the spread of resistance.

Image from Pan American Health Organization / WHO – World Antibiotic Awareness Week poster

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Hospital-onset C. diff rates rising since the early 2000s.

# data[].attributes.headline
Hospital-Associated C. diff Incidence Trend

# data[].attributes.subject
Hospital-Associated C. diff Incidence Trend

# data[].attributes.body
This graph from the AHRQ charts the yearly increase in hospital-associated Clostridioides difficile infections from 1993 to 2006. It shows cases per 10,000 hospital stays rising steadily, marking the emergence of hypervirulent strains like ribotype 027 around the early 2000s.

Image from AHRQ, Figure 1: Trends in hospital stays associated with C. diff infection (1993–2006)