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What measures are taken during pilot training to address potential risks?

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What are the most important safety advancements made in aviation over the recent decades?

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Why is it important to study and analyze past accidents to develop future safety methods?

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How do modern aviation maintenance practices and regulations help reduce the likelihood of accidents?

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How has the role of human error evolved with the increasing automation of aircraft systems?

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What is the role of ATC in preventing accidents?

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What are the main causes of airline accidents today?

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1. Mark Finlay

2. "How Has Aviation Safety Improved Over The Years?"

3. https://simpleflying.com/

4. Simple Flying

5. 1 October 2022

6. 16 February 2025

7. This article covers the ways aviation safety has improved over the recent years. It does this in a structured manner, beginning the article with an example going against its claim, then it goes on to give evidence to support its claim. The article's evidence to support its claim are mainly new crash-prevention technologies, and rigorous safety guidelines that must be followed.

8. The article expresses a slight positive bias towards the aviation industry. It gives us a lot of information on how these new technologies and regulations have improved safety, but does not highlight the ongoing challenges faced by the industry. Simple Flying is not funded by a specific body or airline. Therefore this tells us that this is an independent media. The purpose of the Simple Flying media is to focus exlusively on commercial airline news, and provides news written by experts who rely on industry and airline reports, and aviation professionals. In our case, Mark Finlay has worked at Simple Flying for the past 7 years, with some of his work cited in Forbes along other publications. The author's extensive experience in the topic ensures credibility, and that he is knowledgeable on the topic. This article is useful for my research, since it gives me a broad perspective of these new technologies and regulations, while not diving into very specific details. This ensures that I only extract the most important and crucial facts to respond to my SubQ, without including statistics and facts that would not be as useful. However, if I were to need these specific facts I could always dive into documents from the FAA, ICAO, or NTSB, to complement my research. This source adds to the perspectives I have gathered, since it gives me an overall and balanced view on the question, coming straight from an aviation news organization.

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Why do airline accidents still occur despite advancements in safety technology, and what measures are put in place today to mitigate those risks?

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How can AI enhance aviation safety?

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Why do risks, such as pilot fatigue, remain difficult to mitigate?

# data[].attributes.body
How useful are today's safety technologies in preventing accidents?

# data[].attributes.body
1. Blay Whitby

2. "What IT can learn from aviation safety"

3. bcs.org

4. N/A

5. 15 July 2024

6. 31 January 2025

7. The article covers how air crashes are investigated and discusses how lessons from that industry might be applicable when IT and AI projects experience disastrous outcomes. Focuses on what airlines do after crashes and what they try to do after they occur.

8. This article doesn't express any strong bias or promote a particular perspective but rather emphasizes the value of incident analysis in enhancing safety across the aviation industry. This source has an original point of view as it suggests that this approach could also benefit other industries, such as IT. I believe the source is credible, since Blay Whitby has expertise in the investigation of air crashes. He discusses the methodologies of these investigations and draws relevant lessons applicable to other fields, such as IT. His background and focus on safety and lessons learned from the aviation industry give us credibility to his insights

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Blay Whitby FBCS explores how air crashes are investigated and discusses how lessons from that industry might be applicable when IT and AI projects experience disastrous outcomes.

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Post any Wikipedia pages you used in this column. You may not use the page itself as a source, but you may use the sources at the bottom of the Wikipedia pages for some of your research questions.

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Add your Works Cited page here, as a Word Document. TSW 8

It should be one full page with the title Works Cited at the top. Follow the guidelines given on this padlet (in the first column).

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MY THESIS: Despite advancements in aviation safety technology, airline accidents still occur due to factors like pilot error, mechanical failure, weather conditions, and intentional acts; however, ongoing innovations in technology such as AI and enhanced safety protocols are continuously improving risk mitigation in the aviation industry.

Answer your main research question with one to two sentences in the most succinct, general way here. This answer will then appear in your opening paragraph to quickly alert readers to your findings and your take on the research question.

Your thesis and paper indicate your formulation of a response or solution based on research of multiple sources. (TSW 6)

ABOVE MASTERY TSW 6

Your thesis and paper indicate that your response or solution is clear and concise and reflects independent critical thinking related to the topic and research.

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1. James Spearman

2. "The Impact of Expert Maintenance on Airplane Safety"

3. https://www.spearmanaircraft.com/

4. Spearman Aircaft

5. 29 August 2024

6. 6 February 2025

7. This article covers the importance of professional maintenance in aircraft safety. It also gives us the effects of what this professional maintenance does to passengers, and the planes. It also includes an FAQ section, adressing possible questions.

8. This article may express a slight commerical bias, which would be towards emphasizing the importance of professional maintanence, which align with the company's services. The information provided is accurate and highlights valid points about aircraft safety, but it's important to recognize that the perspective may be influenced by the company's interest in promoting its maintenance services. However this source perfectly suits my subquestion, and after comparing this source with some from the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), the main points argued are accurate and valid. The author, James Spearman has extensive experience in the aviation domain. He is a pilot, FAA Inspector, FAA Ck Airman, FAA Airspace (Navaids) System Pilot, FAA AWO, prior Corporate Pilot, Retired US Army - CW4 (1993). This ensures that the writer has prolonged experience in this domain, and that he is knowledgable for the subject of which he wrote.

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Maintaining an aircraft is more than just routine upkeep; it is a critical process that ensures the safety, reliability, and efficiency of an aircraft. Professional maintenance is the cornerstone of aviation safety, playing a pivotal role in preventing accidents and extending the life of an aircraft. But how does professional maintenance improve aircraft safety? This question is crucial for anyone involved in aviation, from pilots and mechanics to passengers who entrust their lives to the integrity of an aircraft.

The Role of Professional Maintenance in Aircraft Safety

Aircraft are complex machines with thousands of parts working together to achieve flight. Over time, these components can wear out, leading to potential failures if not properly maintained. Professional maintenance involves a systematic approach to inspecting, repairing, and replacing aircraft components to ensure they function as intended. The rigorous standards and protocols followed during professional maintenance are designed to address even the smallest issues before they escalate into serious problems.

How does professional maintenance improve aircraft safety? By identifying and rectifying these issues early, professional maintenance minimizes the risk of in-flight failures that could compromise the safety of passengers and crew. Regular inspections, performed by certified professionals, ensure that every part of the aircraft meets stringent safety standards set by aviation authorities.

Preventing Mechanical Failures

One of the most significant ways professional maintenance improves aircraft safety is by preventing mechanical failures. Aircraft engines, for example, are subjected to extreme conditions, including high temperatures, pressure, and mechanical stress. Over time, these factors can cause wear and tear on engine components, leading to potential failures if not properly maintained.

Professional maintenance includes regular engine inspections, oil changes, and the replacement of worn-out parts. By addressing these issues before they lead to failure, maintenance professionals ensure that the engine operates efficiently and safely. This proactive approach reduces the likelihood of engine failures, which are among the most dangerous and potentially catastrophic incidents that can occur during a flight.

How does professional maintenance improve aircraft safety? By preventing mechanical failures through regular inspections and timely repairs, professional maintenance ensures that the aircraft remains airworthy and capable of handling the stresses of flight.

Enhancing Aircraft Reliability

Reliability is a key factor in aviation safety. An aircraft that is consistently reliable is less likely to experience unexpected issues that could compromise safety. Professional maintenance plays a crucial role in enhancing aircraft reliability by ensuring that all systems and components are functioning correctly.

Regular maintenance checks cover all aspects of an aircraft, from the avionics systems to the landing gear. By thoroughly inspecting and testing each component, maintenance professionals can identify and address potential issues before they affect the aircraft's performance. This attention to detail ensures that the aircraft operates as expected, reducing the risk of unexpected failures during flight.

How does professional maintenance improve aircraft safety? By enhancing the reliability of the aircraft through thorough inspections and meticulous care, professional maintenance minimizes the chances of in-flight emergencies, contributing to the overall safety of the flight.

Compliance with Safety Regulations

Aviation is one of the most regulated industries in the world, with stringent safety standards set by organizations such as the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA). These regulations are designed to ensure the safety of passengers, crew, and the aircraft itself.

Professional maintenance ensures compliance with these safety regulations by adhering to the prescribed maintenance schedules and procedures. Maintenance professionals are trained to follow these guidelines precisely, ensuring that the aircraft meets or exceeds the required safety standards.

How does professional maintenance improve aircraft safety? By ensuring compliance with safety regulations, professional maintenance guarantees that the aircraft is operated within the safest parameters, reducing the risk of accidents caused by non-compliance.

Extending the Lifespan of Aircraft Components

Aircraft components are subject to wear and tear over time, leading to a gradual decline in performance. Professional maintenance helps extend the lifespan of these components by regularly inspecting and servicing them. By replacing worn-out parts and performing necessary repairs, maintenance professionals can keep the aircraft in optimal condition for longer periods.

This approach not only improves the safety of the aircraft but also contributes to cost savings by reducing the need for expensive replacements or overhauls. By maintaining the integrity of the aircraft's components, professional maintenance ensures that the aircraft remains airworthy and safe to operate.

How does professional maintenance improve aircraft safety? By extending the lifespan of aircraft components through regular servicing and repairs, professional maintenance reduces the risk of component failures that could jeopardize the safety of the flight.

The Importance of Expertise and Training

The expertise and training of maintenance professionals are critical factors in ensuring aircraft safety. These professionals undergo rigorous training to acquire the skills and knowledge needed to maintain and repair aircraft to the highest standards. Their expertise allows them to identify potential issues that may not be immediately apparent and to take the necessary steps to address them.

Furthermore, maintenance professionals are required to stay updated on the latest advancements in aviation technology and maintenance practices. This ongoing education ensures that they are equipped to handle the complexities of modern aircraft and to apply the most effective maintenance techniques.

How does professional maintenance improve aircraft safety? By relying on the expertise and training of maintenance professionals, the aviation industry ensures that aircraft are maintained to the highest standards, reducing the risk of accidents caused by human error or inadequate maintenance.

Minimizing Human Error

Human error is a significant factor in many aviation accidents. Professional maintenance reduces the likelihood of human error by implementing standardized procedures and protocols that must be followed during maintenance operations. These procedures are designed to eliminate the possibility of mistakes and to ensure that every aspect of the aircraft is thoroughly checked and serviced.

Moreover, professional maintenance teams often work together to perform maintenance tasks, providing an additional layer of oversight and reducing the chances of errors going unnoticed. This collaborative approach ensures that the aircraft is maintained with the utmost care and attention to detail.

How does professional maintenance improve aircraft safety? By minimizing human error through standardized procedures and teamwork, professional maintenance reduces the risk of accidents caused by oversight or mistakes during maintenance operations.

Maintaining Passenger Confidence

Passenger confidence is a crucial aspect of aviation safety. When passengers board an aircraft, they trust that the airline has taken all necessary precautions to ensure their safety. Professional maintenance plays a key role in maintaining this confidence by ensuring that the aircraft is in optimal condition for every flight.

By adhering to strict maintenance schedules and performing thorough inspections, maintenance professionals ensure that the aircraft is safe to operate. This commitment to safety reassures passengers that they are in good hands, contributing to a positive flying experience.

How does professional maintenance improve aircraft safety? By maintaining passenger confidence through rigorous maintenance practices, professional maintenance supports the overall safety culture of the aviation industry.

Ensuring Operational Efficiency

Operational efficiency is closely tied to aircraft safety. An aircraft that is well-maintained operates more efficiently, with fewer delays and disruptions caused by mechanical issues. This efficiency translates to a safer flying experience, as the aircraft is less likely to encounter problems during flight.

Professional maintenance ensures operational efficiency by addressing potential issues before they affect the aircraft's performance. By keeping the aircraft in peak condition, maintenance professionals help prevent delays, cancellations, and other disruptions that could compromise safety.

How does professional maintenance improve aircraft safety? By ensuring operational efficiency through regular maintenance and timely repairs, professional maintenance reduces the risk of safety incidents caused by operational disruptions.

The Bottom Line: Safety Through Maintenance

In the world of aviation, safety is paramount. Professional maintenance is the foundation of this safety, ensuring that every aircraft is maintained to the highest standards and is ready to operate safely. From preventing mechanical failures to enhancing reliability and extending the lifespan of aircraft components, professional maintenance plays a critical role in keeping passengers and crew safe.

How does professional maintenance improve aircraft safety? The answer lies in the meticulous care, expertise, and dedication of maintenance professionals who work tirelessly to ensure that every aircraft is safe to fly.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Where can I schedule professional aircraft maintenance?

You can schedule professional maintenance by contacting a certified maintenance provider. Contact Spearman Aircraft to schedule your aircraft maintenance today.

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# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The Impact of Expert Maintenance on Airplane Safety

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Ensure aircraft safety with professional maintenance. Discover how regular checks and expert care keep flights smooth and passengers secure. Fly with confidence!

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1. Mike Jennings

2. "Exploring the Role of Artificial Intelligence in Aviation Safety: Enhancements and Innovations"

3. accaircharterusa.com

4. N/A

5. 1 July 2024

6. 14 February 2025

7. The article covers how AI is implemented in aviaton, and how it can play a key role in commercial aviation. It then goes on to cover the enhancements and innovations done by this AI. It also covers the various types of AIs used in aviation.

8. This source comes from ACC Aviation Charter, which is a company who is involved in commercial aviation services. It might have a little bias on only higlighting the benefits involved with AI, and not higlighting the potential risks that may be involved. But, for my SubQ, I only need to find how this AI has benefited, so it is not a problem. The funding of this source is quite interesting for my reasearch as it is funded by ACC Aviation Charter, which is a private aviation charter. This means that this promotion of AI advancements may be for an economic goal, to attract future customers. This article is credible, since it has been checked and approved by the National Buiseness Aviation Association (NBAA). Mike Jennings can also be trusted, since he has extensive experience in the aviaiton domain (approx 20 years), and writes monthly articles for ACC. This article adds to the perspectives of my research, since this article is written from the industry perspective, and is aimed more at making commercial profit. However, this source is very beneficial to my research, as it provides me with a complete picture of AI is used in aviation.

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Exploring the Role of Artificial Intelligence in Aviation Safety: Enhancements and Innovations - ACC Aviation

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Ready to elevate your winter getaway? Explore the pinnacle of luxury, relaxation, and adventure with our curated list of private jet destinations. From powdery slopes to sun-soaked shores, we’ve handpicked the finest winter escapes.

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1. Jackson Barnett

2. "The Role Of Air Traffic Controllers In Aviation Accidents: Responsibilities And Legal Implications"

3. barnettlegal.com

4. N/A

5. 21 November 2024 (Found in page source)

6. 29 January 2025

7. The article covers various topics relating to the role of air traffic controlers in commercial aviation. It begins by adressing their responsibilities, weaknesses, and the legal implications they may have in crashes. All of this backed up by infromation from the fedaral aviation administration.

8. When first discovering this source, I was skeptical that an attorney was writing the article that he would likely be biased and unqualified towards the topic. I thought that his position as an attorney would only highlight the negative sides of ATC, and not cover what I was looking for. However, upon research, this source prooved to be extremely accurate and useful for my subquestion. Upon researching the author, Jackson Barnett, I learned that he held his own private pilot's license, erasing my doubts about him being biased. This showed me that he had actual experience and time in the field, as the license is not easily obtainable, and requires extensive knowledge and communication with ATC. Adding on, when writing this article, the author used probably the best source he could have chosen, by using a manual from the FAA (Federal Aviation Administration). By using this source to write his article, I can be extremely sure that his information is credible, since I know where it comes from. This source adds to the point of views I have had in my research, as I have not yet used information from an attorney, only a journalist.

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The Role of Air Traffic Controllers in Aviation Accidents: Responsibilities and Legal Implications | Barnett Law Offices

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Discover the crucial role of air traffic controllers in aviation accidents with Barnett Law Offices. Find aviation accident lawyers.

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1. John W. Olcott

2. "It's Personal, How To Fly Safely and Productively"

3. AOPA

4. Flight Training

5. 1 March 2022

6. 12 February 2025

7. This article covers memory joggers and techniques for pilots, that help adress and prevent upcoming risks during training. This memory jogger is called Pilot Aircraft VenVironment External pressures (PAVE).

8. For me, this source is not prone to being biased. It is written by aviation professionals to ensure the safety of other pilots. The perspective strongly emphasizes the importance of safety in the aviation domain. The AOPA magazine is funded by the membership's of its readers and advertisements present in the magazine. The AOPA foundation itself is a charitable organization. This source is particularly useful for my question, as it offers a very original approach to how pilot training can affect decision making during problems/failures, through the use of mnemonics. The credibility of the article is also evident due to the author. John W. Olcott is an airline transport pilot, CFII (certified flight instructor), and remote pilot, as well as former president of the National Business Aviation Association. Therefore, this ensures to me that this author is knowledgable and can be trusted for my research purposes. This source adds to the voices ive gathered in my research, since this is the first article ive gathered from a aviation-specialized magazine, giving me trust in trusting this magazine further for my research.

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1. No author, however collaboratively produced by aviation safety experts and organizations.

2. "Cockpit Automation - Advantages and Safety Challenges"

3. https://skybrary.aero/

4. SKYbrary

5. 10 September 2024 (Found in page source)

6. 4 February 2025

7. The article covers the topic of automation in aviation. It mainly focuses on how automation has the potential to cause incidents when not handled correctly. It also covers how automation may result in an aircraft developing an unwanted state from which it is difficult or impossible to recover using traditional manual flying techniques.

8. I believe this article is not prone to being biased, as it is written by experts in this industry like Eurocontrol and other aviation organizations. However, potential biases could include an emphasis on safety concerns, as it may focus more on risks rather than the benefits of automation. However, my subquestion focuses more on the risk, so this is to my advantage. This source is credible, even though the lack of author may spark doubt. The lack of a singular author is explained by various facts. The author is Skybrary, who is managed by Eurocontrol which is a leading European aviation safety organization. This ensures that the work is produced by industry experts. Adding on, this platform's goal is to gather information from a multitude of sources, rather than a single author. This includes pilots, aviation professionals, and regulatory bodies. Lastly this article is supported by famous and reputable aviation organizations, such as the ICAO (International Civil Aviation Orgnization) and FAA (Federal Aviation Administration). This source adds to the various voices I have had in my research, since this is my first source written collectively, rather than by a single individual.

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Cockpit Automation - Advantages and Safety Challenges | SKYbrary Aviation Safety

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Introduction Modern aircraft are increasingly reliant on automation for safe and efficient operation. However, automation also has the potential to cause significant incidents when misunderstood or mishandled. Furthermore, automation may result in an aircraft developing an undesirable state from which it is difficult or impossible to recover using traditional hand flying techniques.

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Your rough draft goes here. You should save it SEPARATELY from your FINAL COPY as W.E7.your first name.rough draft

It should be in MLA format and should include a Works Cited page at the end (as the last page).

Your draft should be at least 2,000 words long.

You should also put it into TURNITIN.com with the same file name

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1. No author (Government article coming from collective research)

2. "Out Front on Airline Safety: Two Decades of Continuous Evolution"

3.https://www.faa.gov/

4. N/A

5. 2 August 2018

6. 16 February 2025

7. The article covers the significant improvements made in avation safety in the recent decades, focusing on collaborative efforts, data analysis, and safety management systems. It then highlights how these improvements have contributed to making travel safer than ever today.

8. The article is not biased, but might be giving a positive view on aviation safety advancements. The fact that it is published by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) may show their goal in highlighting the efforts they do in the aviation safety domain. The article is funded by the FAA,a government agency, and is aimed at informing the public. Therefore this tells us that the article is not influenced by private industries. I believe this article is crucial for my research as it is very informative and provides a nice overview of the recent significant improvements in aviation safety. It has a lot of trusted data, which is crucial evidence that I can use to back up my research question. I deem this article to be highly credible, since it is published by the FAA, which employs professionals who are focused on ensuring that aviation regulations are followed and try to improve aviation practices. It is also based on research coming directly from a government agency, which ensures to me that the information is reliable. This makes it a crucial source for my research, and adds to my perspectives since it is the first source coming from a government perspective.

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The commercial aviation system in the United States operates at an unprecedented level of safety. During the past 20 years, commercial aviation fatalities in the U.S. have decreased by 95 percent as measured by fatalities per 100 million passengers.

We achieved this safety record because the FAA continually evolved in how it approaches safety oversight - both in detecting risks and in responding to the risks identified. Key to this approach is a longstanding commitment to sharing data through an open and collaborative safety culture to detect risks and address problems before accidents occur.

Our comprehensive, risk-based safety oversight process consists of several key elements: the Commercial Aviation Safety Team; the Aviation Safety Information and Sharing program; voluntary reporting programs; Aviation Safety Infoshare; the FAA's Safety Assurance System; airline Safety Management Systems; and the FAA's approach to ensuring compliance..
Commercial Aviation Safety Team (CAST)
The FAA, with the aviation industry, formed CAST in 1997. CAST marked an evolution beyond the traditional approach of examining accident data to a proactive approach that focuses on detecting risk and implementing mitigation strategies before accidents or serious incidents occur. Voluntary reporting programs are an important data source for CAST.

This transition to prognostic safety analysis emphasizes acquiring, sharing, and analyzing safety data from across the aviation community. CAST uses the data to identify emerging and changing risks, and airlines voluntarily implement safety mitigation strategies that CAST develops.

CAST's work, along with new aircraft, regulations, and other activities, has virtually eliminated the traditional common causes of commercial accidents - controlled flight into terrain, weather, wind shear, and failure to complete checklists. As a result, the fatality risk for commercial aviation in the United States fell 83 percent from 1998 to 2008. CAST aims to reduce the U.S. commercial fatality risk by another 50 percent between 2010 and 2025.

The FAA expects carriers to assess risks, including those identified by CAST and the Aviation Safety Information Analysis and Sharing (ASIAS)system, and take appropriate actions. Inspectors follow up with the carriers to ensure their Safety Management System (SMS) processes consider risks that CAST and ASIAS identified. If the carriers have not evaluated these risks, the inspector may program the Safety Assurance System (SAS) to require increased surveillance of the carrier.

Check out this fact sheet for more information on CAST.
Aviation Safety Information Analysis and Sharing (ASIAS)
The ASIAS program, which began about 10 years ago, brings together data and information across government and industry, including voluntarily provided safety data, to detect emerging risks, monitor known risks, and evaluate the effectiveness of mitigations.

ASIAS is an evolving program that continually adds participants and data sources. Current participants include 46 scheduled airlines, 63 corporate/business operators, 10 universities, five manufacturers, and two maintenance, repair, and overhaul organizations. ASIAS safety data comes from operators that account for 99 percent of U.S. air carrier commercial operations.

ASIAS has established metrics that enable CAST to evaluate the effectiveness of safety mitigations. ASIAS also partners with the industry-sponsored Aviation Safety InfoShare meeting, which facilitates the sharing of safety issues and best practices in a protected environment. This partnership enables ASIAS to help identify emerging systemic safety issues early on.

This fact sheet has additional information on ASIAS.

Since CAST's inception, its members have adopted more than 100 safety enhancements. The last 22 safety enhancements that CAST adopted were based on data that ASIAS provided.

Here's one example:

Terrain Awareness and Warning Systems (TAWS) alert pilots when they're flying too close to terrain. It's one of the technologies that has virtually eliminated the risk of controlled-flight-into-terrain accidents in U.S. commercial passenger operations.

However, through information from voluntary safety programs, ASIAS learned that TAWS sometimes generated alerts that pilots perceived to be incorrect or overly conservative. This was leading pilots to become desensitized to the alerts.

ASIAS pioneered an approach to identify what caused TAWS to alert when the aircraft was not at risk. Based on these factors, CAST developed two safety enhancements to reduce TAWS nuisance alerts, resulting in a drop in reported nuisance alerts.

This is an example of how the FAA and the airline industry, through information sharing, were able to monitor the effectiveness of a safety technology and take steps to address an unforeseen issue with it.
Voluntary Reporting Programs
As noted above, data collection and analysis is key to identifying potential risks before they become major problems. In the late 1990s, the FAA began implementing non-punitive, voluntary reporting programs to help ensure that aviation professionals provide this critical safety information.

Today, we have voluntary reporting programs for pilots, cabin crew members, dispatchers, mechanics, air traffic controllers, FAA airport division employees and others. They have significantly contributed to the nation's safety record, including improvements to training and operational and maintenance procedures.

Information on these voluntary programs is available in this fact sheet.
Aviation Safety Infoshare
Along with CAST and ASIAS, the FAA also participates in Infoshare. This is a semi-annual, industry-sponsored and FAA-facilitated event for domestic, international and corporate operators, labor organizations, trade associations, government organizations and major manufacturers. Infoshare started two decades ago with a handful of operators and now includes more than 800 aviation safety professionals.

The forum enables participants to share information about safety issues and concerns, best practices for data analysis, successful mitigation strategies, and the results of their studies of proactive safety programs, including Aviation Safety Action Program (ASAP) and Flight Operations Quality Assurance (FOQA).

InfoShare's success is based on longstanding collaborative partnerships and is made possible through voluntary safety programs; trust between management, labor and the regulator; confidential protections for the data reporting systems; and a non-punitive reporting environment.

CAST and ASIAS use the information from InfoShare to better understand the factors that contribute to systemic safety issues in the National Airspace System.
Safety Assurance System
The Safety Assurance System (SAS) is the FAA's comprehensive, data-driven system that provides a standardized and methodical approach to verify that all airlines comply with their mandate to operate to the highest possible safety levels.

SAS is a sophisticated, interactive computer system that draws safety data from numerous and varied sources. It helps alert FAA safety inspectors to areas of an airline's operation on which they should focus their oversight. It also allows inspectors to tailor their oversight plans to each airline's unique operation and to any issues the data identifies.

SAS contains data on every aspect of an airline's operation, including organizational management, flight operations, crew training, maintenance, dispatch and more. Inspectors can program up to 38 separate risk indicators into the system, ranging from previous safety oversight findings to incidents the carrier recently experienced.

The data in the system is continually updated with information that inspectors find during inspections and that the airline provides, and from more than two dozen additional sources. These sources include voluntary reporting programs that allow airline personnel to report safety information without fear of punishment, as well as information from the National Transportation Safety Board and from numerous FAA safety, accident/incident, enforcement, quality control, aircraft and pilot databases.

By constantly analyzing large volumes of diverse data, the system provides FAA inspectors with a real-time, comprehensive and highly accurate depiction of a carrier's operations-and whether anything needs to be done to address a particular risk factor.

Here is an example of how SAS works:

An airline voluntarily reports that its pilots have accidentally flown without authorization into restricted airspace. In addition to addressing the immediate issue with the airline, the FAA inspector would program the SAS to require additional assessments of the airline's flight operations training program.
Safety Management Systems
A Safety Management System (SMS) is a set of policies and processes that enables airlines to identify potential hazards in their operations, assess the risks from those hazards, implement measures to address those risks, and ensure those measures are effective. In 2015, the FAA required all scheduled U.S. airlines to have accepted SMS in place by March 2018. All 70 airlines met that deadline.

The SMS requirement is a significant evolution in how our safety oversight system works. With SMS, the FAA now expects airlines to play a more proactive safety role by identifying potential risks in their operation and presenting the FAA with plans for addressing them. SMS does not replace FAA oversight; rather, it adds another layer of redundancy to the safety system.

An airline's SMS must cover all aspects of its operation, including dispatch, flight operations, maintenance and training. The SMS has four components: a safety policy that defines the methods, processes and organizational structure needed to meet its safety goals; a risk-management strategy that determines the need for, and adequacy of, new or revised measures to address risks; a safety assurance element that continually evaluates the effectiveness of those measures; and actions to promote safety such as training and communication.

The FAA's SMS regulation also requires airlines to identify a specific executive who is accountable for safety, and enable employees to confidentially report safety concerns and propose solutions or improvements.

Through the SMS regulation, the FAA requires airlines to develop processes to perform safety risk analyses when they make changes to their operations including adding new aircraft or routes or beginning new types of service; investigate internal reports that the carrier has failed to comply with regulations; and develop processes to analyze the safety data they acquire.

Airlines design their own SMS to match the size, complexity and business model of their operations. FAA safety inspectors then use the Safety Assurance System to determine whether the carrier's proposed SMS is properly designed to identify hazards and effectively address the associated risks. FAA inspectors also use the SAS to determine whether the airline's SMS is achieving the intended safety results.

Here are two examples of how SMS works.

Example One: An airline flies in areas that experience frigid winter conditions. As a result, the carrier's organizational processes include its de-icing operation. The airline's first step in integrating its de-icing operation into its SMS is to inventory every aspect of this operation at every airport it serves. The airline looks at everything from how employees are trained to the tools they use to where the de-icing fluid is purchased. It evaluates the risk of improper de-icing, and determines the risk is high. So it puts extensive processes in place that, among other things, ensure employees get recurrent training in proper de-icing procedures, specify what procedures must be followed in specific icing conditions, and require periodic inspections of the vendors that supply the de-icing chemicals. The airline also sets up processes to analyze how often mistakes are made in the de-icing program so that corrective actions can be quickly identified and implemented. It also sets up a process to evaluate the effectiveness of those corrective actions.

Example Two: An airline aborts its takeoff because the aircraft's tail strikes the runway as the plane is about to leave the ground. The airline's SMS requires it to look at what could have caused the tail strike, and it determines the event likely was due to an uneven distribution of passengers. Upon identifying this risk, the airline proactively takes steps to improve its passenger distribution process. The airline's first step is to map out all the activities involved in the passenger-loading process and in calculating weight and balance, and looking at every factor that could lead to a mistake. Once it identifies where mistakes have occurred, the airline will make changes or apply controls to reduce the chance that this mistake will occur again. This includes developing new processes for flight attendants to ensure an even passenger distribution, and to ensure flight attendants have done this before informing the pilots that the cabin is ready for departure. The carrier revises its flight attendant manual o incorporate a checklist that requires flight attendants to perform a visual inspection and passenger count to confirm passengers are evenly distributed throughout the cabin. The airline also shares this new process data with the FAA. The FAA inspectors who oversee the airline then program their Safety Assurance System to require additional assessments to evaluate the effectiveness of the airline's new process for configuring passenger distribution and for calculating weight and balance.
Compliance
The key to continuous improvements in airline safety is to create a sustainable culture of safety through an open and transparent exchange of information and data between the FAA and the aviation community. The FAA began this process in the 1990s by establishing a framework for airlines and others to share safety data in a non-punitive setting, through voluntary programs such as the Aviation Safety Action Program (ASAP) and the Voluntary Disclosure Reporting Program (VDRP).

The success of these voluntary safety programs has demonstrated that in today's highly complex operating environment, a collaborative compliance approach is the most effective way to achieve the FAA's core goal: to quickly find and fix safety issues before they can cause an accident or incident. By adopting this approach, the FAA is able to obtain actionable information to identify emerging risks, employ the most appropriate measures to address those risks, and monitor the situation to ensure the measures continue to be effective.

The FAA's approach mirrors the open and transparent information-sharing approach that the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) expects its member countries to implement.

It emphasizes a shared commitment to safety-that all stakeholders are responsible for, and accountable for, ensuring the safest possible aviation system. At the same time, it recognizes that people make inadvertent mistakes and that those mistakes can provide valuable data and information to help mitigate future problems and prevent accidents. Accordingly, it encourages information sharing about safety issues by enabling operators to do so without the fear of being punished

Therefore, in cases where a deviation results from factors such as flawed procedures, simple mistakes or a lack of understanding, the FAA uses tools like training or documented improvements to procedures to ensure compliance.

However, when the FAA encounters intentional reckless behavior, flagrant violations, or refusal to cooperate in corrective action, it uses the tool of legal enforcement action to gain compliance. If an air carrier is unwilling or unable to comply with laws and regulations, the agency can - and does - revoke the company's ability to operate.

This approach distinguishes between the goal-compliance with the regulations-and the many tools the agency can use to achieve compliance. By emphasizing the goal of compliance, the FAA has improved communication with operators and fostered the kind of open, transparent, and robust safety culture we need to collectively assure aviation safety.

Here are two real-world examples of how our compliance approach has worked to improve safety:

Example One: In 2017, a commercial airline crew inadvertently landed on a taxiway instead of a runway at an airport that did not have a control tower. The crew voluntarily reported the incident to the FAA through the Aviation Safety Action Program. Because the crew was comfortable with the safety culture and this approach to compliance, during the FAA investigation they freely discussed what happened and provided invaluable insight about why it happened: the only lights they saw were taxiway lights, because a flooded electrical box had extinguished the runway lights. This open, first-hand reporting allowed the quick mitigation of a hazard that could have similarly confused other flight crews.

Example Two: Because of the increased openness and transparency fostered by the FAA's compliance approach, a major air carrier has allowed FAA inspectors to have unfettered access to dozens of its proprietary, real-time event-reporting databases. The immediate information inspectors get from the live databases enables them to quickly adjust their surveillance to any areas of the carrier's operation where there is an indication of increased risk. Access to real-time data also tells inspectors whether their surveillance activities and actions are effective. The carrier provided this access knowing that doing so could potentially alert FAA inspectors to a regulatory violation. This type of openness is possible because the FAA's compliance approach encourages operators to share information without the fear of being punished for inadvertent violations.

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Out Front on Airline Safety: Two Decades of Continuous Evolution

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The commercial aviation system in the United States operates at an unprecedented level of safety. During the past 20 years, commercial aviation fatalities in the U.S. have decreased by 95 percent as measured by fatalities per 100 million passengers. We achieved this safety record because the FAA

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"In the world of aviation, safety is paramount. Professional maintenance is the foundation of this safety, ensuring that every aircraft is maintained to the highest standards and is ready to operate safely. From preventing mechanical failures to enhancing reliability and extending the lifespan of aircraft components, professional maintenance plays a critical role in keeping passengers and crew safe."

Aircraft maintenance more than repairs->make certain of: reliability, safety, and effieciency of a plane

Maintanence prolongs life of plane, and prevents accid.

Exp. maintenance role is to find and adress issues, -> reduce the risk of in-flight deficiency that could cause a threat to passengers and crews

Preventing mech. issues:

Parts like engines who are subject to wear and tear are inspect. regular. or repla.

this practice ensures that engine is safe and efficient-reduces likelohood of in flight failure of engine, which can be catastrophic

Increase arcrft reliabil.:

Plane that is often reliable is less likely to experi. problems that could cause dangers

Maitena. ensures that components and systems are functioning correctly

Maintena. looks at an entire aircraft, from the landing gear to the flight sys.

By examining each componenent, maintenance experts can adress problems before they affect the aircraft's performance->reduces risk of problems in flight

Meeting safety guidelines

Mainteancce follows guidelines by the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) and Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)

Maintenance follows schedules and procedures for maintena.->followed word for word, to make sure that the aircraft exceeds or meets the demanded safety standars

Extending aircraft life

constant service and inspection of parts, as well as necessary repairs->keeps the plane in best condition for long time

reduces cost BCS no need for costly overhauls or replaceme.

Boost passenger trust

Ensures that the airline has taken all require. to ensure passenger safety

Thorough inspections/strict maintena. schedules->ensure plane is safe to opperate

passengers reassured due to airline's devotion to safety->good flying experience

Ensure aircraft availability

If aircraft less in maintena.->less delays due to mech. issues

prevents cancelations, delays, and other disruptions

Modern aviation maintenance practices help reduce the likelihood of accidents significantly. Maintenance ensures that "every aircraft is maintained to the highest standards and is ready to operate safely," acording to James Spearman who holds prolonged experience working for the FAA. Aircraft maintenance has numerous benefits, in not only safety but for the airline too. With correct maintance, mechanical issues can be prevented. Parts like engines who are subject to wear and tear can be inspected regurlarly, and if needed replaced. This practice ensures that the aircraft is safe and efficient, and reduces the likelihood of in-flight problems, which may be catastrophic (Spearman). Maintance also increases the aircraft's reliability. It ensures that components and systems are functioning correctly, and that they are not prone to failure. Maintenance examines an entire airplane, from the landing gear all the way to the flight systems. By examining each component, maintenance experts can address problems before they affect the aircrafts performance, which in turn reduces the risk of problems in flight. This maintenance extends the aircraft's life as well. The constant service and inspection of parts keeps the plane in best conditions for a long time. It reduces cost for the airlines as well since there is no need for costly overhauls or replacements (Spearman). It also ensure the aircraft is available, as the less time it spends in maintence, the less delays it will experience. This helps prevent cancelations, delays, and other disruptions. Maintance also reaches beyond the aircraft's reliability, since it can significantly boost passenger trust. For a passanger boarding a well maintained aircraft, it give the assurance that the airline has take all requirements to ensure safety. Passengers are reassured if the airline is devoted to safety, which then promotes a positive flying experience (Spearman).

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"As AI transforms various sectors, the aviation industry stands at the forefront of adopting these cutting-edge technologies. Flight safety is a critical concern, where even minor improvements can yield significant benefits. AI applications range from predictive maintenance of aircraft to advanced air traffic management systems, all aiming to reduce human error and increase efficiency." - Mike Jennings

Evolut. of AI in the aviation industr

AI used to be used for basic autom. (like autopilot) NOW used for complex appli. -> predi. maintenan., autonom. aircr. operat., and live safety monitoring

AI use in airlin. -> fuel optimi., flight schedul., traf. manage. -> reduces delays/improv. safety

AI use in maintena. -> detect defec. in aircraft parts, that would not be visible to human eye

European Union Aviation Safety Agency (ESEA) emphasi. using AI to suppor. human decisi. making RATHER than replace pilo. and ATC

AI -> machine learning (ML) and data science

ML -> uses comput. to learn from aviation data WITHOU. dir. programin.

ML algor. -> analyz. past incid. -> predict potent. risks TO impr. respons. TO mech. failur., pilot fatig., weather disrupt.

Data science -> Ai relies on vast. amnts of data SUCH AS maintenan. logs, passen. data, weather repor., flight record.

Data science role -> feed good data into AI -> ENABLES accur. predic. and automat. decisio. making TO prev. accid.

AI tech. used for safet. ex.

AI weather pred. -> helps pil. navigat. unexpected weather such as storms, high winds, and turbulence

AI autom. pilo. assitan. -> helps prev. loss of controls -> one of the leading cause of avia. accid.

These systems continou. analy. live flight data -> ensur. fast. resp. to potent. haz.

Artificial inteligence (AI) is alreading beginning to transform numerous industries, the aviation industry being part of this great transition. According to Mike Jennings, who has worked in the aviation domain for more than 20 years states; "the aviation industry stands at the forefront of adopting these cutting-edge technologies. Flight safety is a critical concern, where even minor improvements can yield significant benefits. AI applications range from predictive maintenance of aircraft to advanced air traffic management systems, all aiming to reduce human error and increase efficiency." AI has evolved greatly since its first introduction in aviation. Before, AI used to perform basic automation, such as autopulot. Now it is used for complex applications such as predictive maintenance, auntonomous aircraft operation, and even live safety monitoring. In the airlines, AI can yield a significant benefit in fuel optimization, flight scheduling and traffic managaement, which reduces delays and improves safety. In maintance, AI can detect defects in aircraft parts, that would otherwise not be visible to the human eye (Jennings). However, with all these uses in the aviation domain, the European Union Safety Agency (ESEA) emphasizes the use of AI to support human decisions rather than replacing pilots, ATC, and mechanics. AI in the aviation domain works using a mix of machine learning and data science, in order to make decisions. Machine leaning uses computers to learn from aviation data without direct programing. This machine learning then creates an algorithm, where it analyzes past incidents to predict potential risks. These predictions are then used to improve the responses for events like mechanical failures and weather disruptions (Jennings). Alternatively, data science relies on vast amounts of data, including maintenace logs, passenger data, weather reports and even flight recorders. The role of data science is to feed favorable data into AI, which enables accuration prediction and automatic decesion making to prevent accidents (Jennings). Together, data science and machine learning work together to prevent accidents. Examples of this collaboration can be seen in various instances. In AI weather prediction which helps pilot navigate unexpected weather, such as storms, high winds, and turbulence. In AI automatic pilot assistance where it helps prevent loss of control, which is one of the leading causes of aviation accidents (Jennings). These system and many other's main role is to analyze live flight data, which ensures a faster response to potential hazards leading to overall greater safety.

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"The pilot in command of an aircraft is directly responsible for, and is the final auhtority as to, the operation of that aircraft." FAA

Risks of flight come from 4 sourc. -> pilot, aircraft, environment, external factors (that influ. pilot's abilit. to make good decis.)

To adress potent. risks -> pilot use memo. jogger -> PAVE

P : Perceive

Pilots must set realis. mini. for their own wellbeing

Ex. Pilot may feel compet. to fly with runny nose, but draws the line when affect. by a cold

Pilots must set their limits -> especi. in comerci. avia. where no flight and duty times exis. -> set bound. durin. sleep and rest

Must set their drink. limits -> pilo. must not drink alcohol 8 hrs before, blo. concen. less than 0.04%

Food and fluid inta. are import. and should be part of their personal checklist

A : Airplane

Does the pilot have enough exper. in the specif. airpl. plann. for the operation?

Is the aircr. perform. appropr. consid. density alt. and pilot skill?

Famili. enough. with avionics?

Ex. Prope. use of autopilot. system can vary across airc. mod.

V : EnVironment

Routing

Terrain

Time of day

Weather -> depen. on pil. rat., rec. exper., level of confi.

E : External factors

Pilot Personality -> plays a signif. role in ability to resist outside press. and make good decisi.

During pilot training, various measures are taken to address potential risks that they may be subject to. Since the pilot is the one flying the plane, he must take preventative measures to minimize risks. Acording to the FAA, "the pilot in command of an aircraft is directly responsible for, and is the final auhtority as to, the operation of that aircraft." Therefore, pilots must be able to adress these potential risks. Risks of flight come from four sources. The pilot, the aircraft, the environment and exrternal factors are all potential risks that must be adressed. To do this, pilots learn during training the PAVE mnemonic. The P in PAVE stands for perceive. This implies that the pilot must set realistic minimumus for his own wellbeing. For example, a pilot may feel competent to fly with a runny nose, but knows to draw the line when affected by a cold (Olcott). A pilot must set his limits, especially in commercial aviation where no flight and duty times exist. They must set boundaries during sleep and rest. Another boundary they must set is drinking limits. Pilots must not drink alcohol 8 hours before flying, and must have a alcohol blood concentration of less than 0.04% (Olcott). Food and fluid intake are immportant, and should be part of their personal checklist. The A in PAVE stands for airplane. The pilot musk ask himself questions before flying his airplane. Do I have enough experience in the specific airplane planned for the operation? Is the aircraft performance appropriate considering density altitude and my skill? Am I familiar enough with this type of avionics? These are questions the pilot must ask himself before flying, to ensure his safety and the safety of others (Olcott). The V in PAVE stands for environment. The pilot must actively analyze his environment before flying. He must set the correct route, analyze the terrain, and plan his operations accordingly depending on the time of day. The pilot must also analyze the weather, and define if it is safe for him to fly. This may depend on the pilot's rating, recent experience, and level of confidence. A correct knowledge of the environment defines how safely and aircraft will be able to operate (Olcott). Lastly the E in PAVE stands for external factors. The pilot's personality plays a significant role in his ability to resist external factors. It is what defines his ability to resist outside pressures and make good decisions. Peer pressure may also pose a threat to safety, as the pilot may be asked to do something that he may not be experienced enough to do (Olcott). The pilot's power in resisting external factors is what will define his aptness to fly safely and minimize potential risks.

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"Modern aircraft are increasingly reliant on automation for safe and efficient operation. However, automation also has the potential to cause significant incidents when misunderstood or mishandled. Furthermore, automation may result in an aircraft developing an undesirable state from which it is difficult or impossible to recover using traditional hand flying techniques." -

Aircraft automation minimi. com. pilot err. by handling repetitive and precise tasks

Overeliance can lead to pil. becoming less good at manual flight cntrl.

Too much trust may be put in aircraft systems, causing a delay in response when things really go wrong

When pilots rely on automation, they may not be completely aware of its situational awareness

Pilot switch from active controllers -> system monitors

Advanced automation causes new types of errors -> possible that alerts are misinterpreted

Nowadays training must focus -> automation management AND manual flying recovery skills

How has the role of human error evolved with the increasing automation of aircraft systems?

The role of human error has significantly evolved with the increasing automation of aircraft systems. The role of aircraft automation is to minimize common pilot errors by handling repetivtive and precise tasks. However this overeliance can cause the pilot to become poor in manual flight control ("Cockpit Automation..."). Furthermore, too much trust may be put in aircraft systems, causing a delay in response if things were to go wrong. Adding on, when pilots rely on automation, they may not be completely aware of the aircrafts surrounding, and lose their situational awareness. This switch to increased automation causes pilots to switch from active controllers, to system monitors ("Cockpit Automation..."). This increased automation also causes new types of errors, thay may be minsinterpreted by the pilot. According to the article "Cockpit Automation - Advantages and Safety Challenges" "automation may result in an aircraft developing an undesirable state from which it is difficult or impossible to recover using traditional hand flying techniques." Therefore, nowadays training must focus on automation management and manual flying recovery skills, in order to ensure safe flying of the aircraft.

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1. Patrick J. Keiger

2. "5 Reasons Commercial Airplanes Crash"

3. science.howstuffworks.com

4. howstuffworks

5. 16 April, 2024

6. 23 January, 2025

7. The article adresses all the most common for plane crashes, especially in the commercial domain. It provides many cited statistics and images, to provide evidence to its key points.

8. I believe that this is a credible source to adress my sub-question. This article is not biased, as it does not hold any strong stance against the issue, as there is no side to be biased on. To support my belief that this source is not biased as other sources that I analyzed from multiple global authors around this topic also had the same stance, showing that this is not an artice that is prone to being biased. This source is extremely useful since it allows me to very effectively answer my subquestion and provide aditional information along with already having my points. Having this source is crucial for my audience, as there are often misconceptions about the most common commercial plane crash reasons. Therefore, this source also serves as a brief introduction to my readers and also can be used to eliminate their prior misconceptions. The author can also be trusted due to his extensive experience as an independent journalist and author, having contributed to reputable publications such as GQ, National Geographic, and the Los Angeles Times. In summary, the HowStuffWorks article adds significant value to research on commercial airplane crashes by providing expert knowledge in an accessible format, emphasizing a balanced understanding of the contributing factors to these incidents.

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Advertisement

Airline crashes are exceedingly rare events. In 2018, for example, according to the Netherlands-based Aviation Safety Network, there were 15 fatal airliner accidents, resulting in a total of 556 fatalities. But with 37.9 million flights worldwide. That works out to a rate of one fatal accident per 2.52 million flights [source: AVN].

But when a plane does go down, despite all the safety features of modern aircraft and the skill of highly-trained pilots, the flying public wants to know why it happened.

In the U.S., investigators from the Washington, D.C.-based National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) are tasked with sifting through the wreckage, analyzing critical data from cockpit voice recorders and flight data recorders - the so-called " black boxes" - and perusing maintenance records, weather data and communications with air traffic controllers [sources: NTSB, Davies].

But even after painstaking probes, there isn't always a simple, clear answer to why these catastrophes occur. Instead, plane crashes often result from the interaction of a combination of factors, according to NTSB public affairs officer Keith Holloway.

"While the main cause of the crash was that the pilot lost control, for example, the weather could have been a factor in why that happened," Holloway says.

Harro Ranter, chief executive officer of the Aviation Safety Network, agrees with Holloway. "In most accidents, several factors are involved," Ranter says in an email. "In accident investigation, there is no such thing as a simple cause like 'pilot error.' There is always more involved."

Coming up with a list of causes is complicated, because different agencies and organizations that track crashes don't always describe them the same way. But in a 2015 article for The Conversation, British aviation safety expert Simon Ashley Bennett, director of the Civil Safety and Security Unit at the University of Leicester, listed five common causes of crashes. They're similar to the categories utilized by PlaneCrashInfo.com, a website that has amassed data on aircraft crashes since the 1920s. Here's some information on each of them.

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Advertisement Airline crashes are exceedingly rare events. In 2018, for example, according to the Netherlands-based Aviation Safety Network, there were 15 fatal airliner accidents, resulting in a total of 556 fatalities. But with 37.9 million flights worldwide. That works out to a rate of one fatal accident per 2.52 million flights [source: AVN].

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Your FINAL COPY goes here. You should save it as WE7.your first name.final copy

You should also put it into TURNITIN.com with the same file name

It should be in MLA format and include the Works Cited page at the end

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"The commercial aviation system in the United States operates at an unprecedented level of safety. During the past 20 years, commercial aviation fatalities in the U.S. have decreased by 95 percent as measured by fatalities per 100 million passengers." - FAA

Signific. reduc. in fatali.

Past two decades commercial aviati. fatalie. in the U.S. have dropped by 95% per 100 million passen.

This redu. is due to -> improv. in regul., tech., and industr. advanc.

Emphas. on proactive safet. strat. -> minim. likelihood of fatal accid. -> makes air travel one of the safest modes of transp. today

Implementa. of Safety Management Systems (SMS)

SMS: a systematic and data-driven approa. to identif. and mitigat. risks before they escalate into serious incidents

Airlines use structu. safet. procedures -> risk assesme., reporting mechanisms, contin. monito. of operati. hazar.

SMS obligatory for airlin. enforced by FAA ensures that safety is intigr. in all aspects of airli. operations

SMS proven to help airlin. address minor safet. concerns b4 they turn into critic. fail. -> further preven. accid.

Advanc. data analys.

airlin. and aviat. authorities rely on sophisti. data analysis tools -> detect patterns that could indicate emerging safety risks

Techno. such as Flight Data Monitoring (FDM) and Aviation Safety Information Analysis and Sharing (ASIAS) -> allow airli. to collect and analyze flight data -> helping identify potential issues early

Real-time monitor. sys. wArn anomalies in aircraft perfor., pilot behavi., and exter. conditi., -> enabling rapid correcti. actions before they become dangerous

This approach = led to a shift -> reacti. safety measures TO proacti. risk manag.,-> reducing the frequency of accidents

Efforts in collabo. by the industr.

Aviat. indust. has established stong bonds betw. -> airlin., manuf., and reg. bodies. -> ensures safety is top priority

Programs -> Commercial Aviation Safety Team (CAST) -> bring togeth. key stakehol. to analyze safety data and recommend improvements.

Boeing/Airbus/other manufact. WORK closely with airlin. and the FAA to enhan. aircraft designs, impleme. new safety techno., and refine pilot training prgrms

exchange of safety informa. btwn airlines, regulators, and manufactu. ensures that best practices are shared across the industry, fostering a culture of safety.

Today's technologies play a key role in improving safety throughout the aviation domain. As reported in an article by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) "the commercial aviation system in the United States operates at an unprecedented level of safety. During the past 20 years, commercial aviation fatalities in the U.S. have decreased by 95 percent as measured by fatalities per 100 million passengers." These results are due to numerous factors, but mainly from improvements in regulations, technolgies, and in the industry. It is also a result of the emphasis on proacitive safety strategies, which minimize the likelihood of fatal accidents. To get these results, airlines may also implement the Safety Management Systems (SMS). The SMS is a systematic and data driven approach to identifying and mitigating risks, before they escalate into serious incidents (Airline Safety...). Airlines do this through structured safety procedures, such as risk assemsments, reporting mechanisms, and continisouly monitoring operational hazards. SMS is obligatory for airlines, and is enforced by the FAA, to ensure that safety is integrated in all aspects of airline operations. This system has been proven to help airlines adress minor safety concerns before they turn into critical failures, in turn further preventing accidents. Similar to the SMS system, the industry now uses advanced data analysis. Airlines and aviation authorities rely on sophisticated data analysis tools, which helps detect patterns that could indicate emerging safety risks. Many systems contribute to this in-depth analysis. Technologies such as the Flight Data Monitoring (FDM) and Aviation Safety Information Analysis and Sharing (ASIAS) allow airlines to collect and analyze flight data, which helps identify potential issues early (Airline Safety...). Real-time monitoring systems warn anomalies in aircraft performance, pilot behavior, and external conditions. This enables rapid correcting actions before they become dangerous. This approach in data analysis has led to a shift from reactive safety measures, to proactive risk management, therefore reducing the frequency of accidents. The industry has also played a key role in preventing accidents. The aviation industry has established strong bonds between airlines, manufacturers, and regulatory bodies, ensuring safety is top priority. Programs have also been put in place such as the Commercial Aviation Safety Team (CAST) which brings together key stakeholders. Together these stakeholders analyze safety data, and then proceed to reccomend improvements (Airline Safety...). Key players in the industry like Boeing and Airbus now work closely with airlines and the FAA to enhance aircraft designs, implement new safety technology, as well as refining pilot training programs. This constant exchange of safety information between airlines, regulators, and manufacturers ensures that best practices are shared across the industry, fostering a culture of safety (Airline Safety...).

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Your notes will go here.

1. Notes MUST be in your own words.

2. Notes must NOT be in complete sentences (unless it’s a direct quote).

3. Notes should be bulleted.

For example:

Greenpeace monitors whale beachings

Publishes data; since early 1950s

Helps govts track whale deaths

Use only one or two direct quotes per source. You must note the writer’s/speaker’s name with the quote and place it in quotation marks.

For example:

“Greenpeace have faulted researchers in the past for making erroneous assumptions about the cause of whale beachings in the area.” — Sharon Cakes, author of article

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1. Author’s full name (if there isn’t one, you should probably reconsider using this source)

2. "Title of the article"

3. Name of the website or the company publishing the website

4. Title of the journal or the magazine or newspaper in italics

5. The article was published (if there isn’t one, you should probably reconsider using this source)

6. Date you looked at the article and took notes from it (date accessed)

Above Mastery TSW 3, 4 & 5:

7. A very brief summary of what the article is all about( 2-3 sentences) (TSW 3)

8. Brief reflection of the source. Is it biased? Toward which perspective? Who funded the source? What are your thoughts of it? (TSW 5)

Is it credible, accurate and useful as a source for this research question? How do you know? (TSW 4)

Does this source add to the variety of voices or points of view you’ve gathered in your research? How? (TSW 3)

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You need 3 A-level outcomes to earn an Above Mastery on the unit

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Work Cited (last page of research paper)

first line is all the way to the left

lines after this for the same source are indented

all are in alphabetical order by last name or title of article

doubled spaced

every part of the source is separated with a comma

title of a book needs to be italics, as does magazine/newspaper/journal/website

The “Title of the Article” is in quotation marks

author last name always comes first

Author, title of the article, title of website, dates all separated by commas with a period at the end unless you are providing the URL address

if you have other authors--> write the first author last name, name and then write the other author’s name normally (ex. Smith, Stephen and Matthew Marino)

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You will write your paper in present tense. For example: Beached whales pose health threats to wildlife and humans, says Jim N.E. Cricket, a zoologist at Stanford University.

Use this guide to create signal verbs in your research paper.

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1.Yara Q. Wingelaar-Jagt, Thijs T. Wingelaar, Wim J. Riedel, Johannes G. Ramaekers

2."Fatigue in Aviation: Safety Risks, Preventive Strategies and Pharmacological Interventions"

3.frontiersin.org

4. Frontier Media

5. 6 September 2021

6. 10 February 2025

7. This article covers the challenges in pilot fatigue, and the various complex causes that may cause this fatigue. It also adresses the performance degradation that this fatigue causes in an cause-effect format. The article ends by covering the reasons why this fatigue may be hard to regulate.

8. This source I found is from a platform where there are many peer-reviewed academic journals. For me the fact that it was a peer reviewed platform meant that it aimed to be objective and research-based rather than opinionated or biased. On the right side of the web page where the article is presented, it is listed who has reviewed the article and who has edited it, after the 4 authors wrote it. This is crucial, as it ensures credibility for me, and tells me that this is well suited for academic research, since professionals have looked over the document. This source is very useful for my research, as it has more than enough information on the causes and effects of pilote fatigue. This ensures I have enough to write about. This source taught me the skill of skimming/filtering, as it is a very long article, so I had to learn to extract the information most necessary to my SubQ, and filter out information unrelated to the SubQ. This source adds to the viewpoints collected earlier in this research, since this is my first source with a scientific and physiological viewpoint. The multitude of backgrounds that the authors come from is extremely important, and gives me a varied viewpoint. Some come from aviation bodies, while other originate from psychology and neuroscience backgrounds.

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Frontiers | Fatigue in Aviation: Safety Risks, Preventive Strategies and Pharmacological Interventions

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Fatigue poses an important safety risk to civil and military aviation. In addition to decreasing performance in-flight (chronic) fatigue has negative long-te…

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"Fatigue in aviation results from a combination of sleep loss, extended wakefulness, circadian rhythm misalignment, and workload demands, all of which degrade cognitive performance and increase safety risks."

Complex causes:

Fatig. not caused by singl. factor -> but by combination

-sleep depriv.

-prolong. wakefulness (ex. during long flights)

-messing up with circa. rhythim (working at weird hours)

-mental/physical workload

The combi. of these fac. makes it diffucult -> finding a "fit all solution" for fatigu. managem.

Differe. pilots may experience fatigu. differently due -> indivi. resilience, sleep habits, and the dema. of their specific flight scheds.

Perform. degredation:

Fatig. impairs cogn. func. -> attention, decis.-making, react. time, -> incr. risk of pilot err.

Chronic fatigue -> decl. in overa. health affecting long-term job perfo. and incr. the likelihood of errors in high-pressure situati.

Pilots experiencing fatigue may struggle w/ situt. awareness, making them more prone to misinterpreting flight instruments or failing to respond promptly to emergency situations.

Regula. challenges

Flight time regul. exist to prevent extr. fatigu., but they do not comple. elimi. the risk. Some pilots may still experience fatigue due to factors beyond just flight hours -> personal sleep quality, stress, or commuting time before shifts

Fatigue Risk Management Systems (FRMS) are in place to monitor and address pilot fatigue BUT these systems rely on self-reporting, which is not always accurate DUE TO concerns about job security or personal judgment.

The avia. indus. struggles to balance operational demands (keeping flights on schedule) w/ the need to provide pilots with adequate rest.

According to Yara Q. Wingelaar-Jagt et al. "fatigue in aviation results from a combination of sleep loss, extended wakefulness, circadian rhythm misalignment, and workload demands, all of which degrade cognitive performance and increase safety risks." This fatigue is not caused by a single factor, but rather by a combination of factors. Prolonged wakefulness during long flights can disrupt a pilot's circadian rhythim, and therefore lead to sleep deprivation. Along with this, the mental and physical workload during flying makes the combination of these factors diffulcult to find a "one size fits all" solution for this fatigue management (Wingelaar-Jagt et al.). Adding on, different pilots may experience fatigue diferently, as some pilots are more resilient than others, or might have different sleep habits. This fatigue has a heavy effect on performance degreation for pilots. It impairs cognitive function, attention, decision making, and reaction time which all contribute to an increased risk of pilot error. This repeated exposure to fatigue may lead to chronic fatigue. This type of fatigue then leads to an overall decline in health, which then affects long term job performance, and increases the likelihood of errors in high-pressure situations (Wingelaar-Jagt et al.). Fatigue in avation is also very challenging to regulate. Measures such as flight time regilation exist to prevent extreme fatigue, but they do not completely eliminate the risk. Some pilots may still experience fatigue due to factors beyound just flight hours, such as personal sleep quality, stress, or even commuting time between shifts. There are also programs put in place, such as the fatigue risk management systems (FRMS). This program is put in place to monitor and adress pilot fatigue, but this system relies on self-reporting, which is not always accurate. Often times due to concerns about job security or personal judgement. This is an ongoing struggle faced by the aviation industry. Trying to balance operational demands with the need to provide pilots with adequate rest (Wingelaar-Jagt et al.).

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"According to the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA), flying fatalities per billion kilometers traveled by plane is 0.003%. By train, the figure jumps to 0.27 and by automobile to a massive 2.57. Statistically speaking, you have a much higher chance of being killed while riding your bicycle than in an airplane. Even dying after being hit by lightning is more likely than being killed in a plane crash. In a nutshell, dying in a plane crash in North America or Europe, where aviation is subject to strict rules, is around 29 million to one." - Mark Finlay

Advanc. avioni. and automa.

Analo. cockpits w/ mini. automa. -> highly sosphis. glass cockp. EFFEC. avia. safet. transfor.

Moder. airpla. now equipe. w/ fly-by-wire sys. -> reduc. pilot erro./ workload

Autopil. advanc. allow aircrafts to handle most phases of flight incl. takeoff and landing -> impro. overa. safety

Anti-collis. and terra. warn. sys.

Traffic Colision Avoidance System (TCAS) : alerts pil. to potent. mid air collis. and gives maneuv. to avoid

Groud Proximity Warning System (GPWS): use radar and terr. mapp. to prev. crash. into terrain "accident because plane smashes in ground"

Mode. radar and senso. techn.. -> allow pilo. to detect and avoid bad/hardo. weather -> decr. risk of weather rela. accid.

Better ATC sys.

Automatic Dependent Surveilance Broadcast (ADS-B): real-time aircr. track. -> impro. situati. awaren.

Digi. com: more crisp radio instruc., reduces risk of misinter. of vernal instru.

Regul. reforms

FAA, EASA, ICAO -> implem. strict regu. and pil. training require.

post-accide. investig. -> led to design improv. SUCH AS fire proof materia., harder land. gear, stronger cockpit doors etc.

Aviation safety has significantly improved in recent decades, attributable to many safety advancements and technologies. To begin with, the recent decades have seen a complete change in avionics and automation inside aircraft. Anolog cockpits with minimal automation have evolved into highly sophisticated glass cockpits, which have significantly transformed aircraft safety. Modern airplanes are also now equiped with fly-by-wire systems, which replace traditional cables into electrical circuits. This allows for a reduced amount of workload for the pilot, and reduces the likelihood of errors (Finlay). These new technologies in aircraft also allow the aircraft to autonomously handle most phases of flight, including takeoff and landing. This allows for safer flight operations in difficult conditions (Finlay). Furthermore, new aircraft systems have been introduced. Most notably the Traffic Colision Avoidance System (TCAS), which alerts pilots to potential mid air collisions, and gives maneuvers to avoid other aircraft. Another system being the Ground Proximity Warning System (GPWS). This system uses radar and terrain mapping to prevent the aircraft from colliding with the ground (Finlay). Together these systems with their modern radar and sensor technology allow pilots to detect and avoid harzoudous weather and situations. This in turn helps to decrease the risk accidents. Outside the aircraft, significant improvements have also been made. The introduction of better ATC technologies such as the Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast (ADS-B), which allows real time tracking of aircraft, which improves situational awaraness. But also less drastic technologies such as digital communation. Digital communication allows for more crisp radio instructions, which reduces risk of misinterpreting verbal instructions. In the aviation industry, many regulatory reforms have aslo been put in place to also improve safety. The FAA, EASA, and ICAO now implement stricter regulations and pilot training requirements. They now also require better post-accident investigations (Finlay). These investigations have led to significant safety improvatents, such as the introduction of fire proof material, harder landing gear, and stronger cockpit doors. This now allows the "fatalities per billion kilometers traveled by plane is 0.003%" according to the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA).

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"Whenever an airliner crashes, a thorough investigation takes place. This investigation aims not to apportion any blame or responsibility, but rather to learn so that similar crashes can be prevented in future." - Blay Whitby

Main focus is learning from these incidents, not to assign blame

Accid. analyzed to find root causes

Prevention rather than assign. blame

Learn through -> flight recorders, witness repor., and maintenance logs

gives a rounded underst. of the factors causing the crash

Constantly analyze accidents to improve safety

Find weaknesses and potent. hazar. -> prevent for futu. flights

upd. in current training and regul.

changes in procedur. to enhance oper. safet.

Use these accident reports to identify risks -> refine safety measures

Boost safety culture in aviation industry

Allow staff to share safet. concerns

promotes -> transparency/learning from mistakes

Make simulations of those event -> to keep ATC/pilots prepared

Reinforces safety mindset to aviation personnel

Implement improvements based on past findings

Drive innov. in aircr. design

Automati. and better. moni. sys. to help reduce human errors

Glob. aviat. bodies revise safet. standards based on accident analysis

Ensures indust. wide compli. with best safet. practices

Studying and analyzing past accidents is crucial, in order to develop future safety methods. When analyzing an accident, the main focus is to learn from the incidents, and not to assign blame (Whitby). It is first needed to analyze these accident to find the causes. This is done through the in-depth examination of flight recorders, witness reports and maintenance logs. This then gives a rounded understanding of the factors causing the crash. After these factors are analyzed to find weaknesses and potential hazards, that must be prevented for future flights. There may also need to be updates in current training and regulations (Whitby). These regulaitons may ask for modifying procedures to enhance operational safety. This constant studying and analysis allows to boost the safety culture in the aviaiton industry. It not only promotes transparency but also learning from mistakes. In turn, it encourages staff to share safety concerns openly. It also reinforces the safety mindset to aviation personell. If needed, there may also be simulations made of the eventss, to keep ATC and pilots prepared for these situations (Whitby). Overall, the main goal is to implement improvements based on past finidings. Such actions drive innovation in aircraft design, and stimulation aviation bodies to revise their safety standards based on accident analysis.

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What are the main causes of airline accidents today?

"Airline crashes are exceedingly rare events. In 2018, for example, according to the Netherlands-based Aviation Safety Network, there were 15 fatal airliner accidents, resulting in a total of 556 fatalities. But with 37.9 million flights worldwide. That works out to a rate of one fatal accident per 2.52 million flights" -Patrick J. Keiger

Airline crashes are extremely rare

Pilot error:

incr. tech. makes easier for humans to make mistakes

pilot error consists of 50% fatal crashes reasons

often caused by carelessness in checklists

Mechanical failure:

more tech. that can break down

Weather:

more hazard. for small planes

biggest contributors -> turbulence, wind

Intentional:

sabotage -> bombs, deliberate crashes (2001)

suicide

Other human mistakes:

ATC, maintenance engineers, ground crew, runway obstructions.

According to Patrick J. Keiger, "airline crashes are exceedingly rare events". In 2018, for example, Keiger, a writer with the Netherlands-based Aviation Safety Network, says there were 15 fatal airliner accidents, resulting in a total of 556 fatalities. But with 37.9 million flights worldwide, that works out to a rate of one fatal accident per 2.52 million flights. There are many factors that may contribute to an accident, but a few stand out. Pilot error is the most common cause of accidents, consisting of 50% of the reasons for fatal crashes (Keiger). The increased technology now makes it much easier for pilots to make mistakes. Pilots may be also subject to carelessness when completing checklists, resulting in key safety aspects to be left out. Mechanical failure is often a common cause to accidents as well. Parts and technology can easily break down, if not taken care of properly. These parts also may not be subject to enough maintenance, and the isssue may not be adressed early on (Keiger). Weather is another contributor to these accidents, and can be more hazardous for smaller planes. Often times during critical phases of flight like takeoff and landing, these smaller airplanes may be subject to turbulences or winds (Keiger). In recent decades, another factor has emerged, the intentional one. Terrorists intentionally place explosive devices on aircraft, or commit acts of suicide, like during the Twin Towers Incident on the 11th of September 2001. These factors are the most important contributors to these accidents, among the many existing factors (Keiger).

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I can produce evidence on how my research question has changed and developed throughout my research.

OR

I can convincingly explain why my research question did not change and develop throughout my research.

Write your answers to the above here:

Throughout my research process and adventure on airline accidents, despite advancements in safety technology and measures, I found that there was no need to change or further develop my research question. This lack of change was due to the question being specific from the start. I knew that this question allowed an extensive and comprehensive exploration of the topic, and that the issue would be central to my investigation. My research question was very clear from the beginning: "Why do airline accidents still occur despite advancements in safety technology, and what measures are put in place today to mitigate those risks?" From the time I created this question, I knew that it would allow me to examine it in depth, and to view the multiple aspects of aviation safety. This helped greatly keep my research on track and allowed me to re-center if needed. Also, this question allowed me to be broad, while not overwhelming myself. This helped keep the research guided and relevant, allowing me to re-focus if what I was researching was not directly addressing my question. This broadness allowed the question to be flexible too, as I could explore various topics that I felt needed to be covered more in depth, while still constantly addressing the research question. To add on, the research question was also very relevant throughout. For example, the technological advancements and new safety advancements I researched further highlighted the importance of my initial research question. In a way the question served as guideline to what I had to analyze and forced me to condense the information I gathered from research into comprehensive and focused material. To conclude, the reason my research question did not change throughout my investigation is because it was made to be both clear and adaptable to the various topics I had. It provided me with a very strong base for my research that allowed me to explore various aspects of the issue in depth without going off track. The relevance of the question, and its alignment with my thesis made sure that no modifications were necessary. This consistency allowed me to have a focused and thorough investigation into the ongoing issue of airline accidents, despite advancements in safety technology.

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"Air traffic controllers are entrusted with critical responsibilities aimed at maintaining safe air traffic operations. These responsibilities, outlined in various regulatory documents such as FAA Order JO 7110.65 and the Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM)" - Jackson Barnett

Providing clearances and instructions

Give taxi, takeoff, en route, and landing clearances.

Ensure aircraft follow designa. flight paths and alti.

Adjust instructi. dynamically to fit to changing conditions -> weather/delays/traffic.

Ensuring separation between aircraft to prevent collisi.

Maintain required horiz. and vert. separ. between aircraft

Use radar, surveillance sys., and communica. to track aircraft positi.

Intervene when potential conflicts arise to prev. -> mid-air collisi.

Issuing radar trafic and safety alerts

Provide pilots with real-time traffic warning

Warn pilots about potential hazards, such as nearby aircraft or obstacles->birds

Issue emerge. alerts in case of airspace intrusions or operati. concerns

Monitoring weather conditi.

Track weather patterns that may impact flight safety -> storms, turbulence, wind shear

Communi. critical weather updates to pilots

Assist pilots in making course adjustments based on weather condi.

Coordinating with other ATC

Ensure smooth transiti. between different ATC areas

Share flight data with other controllers to maintain situational awareness.

Coordinate reroutes and adjustments -> to prevent congestion or delays

Air traffic controllers (ATC) also play a pivotal role in preventing accidents. As said by Jackson Barnett, holder of a private's pilot's license says "air traffic controllers are entrusted with critical responsibilities aimed at maintaining safe air traffic operations." ATC plays a key role in providing clearances and instructions, for pilots to follow. To begin with, they ensure proper seperation between aircraft, in order to prevent collisions. Aircraft must maintain horizontal and vertical seperation, from instructions given by the ATC. ATC also overlooks flight operations through the use of radar and surveilance systems, and proceeds to intervene when poteletial conflicts arise (Barnett). This may include mid-air collisions, where ATC must alert the pilots immediately before they occur. ATC's role is also to provide pilots with radar traffic and safety alerts. They must warn pilots about potential hazards, such as other aircraft or birds. Responsibility is also held by them to issue emergency alerts in case of airspace intrusions or operational concerns. Additionaly ATC is responsible for monitoring weather conditions at all times, and track weather patterns that may impact flight safety. This may include storms, turbulence and heavy winds which all pose a threat to proper aircraft operation (Barnett). Therefore, they must comunicate critical weather updates to pilots, and assist them in making course adjustments based on weather conditions. Lastly, ATC holds the responsibility of coordinating operations with other ATC. This ensures smooth transition between different ATC areas, aswell as shared flight data with other controllers to maintain situatuanol awareness (Barnett). Together, they coordinate reroutes and adjustments, to prevent congestion or delays. Without ATC, aircraft would not be able to operate in a safe environment and accidents would be a much more frequent occurance, without the guidance of ATC.

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Source cards: 5+ sources with a variety of perspectives; excellent summaries and reflections! A