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Preventative Programs

The Mental Health Literacy provides information and curriculum on how to teach about mental health and to destigmatize mental health.
https://mentalhealthliteracy.org/

The Collaborative for Academic, Social, and Emotional Learning (CASEL) website provides information, resources, implementation guidelines, and research support for school-wide Social-Emotional Learning Curriculum.
https://casel.org/

The 7 Mindset's website provides a Social-Emotional Learning Curriculum that includes the following topics: everything is possible; passion first; we are connected; 100% accountable; attitude of gratitude; live to give; and the time is now.
https://7mindsets.com/

The Positive Psychology Center's Resilience in Children webpage provides resources, lessons, and research study links on teaching resilience in school.
https://ppc.sas.upenn.edu/research/resilience-children

The Child Mind Institute's Prevention: K12 Student Mental Health Skill Building webpage includes a skill-building curriculum for mental health coping skills.
https://childmind.org/school-and-community/direct-care-prevention/

The Child Mind Institute's School and Community Programs Professional Training webpage includes information for the following mental health program curriculums: Behavior Service Intervention (BSI) Training Program; Mental Health Skill-Building (MHSB) Training Program; and Trauma Treatment Groups for Students (TTGS) Training Program.
https://childmind.org/school-and-community/professional-training/

The Classroom Wise website provides information for a training program that targets mental health, well-being, and mental-illness.
https://www.classroomwise.org/

The Mental Health Technology Transfer Center Network's National School Mental Health Practices and Related Projects webpage provides information on mental health programming and the following video modules: foundations of comprehensive mental health, teaming, needs assessment and resource mapping; screening; tier-1 mental health promotion for all; tiers 2 and 3 early intervention and treatment; funding and sustainability; and impact.
https://mhttcnetwork.org/centers/mhttc-network-coordinating-office/national-school-mental-health-implementation-guidance

The National Center on Safe Supportive Learning Environment's Mental Health webpage provides links to various online mental health programs and guidelines.
https://safesupportivelearning.ed.gov/topic-research/environment/mental-health

Mindup's website provides a training program that integrates training for SEL curriculum implementation in school.
https://mindup.org/

The Strong Kid's website for the program developed by Merrel includes a curriculum that focuses on SEL, resilience, and coping skills.
https://strongkidsresources.com/

The Adolescent Depression Awareness Program (ADAP) website includes a curriculum on teaching depression awareness.
https://www.adapeducation.org/

My Student Body's Our program page provides a program for the prevention of substance abuse, wellness, and sexual violence.
https://www.mystudentbody.com/hbg/

Early Interventions

The Center on Positive Behavioral Interventions & Supports website provides information, guidelines, and resources for implementing positive behavior supports in a whole-school and classroom setting.
https://www.pbis.org/

The Child Mind Institute's School and Community Programs Direct Care-Intervention webpage includes information and guidelines for the following interventions: behavior science, trauma service, mood service, reading service (for younger children).
https://childmind.org/school-and-community/direct-care-intervention/

The Coping Cat Parents website includes an online anxiety intervention module system.
https://www.copingcatparents.com/

The Friends of Resilience Program is a CBT based program that focuses on resilience and SEL skills.
https://friendsresilience.org/about

The Camp Cope-A-Lot website provides registration to an computer-based CBT program for anxiety in children and preteens.
https://campcopealot.com/

The Cool Kids Program homepage, includes a registration to the program which focuses on anxiety, fears, worries, and coping mechanisms.
https://coolkids.org.au/login

Moodgym's website provides registration to an account for the interactive management of anxiety and depression.
https://moodgym.com.au/

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Online Parenting Program

Learn what you can do to help your child manage stress and anxiety. Developed by experts and evidence-based.

Based on the latest research

Strategies you can apply at home

Symptom Checker

24/7 access, private and self-paced

You become a cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) expert

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Online Parenting Program Learn what you can do to help your child manage stress and anxiety. Developed by experts and evidence-based. Based on the latest research Strategies you can apply at home Symptom Checker 24/7 access, private and self-paced You become a cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) expert

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Young Mind UK's Young Person's webpage provide resources, guides, and advice on various mental health topics.
https://www.youngminds.org.uk/young-person/

Childline's Your Feelings webpage provides articles on various mental health concerns including feelings and emotions, anxiety, stress, and panic, mental health, self-harm, eating problems, sexual and gender identity, and getting help.
https://www.childline.org.uk/info-advice/your-feelings/

Reach Out Australia's website provides a chat option for concerns with emotions, mental health concerns, and isolation.
https://au.reachout.com/

The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Mental Health's For Young People Looking for Help webpage provides information for adolescents who are needing to reach out for mental health support.
https://www.mentalhealth.gov/talk/young-people

Kid's Health's Teen's Health Mind webpage provides supportive and informative articles on the topics of being your best self, body image, feelings and emotions, families, feeling sad, friends, mental health, parents, dealing with problems and relationships.
https://www.kidshealth.org/en/teens/your-mind/

Kid's Health's Kid's Health Feelings webpage provides supportive and informative articles on the topics of emotions and behaviors, friends, home and family, school, and thoughts and feelings.
https://www.kidshealth.org/en/kids/feeling/

The Mindfulness for Teens website provides a description of mindfulness, explains how to practice mindfulness and how to meditate, and includes resources including apps and books.
https://www.mindfulnessforteens.com/about-mindfulness

The Center for Young Women's Health's Emotional Health webpage provides an alphabetized list of topics of concern, mental health disorders, and emotional issues, and includes an ask a question forum.
https://youngwomenshealth.org/emotional-health-index/

The Young Men's Health Emotional Health webpage provides an alphabetized list of topics of concern, mental health disorders, and emotional issues, and includes an ask a question forum.
https://youngmenshealthsite.org/emotional-health-index/

The National Alliance on Mental Illness's Teens webpage includes information on topics of finding help, how to talk to friends, how to talk to parents and guardians, social media, and mental health in school.
https://www.nami.org/Your-Journey/Kids-Teens-and-Young-Adults/Teens

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If you’re struggling with your feelings, we have tips and advice from other young people, and information on getting the support you need for your mental health.

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Worry Wise Kids provides a menu with links of various levels of support and information on childhood and adolescent anxiety disorders.
http://www.worrywisekids.org/

The Anxiety & Depression Association of America (ADAA) website includes information on the  disorders within the Anxiety Disorders Umbrella, managing anxiety and stress, and provides a search bar to find a therapist.
https://adaa.org/

The Child Mind Institute's Quick Guide to Anxiety in Children webpage explains the basics of anxiety and provides descriptions of the disorders in the Anxiety Disorders umbrella.
https://childmind.org/guide/anxiety-in-children-quick-guide/

The National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI) Anxiety Disorders webpage provides and explanation of anxiety disorders and brief descriptions of the disorders in the Anxiety Disorders umbrella.
https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Mental-Health-Conditions/Anxiety-Disorders

The Kid's Health's Anxiety Disorders webpage describes the disorders in the Anxiety Disorders umbrella and how to seek treatment of anxiety for children.
https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/anxiety-disorders.html

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From Dr. Tamar Chansky Creator of Worrywisekids.org

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Worry Wise Kids webpage on Generalized Anxiety Disorder:
http://www.worrywisekids.org/node/24

The Anxiety & Depression Association of America's (ADAA) webpage on Generalized Anxiety Disorder:
https://adaa.org/understanding-anxiety/generalized-anxiety-disorder-gad

The National Institute of Mental Health's (NIMH) webpage on Generalized Anxiety Disorder:
https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/generalized-anxiety-disorder-gad

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Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

Treatment Information

A number of types of treatment can help with GAD. Supportive and interpersonal therapy can help. Cognitive behavioral treatment (CBT) has been more researched and specifically targets thoughts, physical symptoms and behaviors including the over-preparation, planning and avoidance that characterizes GAD. Mindfulness based approaches and Acceptance Commitment Therapy have also been investigated with positive outcome. All therapies (sometimes in different ways) help people change their relationship to their symptoms. They help people to understand the nature of anxiety itself, to be less afraid of the presence of anxiety, and to help people make choices independent of the presence of anxiety. The adult CBT treatments for GAD have been modified for children and teens and show positive outcomes.

There are a number of medication choices for GAD, usually the SSRIs either alone or in combination with therapy.

Relaxation techniques, meditation, yoga, exercise, and other alternative treatments may also become part of a treatment plan.

Other anxiety disorders, depression, or substance abuse often accompany GAD, which rarely occurs alone; co-occurring conditions must also be treated with appropriate therapies.
Learn more about treating GAD and other anxiety disorders Learn some tips to manage anxiety and stress better
ADAA Resources
Webinars: Blogs: Trending articles:

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A number of types of treatment can help with GAD. Supportive and interpersonal therapy can help. Cognitive behavioral treatment (CBT) has been more researched and specifically targets thoughts, physical symptoms and behaviors including the over-preparation, planning and avoidance that characterizes GAD. Mindfulness based approaches and Acceptance Commitment Therapy have also been investigated with positive outcome.

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General Information
The Center for Parent Information and Resources’ website provides links to parent-centers by state for parents of children with disabilities.
http://www.parentcenterhub.org/

The Child Mind Institute's Family Resource Center’s Resources for Parents webpage provides information to families in need of supporting a child with mental health concerns.
https://childmind.org/resources/

The Child Mind Institute's For Parents webpage includes videos to talk to children about mental health concerns and coping strategies.
https://childmind.org/healthyminds/parents/

The Effective Child Therapy websites provides free assessments for mental health concerns, information for choosing a therapists, and a search engine connected to therapists by area.
https://effectivechildtherapy.org/

Reach Out Australia's Parent and Caregiver webpage gives parents and guardians the option to ask questions regarding their child's mental health in a search bar.
https://au.reachout.com/#parents-carers

The American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry's Families/Youth webpage includes and extensive list of alphabetized mental health concerns and expands on each concern with information and suggested interventions
https://www.aacap.org/AACAP/Families_Youth/Facts-for-Families/AACAP/Families_and_Youth/Facts_for_Families/Layout/FFF_Guide-01.aspx

The Mental Health America's Affiliate Resource Center includes a search engine for parents to find a local resource center in their area.
https://arc.mhanational.org/find-affiliate

The U.S. Department of Health & Human Services Mental Health For Parents and Caregivers website provides information on the signs of mental health issues, how to talk to their child, and how to get help for their child.
https://www.mentalhealth.gov/talk/parents-caregivers

The National Alliance on Mental Illness' (NAMI) Family Members and Caregivers webpage provides resources and support for families of individuals with mental illness.
https://www.nami.org/your-journey/family-members-and-caregivers

The Center for Parent Information & Resources' The Short-and-Sweet IEP Overview webpage explains the logistics of IEPs and special education services, and provides additional resources.
https://www.parentcenterhub.org/iep-overview/

Support for Specific Disorders
The Child Mind Institute's What to Do (and Not Do) When Children are Anxious webpage lists tips to help childen when they are struggling with anxiety, fears, and worry.
https://childmind.org/article/what-to-do-and-not-do-when-children-are-anxious/

The National Eating Disorders Association's Parent Toolkit provides information and resources for parents of children with eating disorders.
https://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/sites/default/files/nedaw18/1.%20ParentToolkit.pdf

The Anorexia Nervosa & Related Eating Disorder's For Parents, Partners, and Other Family Members webpage provides information on signs and symptoms, how to communicate, and seek assistance for their children.
https://www.anred.com/pnp.html

The Bipolar Children's Parents webpage provides articles and support topics for parents of children with bipolar disorder.
https://www.bpchildren.com/parents

The Kid's Health Childhood Depression: What Parents Need to Know webpage guides parents through the signs and symptoms of depression and seeking help.

https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/understanding-depression.html

The Children's and Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder's (CHADD) For Parents and Caregivers webpage provides extensive topics, tips, toolkits, and advice on parenting children with ADHD.
https://chadd.org/for-parents/overview/

The American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP) Conduct Disorder Resource Center provides parents descriptions, facts, resources, and information for seeking help for children with conduct disorder.
https://www.aacap.org/aacap/Families_and_Youth/Resource_Centers/Conduct_Disorder_Resource_Center/Home.aspx

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Fight Flight or Freeze: Anxiety Explained for Teenagers by Anxiety Canada:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rpolpKTWrp4

Anxiety Explained by SEL Sketches:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=16EoZOsCJgs

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Fight Flight Freeze – Anxiety Explained For Teens

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The Texas Education Code's Subchapter A. on School Counselors and Counseling Programs includes responsibilities required by state law.
https://statutes.capitol.texas.gov/Docs/ED/htm/ED.33.htm

The Texas School Procedures' website summarizes the responsibilities of a district and school counselor regarding mental health in HB 18.
https://txschoolprocedures.com/newsletter-12-9-19-hb-18-the-district-counseling-program/

The American School Counselor Association's Ethical Standards for School Counselors outlines the ethical requirements in school counseling services with the importance of mental health support found especially in the following sections: A. 6. Appropriate Collaboration, Advocacy and Referrals for Counseling; A. 7 Group Work; A. 9 Serious and Foreseeable Harm to Self and Others; and B.1. Responsibilities to Parents/Guardians.
https://www.schoolcounselor.org/About-School-Counseling/Ethical-Legal-Responsibilities/ASCA-Ethical-Standards-for-School-Counselors-(1)

The American Counselors Association's Code of Ethics outlines the ethical responsibilities of counseling-related professions.
https://www.counseling.org/resources/aca-code-of-ethics.pdf

The American School Counselor Association's Professional Standards and Competencies outlines the roles and responsibilities of a school counselor with with the importance of mental health support found especially in the following sections: B-PF 1. Apply developmental, learning, counseling and education theories; B-SS 1. Design and implement instruction aligned to the ASCA Student Standards: Mindsets & Behaviors for Student Success in large-group, classroom, small-group and individual settings; B-SS 2. Provide appraisal and advisement in large-group, classroom, small-group and individual settings; B-SS 3. Provide short-term counseling in small-group and individual settings; B-SS 4. Make referrals to appropriate school and community resources; and B-SS 5. Consult to support student achievement and success.
https://www.schoolcounselor.org/getmedia/a8d59c2c-51de-4ec3-a565-a3235f3b93c3/SC-Competencies.pdf

The Texas Education Agency's Texas Model for Comprehensive School Counseling Programs outlines the requirements, responsibilities, and restrictions of a school counselor's role in mental health support.
https://tea.texas.gov/sites/default/files/Pub_2018_Texas-Model_5th-Edition.pdf

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The National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorder's (ANAD) website provides access to a helpline, support groups, mentors, and a treatment support directory; informs on topics of statistics, types of eating disorders, warning signs, screenings, body image, and recovery guides; and designs group events based on recovery.
https://anad.org/

The National Eating Disorder Association's (NEDA) website provides a helpline, chat option, and screening tool; educates on the topics of eating disorder overview, signs and symptoms, identity, body image, and prevention; share treatment options, brochures, and professional development opportunities; explains each disorder under the eating disorder umbrella; and provides forums, blogs, and technology connections.
https://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/

The Anorexia Nervosa & Related Eating Disorder's (ANRED) website provides definitions of eating disorders, statistics, warning signs, risk factors, causes, complications, treatment and recovery, relapse, athletes with eating disorders, males with eating disorders, diabetes and eating disorders, obesity, childhood eating issues, eating disorders while pregnant, eating disorders of the elderly, helping a loved one with an eating disorder, parent, guardian, and partner support tips, self-help suggestions, healthy eating tips, prevention strategies, and a self-screening.
www.anred.com

The Academy for Eating Disorders' website provides resources for professionals, students, and experts, as well as publications and webinars.
https://www.aedweb.org/home

The Healthy Teen Project's Eating Disorder webpage provides links to national, professional, and parent organizations, informational websites, and book recommendations all related to eating disorders.
https://healthyteenproject.com/resources/

The Eating Disorder Referral website provides connections to treatment providers by insurance, type of counseling, treatment team and center, as well as extensive descriptions of eating disorders and eating disorder related topics.
https://www.edreferral.com/

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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)

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Overview

There is a commonly held misconception that eating disorders are a lifestyle choice. Eating disorders are actually serious and often fatal illnesses that are associated with severe disturbances in people's eating behaviors and related thoughts and emotions. Preoccupation with food, body weight, and shape may also signal an eating disorder. Common eating disorders include anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder.

Signs and symptoms

Risk factors

Treatments and therapies

Join a study

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Learn about eating disorders, including types (e.g., anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa), signs and symptoms, risk factors, and treatments and therapies.

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The Encyclopedia of Mental Disorders website provides an alphabetized list of disorders and includes descriptions, articles, and resources.
http://www.minddisorders.com/index.html

The Child Mind Institute's Resource Center's Explore Topics webpage includes alphabetical topics on common occurring mental health concerns in children.
https://childmind.org/topics-a-z/

The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration website provides links to various agencies of mental health support.
https://www.samhsa.gov/

The National Institute of Mental Health's Health Topics webpage provides links to mental health disorder topic pages, treatments and therapies, special populations, and clinical trials.
https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics

The Center for Parent Information and Resources' Emotional Disturbance webpage provides extensive information regarding IDEA's definition of emotional disturbance, warning signs, types of emotional disturbances, in-school services for emotional disturbances, resources for support and more information.
https://www.parentcenterhub.org/emotionaldisturbance/#info

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The Child Mind Institute's webpage on Conduct Disorder:
https://childmind.org/guide/quick-guide-to-conduct-disorder/

The American Association of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry's webpage on Conduct Disorder:
https://www.aacap.org/AACAP/Families_and_Youth/Facts_for_Families/FFF-Guide/Conduct-Disorder-033.aspx

Help your Teens' webpage on Conduct Disorder:
https://helpyourteens.com/conduct-disorder-in-teens/

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The Texas Health and Human Services' Mental Health Crisis Services webpage provides  emergency numbers, links, and crisis numbers to local/county wide official Local Mental Health Agencies (LMHA).
https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/mental-health-substance-use/mental-health-crisis-services

The Texas Health and Human Services' Children's Mental Health webpage provides information on how to utilize LMHA in one's community.
https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/mental-health-substance-use/childrens-mental-health

The National Alliance on Mental Illness' Find Your Local NAMI 's Texas webpage provides links to county wide NAMI service centers.
https://www.nami.org/Find-Your-Local-NAMI/Affiliate?state=TX

Psychology Today's Find a Therapist webpage provides a search engine for mental health providers, treatment centers, and support groups by city.
https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/therapists

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The New Prague Independent School District's Special Education Referral and Evaluation webpage explains the process to special education referral that can be applied to students with emotional disturbance under IDEA criteria.
https://www.npaschools.org/special-education-referral-and-evaluation#:~:text=When%20classroom%20interventions%20are%20not,and%20assessment%20to%20be%20completed.

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School Mental Health Practice Guide and Toolkit from the Texas Education Agency:
https://schoolmentalhealthtx.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/TEA-Narrative.pdf

Mental Health Resources for K-12 from School Safety:
https://www.schoolsafety.gov/sites/default/files/2022-05/SchoolSafety.gov_Mental-Health-Resources-for-K12-Schools_Infographic_May-2022.pdf

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Children's Mental Health Fact Sheet For the Classroom from Pennsylvania Care Partnerships:
https://www.pacarepartnership.org/uploads/MH_fact_sheet_minn07.pdf

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Kids Health's webpage on Obsessive Compulsive Disorder:
https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/ocd.html

The International OCD Foundation Kids  webpage on Obsessive Compulsive Disorder:
https://kids.iocdf.org/?_ga=2.79715925.313215627.1669805587-1763220571.1669805587

The Child Mind Institute's  webpage on Obsessive Compulsive Disorder:
https://childmind.org/guide/quick-guide-to-obsessive-compulsive-disorder-ocd/

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The Spence Children's Anxiety Scale:
https://www.scaswebsite.com/

Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED):
https://www.pediatricbipolar.pitt.edu/resources/instruments

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The National Eating Disorder Association's (NEDA) webpage on Anorexia Nervosa:
https://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/learn/by-eating-disorder/anorexia

The Mayo Clinic's webpage on Anorexia Nervosa:
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anorexia-nervosa/symptoms-causes/syc-20353591

The Child Mind Institute's webpage on Anorexia Nervosa:
https://childmind.org/guide/anorexia-nervosa-quick-guide/

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The Child Mind Institute's Quick Guide to Bipolar Disorder webpage provides a description of bipolar disorder, symptoms, diagnosing criteria, risk factors, treatment, and co-morbidity.
https://childmind.org/guide/bipolar-disorder-in-kids-quick-guide/

The Kid's Health For Teens Bipolar Disorder webpage describes bipolar disorders, symptoms, effects on others, diagnosing criteria, treatment, and causes.
https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/bipolar.html

Bipolar Children's Teen-Talk webpage provides topics for teens and peer support.
https://www.bpchildren.com/teen-talk

The National Alliance on Mental Illness's (NAMI) Bipolar Disorder webpage provides information on the four main types of Bipolar Disorder, symptoms, causes, diagnosis, treatment, and co-morbidity
https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Mental-Health-Conditions/Bipolar-Disorder

The National Institute of Mental Health Bipolar Disorder in Children and Teens webpage explains bipolar disorder in regards to the behaviors, treatment, causes, and levels of support for teens and children.
https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/bipolar-disorder-in-children-and-teens

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The Child Mind Institute's webpage on Bulimia Nervosa:
https://childmind.org/guide/bulimia-nervosa-quick-guide/

University of Rochester Medical Center's webpage on Bulimia Nervosa
https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/childrens-hospital/adolescent/eating-disorders/teens/bulimia-nervosa.aspx

John Hopkins Medicine's webpage on Bulimia Nervosa
https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/eating-disorders/bulimia-nervosa-in-adolescents

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The Child Mind Institute's webpage on Binge-Eating Disorder:
https://childmind.org/guide/binge-eating-disorder-quick-guide/

Kids Health's webpage on Binge-Eating Disorder:
https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/binge-eating.html

The National  Library of Medicine's article entitled Binge Eating Disorder in Children and Adolescents, written by Cara Bohon PhD, details extensive information on Binge Eating Disorder in youth.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6709690/

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Mental Health Training video from the Texas Department of Human and Health Services:
https://youtu.be/89gbKxeeN_E

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The Child Mind Institute's webpage on Major Depressive Disorder:
https://childmind.org/article/quick-facts-on-depression/

The The National Alliance for Mental Illness' (NAMI) webpage on Major Depressive Disorder:
https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Mental-Health-Conditions/Depression

Stanford Medicine's Children's Health's webpage on Major Depression in Teens:
https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=major-depression-in-adolescents-90-P01614

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The American Psychiatric Association's What are Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders webpage briefly explains the disorders under the Disruptive, Impulse, and Conduct Disorders umbrella.
https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/disruptive-impulse-control-and-conduct-disorders/what-are-disruptive-impulse-control-and-conduct

Nationwide's Children's Disruptive Behavior Disorders webpage describes the overall disorder, signs and symptoms, causes, diagnosis criteria, treatment, and how to seek help.
https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/disruptive-behavior-disorders#:~:text=The%20most%20common%20types%20of,and%20conduct%20disorder%20(CD).

Troubled Teens' Teenage Impulse Disorder webpage briefly describes impulse disorders including Pyromanica, Kleptomania, Gambling, and Trichotillomania, and treatment options.
https://troubledteens.com/help-for-troubled-teens/teenage-impulse-control-disorder/

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Teenage Impulse Control Disorder - Troubled Teens

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The commonly used term Impulse Control Disorder refers to a large group of medical conditions related directly to impulsive behavior. This covers a very large

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The Child Mind Institute's webpage on Oppositional Defiant Disorder:
https://childmind.org/article/what-is-odd-oppositional-defiant-disorder/

The Cleveland Clinic's webpage on Oppositional Defiant Disorder:
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9905-oppositional-defiant-disorder

The American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry's webpage on Oppositional Defiant Disorder:
https://www.aacap.org/AACAP/Families_and_Youth/Facts_for_Families/FFF-Guide/Children-With-Oppositional-Defiant-Disorder-072.aspx

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The Child Mind Institute's webpage on Intermittent Explosive Disorder:
https://childmind.org/guide/quick-guide-to-intermittent-explosive-disorder/

The Cleveland Clinic's webpage on Intermittent Explosive Disorder:
https://health.clevelandclinic.org/intermittent-explosive-disorder-could-it-be-the-reason-for-your-teens-outbursts/

The Psychology Today's webpage on Intermittent Explosive Disorder:
https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/conditions/intermittent-explosive-disorder

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https://www.nipinthebud.org/films-for-parents-carers/how-to-recognise-symptoms-of-conduct-disorder-part-one/

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How to Recognise Symptoms of Conduct Disorder Part One | Nip in the Bud

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Read and download our fact sheets, watch more videos or sign up for our mailing list and free interactive guide.

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The National Health Service's UK webpage on Antisocial Personality Disorder:
https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/antisocial-personality-disorder/#:~:text=Antisocial%20personality%20disorder%20is%20a,care%20for%20other%20people's%20feelings.

The Cleveland Clinic's webpage on Antisocial Personality Disorder:
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9657-antisocial-personality-disorder

Everyday Health's webpage on Antisocial Personality Disorder:
https://www.everydayhealth.com/antisocial-personality-disorder/conduct-disorder-children/

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The Mighty's webpage on Inside the Mind of a Teen with Pyromania:
https://themighty.com/topic/mental-health/why-teen-boys-have-pyromania/

The Encyclopedia of Mental Disorders' webpage on Pyromania:
http://www.minddisorders.com/Py-Z/Pyromania.html

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The Newport Academy's webpage on Treatment for Kleptomania:
https://www.newportacademy.com/resources/substance-abuse/teens-and-kleptomania/

The Recovery Village's webpage on Kleptomania Facts and Statistics:
https://www.therecoveryvillage.com/mental-health/kleptomania/kleptomania-statistics/

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Very Well Mind's webpage on Cyclothymia in Children and Teens:
https://www.verywellmind.com/cyclothymia-in-children-and-teens-1066735

Ada's webpage on Cyclothymic Disorder:
https://ada.com/conditions/cyclothymic-disorder/

The Cleveland Clinic's webpage on Cyclothymic Disorder:
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17788-cyclothymia

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Mindyra's webpage for Bipolar II in Children and Adolescents:
https://www.mindyra.com/solutions/child/bipolar-ii

Health's webpage for Living with Bipolar II Disorder:
https://www.health.com/condition/bipolar/bipolar-two

Better Help's webpage for Living with Bipolar II Disorder:
https://www.betterhelp.com/advice/bipolar/living-with-bipolar-2-how-to-cope-and-thrive/

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The National Health Service's UK webpage on Living with Bipolar Disorder:
https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/bipolar-disorder/living-with/

Kid's Health's webpage on Bipolar Disorder:
https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/bipolar.html

The Child Mind Institute's webpage on Bipolar Disorder:
https://childmind.org/article/bipolar-disorder-difficult-to-diagnose-in-adolescents/

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The Child Mind Institute's webpage on Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD):
https://childmind.org/guide/quick-guide-to-premenstrual-dysphoric-disorder-pmdd/

Women's Mental Health's webpage on Teen PMS and PMDD:
https://womensmentalhealth.org/resource-2/patient-support-services/teen-pms-and-pmdd-guide/

Mind UK's webpage on Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD):
https://www.mind.org.uk/information-support/types-of-mental-health-problems/premenstrual-dysphoric-disorder-pmdd/about-pmdd/

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Johns Hopkins Medicine's webpage on Dystymia:
https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/dysthymia

Stanford Medicine's Children's Health's webpage on Persistent Depressive Disorders in Children:
https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=persistent-depressive-disorder-in-children-90-P01600

The Children's National Hospital's webpage on Pediatric Persistent Depressive Disorders:
https://childrensnational.org/visit/conditions-and-treatments/mental-health-behavioral-disorders/dysthymic-disorder

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The National Institute of Mental Health's (NIMH) webpage on Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder:
https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/disruptive-mood-dysregulation-disorder

The Child Mind Institute's webpage on Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder:
https://childmind.org/guide/disruptive-mood-dysregulation-disorder-a-quick-guide/

The American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry's webpage on Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder:
https://www.aacap.org/AACAP/Families_and_Youth/Facts_for_Families/FFF-Guide/Disruptive-Mood-Dysregulation-Disorder-_DMDD_-110.aspx

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The Child Mind Institute's Depression and Mood Disorders webpage explains the basics of depressive disorders, how to provide support, types of treatment available, and descriptions and information on each individual depressive disorder.
https://childmind.org/topics/depression-mood-disorders/

The Anxiety & Depression Association of America's (ADAA) What is Depression webpage provides detailed descriptions of the individual Depressive Disorders, provides additional articles and resources for learning about and seeking treatment.
https://adaa.org/understanding-anxiety/depression

The Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance's Types of Depression webpage provides information on Major Depressive Disorder, Persistent Depressive Disorder, Post-Partum Depression, Bipolar Depression, Seasonal Affective Disorder, and Psychotic Depression.
https://www.dbsalliance.org/education/depression/types-of-depression/

Stanford Medicine Children's Health's Mood Disorders in Teens webpage explains to parents the causes, risk factors, symptoms, criteria, treatment, complications, prevention, and coping for teens.
https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=overview-of-mood-disorders-in-children-and-adolescents-90-P01634

Very Well Mind's Best Online Help for Depression webpage provides descriptions of online services for treatment of depressive disorders.
https://www.verywellmind.com/best-online-help-for-depression-4691259

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Major depressive disorder and persistent depressive disorder are two of the most common types of depression that people experience, however, there are many types of depression. What most mood disorders have in common are major depressive episodes. This is also true of bipolar disorder, another type of mood disorder.

Major Depressive Disorder

People who have major depressive disorder have had at least one major depressive episode (five or more symptoms for at least a two-week period). For some people, this disorder is recurrent, which means they may experience episodes once a month, once a year, or several times throughout their lives. People with recurrent episodes of major depression are sometimes said to have unipolar depression (or what used to be called "clinical depression"), because they only experience periods of low, or depressed mood.

Persistent Depressive Disorder

Persistent depressive disorder (formerly dysthymia) is a continuous long-term, chronic state of low-level depressed mood. The depressed state of persistent depressive disorder is not as severe as with major depression, but can be just as disabling.
Persistent Depressive Disorder
Postpartum Depression

Postpartum depression is characterized by feelings of sadness, indifference, exhaustion, and anxiety that a woman may experience after the birth of her baby. It affects one in every 9 women who have had a child, and can affect any woman, regardless of her age, race, or economic background.
Postpartum Depression
Bipolar Depression

People diagnosed with bipolar disorder have mood swings involving both lows (bipolar depression) and highs (called mania if severe or hypomania if mild). When people experience the lows of bipolar disorder (bipolar depression), their symptoms are very similar to those that someone with unipolar depression might experience.
Bipolar Depression
Seasonal Affective Disorder

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) typically starts in the late fall and early winter and dissipates during the spring and summer. Depressive episodes linked to the summer can occur, but are much less common than winter episodes of SAD.
Seasonal Affective Disorder
Psychotic Depression

Psychotic depression occurs when psychotic features such as hallucinations and delusions are accompanied by a major depressive episode, though psychotic symptoms generally have a depressive theme such as guilt, worthlessness, and death.
Psychotic Depression

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Types of Depression - Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance

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Major depressive disorder and persistent depressive disorder are two of the most common types of depression that people experience, however, there are many types of depression. What most mood disorders have in common are major depressive episodes. This is also true of bipolar disorder, another type of mood disorder.

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Depression Let's Talk About It-Nicole Liang by Tedx Talks
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WO-gkDBQL9U

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Depression, Let's Talk About It | Nicole Liang | TEDxKids@ElCajon

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Teen Depression: More than just Moodiness by the National Institute of Mental Health:
https://www.nimh.nih.gov/sites/default/files/documents/health/publications/teen-depression/Teen_Depression_More_Than_Just_Moodiness_2022.pdf

Depressive Disorders from The Commonwealth of Virginia's Commission on Youth:
http://vcoy.virginia.gov/documents/collection/015%20Depressive%20disorders%20final3.pdf

ADAA Depression Brochure from the Anxiety & Depression Association of America (ADAA):
https://adaa.org/sites/default/files/ADAA%20Depression%20Brochure%20Final.pdf

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Nationwide Children's Hospital's webpage on Rumination Disorder:
https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/rumination-syndrome

The National Eating Disorders Association's webpage on Rumination Disorder:
https://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/learn/by-eating-disorder/other/rumination-disorder

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The National Eating Disorders Association's (NEDA) webpage on Pica:
https://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/learn/by-eating-disorder/other/pica

Kids Health's webpage on Pica:
https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/pica.html

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The Children and Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder's (CHADD) webpage on Understanding ADHD:
https://chadd.org/understanding-adhd/

The Attention Deficit Disorder Association's (ADDA) webpage on ADHD:
https://add.org/adhd-facts/

The National Alliance for Mental Illness' (NAMI) webpage on ADHD:
https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Mental-Health-Conditions/ADHD

The National Institute for Mental Health's (NIMH) webpage on ADHD:
https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd/index.shtml

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Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders from Osmosis:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XH46Nm1QOcg

More than just Naughty Kids: Getting to know Conduct Disorder from Demystifying Medicine McMaster
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rgJ9YNI7GbQ

ADHD and Me: Tips form Teens Who Know from Healthgrades:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hKWVAaIjSkg

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ADHD and Me: Tips from Teens Who Know | Healthgrades

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Family Guide: Children’s Mental Health Services from the Texas Department of Health and Human Services.
https://www.hhs.texas.gov/sites/default/files/documents/services/mental-health-substance-use/family-guide-childrens-mental-health-services.pdf

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How Teens Van Ask for Help from National Mental Health Alliance:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8__WQtJmIG8

Mental health for high schoolers: For Students-The California Healthy Minds, Thriving Kids Project from Child Mind Institute:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=77rTKUABow4&list=PLnEQkAsadC1GIKEcYiz5EqNC2Dj2jZt9n&index=2

Mental health for middle schoolers: For Students-The California Healthy Minds, Thriving Kids Project from Child Mind Institute:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dZ4wA_o7p38&list=PLnEQkAsadC1GIKEcYiz5EqNC2Dj2jZt9n&index=8

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School Counselor Referral Process Guide: A School Counselor's Guide to the Referral Process from the Missouri Department of Elementary and Secondary Education
https://dese.mo.gov/media/pdf/guid-respon-serv-referral-process-guide

School-based Client Consultation, Referral, Special Assistance, and Management of Care from The Center for Mental Health in Schools at UCLA:
http://smhp.psych.ucla.edu/pdfdocs/consultation/consultation2003.pdf

Tools to facilitate triage from The Center of Mental Health in Schools at UCLA:
http://smhp.psych.ucla.edu/pdfdocs/triaging.pdf

Tools to Assist Clients with Referrals from The Center of Mental Health in Schools at UCLA:
http://smhp.psych.ucla.edu/pdfdocs/referral.pdf

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The Anxiety & Depression Association of America's (ADAA) webpage on Social Anxiety Disorder:
https://adaa.org/understanding-anxiety/social-anxiety-disorder

The Kids Health's webpage on Social Anxiety Disorder:
https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/social-phobia-factsheet.html

The  National Health Service UK (NHS) webpage on Social Anxiety Disorder:
https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/social-anxiety/

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The Anxiety & Depression Association of America's (ADAA) webpage on Agoraphobia:
https://adaa.org/understanding-anxiety/additional-disorders/agoraphobia

The Child Mind Institute's webpage on Agoraphobia:
https://childmind.org/article/agoraphobia-in-children/

Mindya's webpage on Agoraphobia in adolescents:
https://www.mindyra.com/solutions/child/agoraphobia#:~:text=Agoraphobia%20is%20a%20psychiatric%20disorder,parking%20lots%20or%20shopping%20malls

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The Anxiety & Depression Association of America's (ADAA) webpage on Phobias:
https://adaa.org/understanding-anxiety/additional-disorders/phobias

The Child Mind Institute's webpage on Phobias:
https://childmind.org/guide/quick-guide-to-specific-phobia/

The Children's National webpage on Phobias:
https://childrensnational.org/visit/conditions-and-treatments/mental-health-behavioral-disorders/specific-phobias

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The Kid's Health webpage on Selective Mutism:
https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/selective-mutism-factsheet.html

The Anxiety & Depression Association of America's (ADAA) webpage on Selective Mutism:
https://adaa.org/understanding-anxiety/additional-disorders/selective-mutism

Anxiety Canada's webpage on Selective Mutism:
https://www.anxietycanada.com/disorders/selective-mutism/

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The Anxiety & Depression Association of America's (ADAA) webpage on Panic Disorder:
https://adaa.org/understanding-anxiety/panic-disorder

The American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry's (AACAP) webpage on Panic Disorder:
https://www.aacap.org/AACAP/Families_and_Youth/Facts_for_Families/FFF-Guide/Panic-Disorder-In-Children-And-Adolescents-050.aspx#:~:text=Panic%20disorder%20is%20a%20common,and%20last%20minutes%20to%20hours.

The Anxiety Canada's webpage on Panic Disorder:
https://www.anxietycanada.com/articles/child-and-teen-panic-disorder/

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The International OCD Foundation's website provides information on related disorders, recovery and support, living with OCD, print and technological resources, an online community forum, a find treatment search system, and activities to promote awareness.
https://iocdf.org/

The International OCD Foundation's Kids website provides information on OCD in kids and teens, diagnosis and clinical assessment, treating OCD in children and teens, medications and ERP therapy, and finding help.
https://kids.iocdf.org/professionals/mh/treating-ocd-in-children-teens/

The Child Mind Institute's OCD & Related Disorders webpage provides extensive topics on OCD including topics on the basics of OCD, OCD in school, varieties of OCD, OCD testimonials, PANS, PANDAS, and acute-onset OCD, treatment for OCD, hoarding, trichotillomania, excoriation, and body dysmorphic disorder.
https://childmind.org/topics/ocd-related-disorders/

The Anxiety & Depression Association of America's (ADDA) What is Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) webpage provides a general premise of OCD disorders and additional resources including webinars, blogs, additional information documents,
https://adaa.org/understanding-anxiety/co-occurring-disorders/obsessive-compulsive-disorder

The American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry's (AACAP) Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Children and Adolescents webpage describes OCD symptomology in children and teens.
https://www.aacap.org/AACAP/Families_and_Youth/Facts_for_Families/FFF-Guide/Obsessive-Compulsive-Disorder-In-Children-And-Adolescents-060.aspx

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Treating OCD in Children & Teens - OCD in Kids

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Before treatment begins, it is important for the clinician to fully understand pediatric OCD and how it affects daily functioning and the family. This includes learning about: The specific types of OCD symptoms that are present How severe and/or impairing symptoms are When the symptoms started How…

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The Child Mind Institute's webpage on Hoarding Disorder:
https://childmind.org/guide/hoarding-disorder-in-children-quick-guide/#:~:text=Hoarding%20disorder%20is%20a%20mental,asked%20to%20throw%20them%20away.

Mindyra's webpage on Hoarding Disorder:
https://www.mindyra.com/en-us/solutions/child/hoarding-disorder

The International OCD Foundation's webpage on Hoarding Disorder:
https://hoarding.iocdf.org/?_ga=2.177714663.313215627.1669805587-1763220571.1669805587

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The Trichstop's webpage on Teens Dealing with Trichotillomania:
https://www.trichstop.com/teens-trich

The Child Mind Institute's webpage on Trichotillomania:
https://childmind.org/guide/quick-guide-to-trichotillomania/

The Kid's Health webpage on Trichotillomania:
https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/trichotillomania.html

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Kids Health's webpage on Communication Disorders:
https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/speech-disorders.html

Very Well Mind's webpage on Types of Communication Disorders:
https://www.verywellmind.com/communication-disorder-types-5220602

Language Disorder
The Child Mind Institute's webpage on Language Disorder:
https://childmind.org/guide/quick-guide-to-language-disorder/

The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association's (ASHA) webpage on Language Disorder:
https://www.asha.org/slp/clinical/childlanguage/

Speech Sound Disorder
The Child Mind Institute's webpage on Speech Sound Disorder:
https://childmind.org/article/quick-facts-speech-sound-disorder/#:~:text=Children%20with%20speech%20sound%20disorder,they%20may%20stutter%20or%20lisp.

The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association's (ASHA) webpage on Speech Sound Disorder:
https://www.asha.org/public/speech/disorders/speech-sound-disorders/

Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder (Stuttering)
The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association's (ASHA) webpage on Childhood- Onset Fluency Disorder:
https://www.asha.org/practice-portal/clinical-topics/fluency-disorders/

The Psychology Today's webpage on Childhood- Onset Fluency Disorder:
https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/conditions/childhood-onset-fluency-disorder

Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorder
The Child Mind Institute's webpage on Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorder:
https://childmind.org/guide/quick-guide-to-social-communication-disorder/

The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association's (ASHA) webpage on Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorder:
https://www.asha.org/practice-portal/clinical-topics/social-communication-disorder/

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The Kids Health's webpage on Body Dysmorphic Disorder:
https://kidshealth.org/Nemours/en/teens/body-image-problem.html

The International OCD Foundation's webpage on Body Dysmorphic Disorder:
https://bdd.iocdf.org/?_ga=2.81132885.313215627.1669805587-1763220571.1669805587

The Child Mind Institute's webpage on Body Dysmorphic Disorder:
https://childmind.org/article/body-dysmorphic-disorder/

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The Hopeway Foundation's Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders webpage provides descriptions of the schizophrenia spectrum, types of schizophrenia, the three types of spectrum disorders, and other psychotic disorders.
https://hopeway.org/programs/diagnoses/schizophrenia-spectrum-other-psychotic-disorders

The American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry's Schizophrenia in Children webpage includes a description of how schizophrenia presents in youth.
https://www.aacap.org/AACAP/Families_and_Youth/Facts_for_Families/FFF-Guide/Schizophrenia-In-Children-049.aspx

The Children's National Hospital's Pediatric Schizophrenia webpage presents key points about schizophrenia disorders in children, causes, risk factors, symptoms, diagnosing criteria, support, and medical treatment.
https://childrensnational.org/visit/conditions-and-treatments/mental-health-behavioral-disorders/schizophrenia

The NOBA Project's Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders webpage provides explanations of the symptoms of schizophrenia spectrum disorders, the complications, a comparison of the disorders on the schizophrenia spectrum, the cognitive effects, risk factors, and treatment, and suggested resources.
https://nobaproject.com/modules/schizophrenia-spectrum-disorders

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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)

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Learn about schizophrenia, including onset & symptoms, risk factors, treatments and therapies, how to help a loved one, & resources for more information.

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The National Institution of Mental Health's (NIMH) webpage on Schizophrenia:
https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/schizophrenia

Mind UK's webpage on Schizophrenia:
https://www.mind.org.uk/information-support/types-of-mental-health-problems/schizophrenia/about-schizophrenia/

The Cleveland Clinic's webpage on Childhood Schizophrenia:
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21067-childhood-schizophrenia

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Schizophrenia from Mind UK: https://www.mind.org.uk/media/9201/schizophrenia-2020-pdf-version-updated-mid-cycle.pdf

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The Sheppard Pratt's webpage on Schizotypal Personality Disorder:
https://www.sheppardpratt.org/knowledge-center/condition/schizotypal-personality-disorder/

The Psychology Today's webpage on Schizotypal Personality Disorder:
https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/conditions/schizotypal-personality-disorder

The Cleveland Clinic's webpage on Schizotypal Personality Disorder:
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23061-schizotypal-personality-disorder#:~:text=schizotypal%20personality%20disorder%3F-,Schizotypal%20personality%20disorder%20(STPD)%20is%20a%20mental%20health%20condition%20marked,usually%20hindered%20by%20their%20symptoms.

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The Cleveland Clinic's webpage on Schizophreniform Disorder:
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9571-schizophreniform-disorder#:~:text=Schizophreniform%20disorder%2C%20like%20schizophrenia%2C%20is,the%20rest%20of%20your%20life.

The Sheppard Pratt's webpage on Schizophreniform Disorder:
https://www.sheppardpratt.org/knowledge-center/condition/schizophreniform-disorder/

Very Well Mind's webpage on Schizophreniform Disorder: https://www.verywellmind.com/schizophreniform-vs-schizophrenia-whats-the-difference-5218312

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The National Alliance for Mental Illness' webpage on Schizoaffective Disorder:
https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Mental-Health-Conditions/Schizoaffective-Disorder

The Cleveland Clinic's webpage on Schizoaffective Disorder:
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21544-schizoaffective-disorder

Mind UK's webpage on Schizoaffective Disorder:
https://www.mind.org.uk/information-support/types-of-mental-health-problems/schizoaffective-disorder/about-schizoaffective-disorder/#:~:text=Schizoaffective%20disorder%20is%20a%20condition,affective'%20refers%20to%20mood%20symptoms.

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Mind Disorder's webpage on Brief Psychotic Disorder:
http://www.minddisorders.com/Br-Del/Brief-psychotic-disorder.html

Psychology Today's webpage on Brief Psychotic Disorder:
https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/conditions/brief-psychotic-disorder

Very Well Mind's webpage on Brief Psychotic Disorder
https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-brief-psychotic-disorder-4846766

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Very Well Health's Different Types of Psychosis webpage provides a definition, the different psychotic disorders, signs and symptoms, and diagnosing criteria. https://www.verywellhealth.com/different-types-of-psychosis-5095671

The Mental Health Collective's What are Psychotic Disorders webpage details the types of disorders, diagnosing criteria, and treatment.
https://themhcollective.com/psychotic-disorders-treatment-the-mental-health-collective-orange-county-mental-health/

The Child Mind Institute's Watching for Signs of Psychosis in Teens webpage provides descriptions of signs and symptoms and treatment options.
https://childmind.org/article/watching-for-signs-of-psychosis-in-teens/

The National Institute of Mental Health's (NIMH) Understanding Psychosis webpage outlines the definition of psychosis, development of psychosis, signs and symptoms, causes, treatment, and resources for finding treatment providers.
https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/understanding-psychosis

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There are fewer more frightening or challenging psychiatric conditions for a family to face than psychosis, an extreme mental state in which impaired thinking and emotions cause a person to lose contact with reality. This could mean hearing or seeing things that aren't there (hallucinations), or believing things that aren't true (delusions).

The illness most often associated with psychosis, schizophrenia, usually doesn't show up until very late adolescence or early adulthood. Recently, however, experts in the field have been working to identify high-risk kids who show symptoms that could serve as early warning signs of psychosis, and several academic centers have been set up to focus on this crucial period when it may be possible to change the trajectory of mental illness.

Not all the kids who are identified with what experts call "prodromal" symptoms will progress, or "convert" to full-blown psychotic illness. But early intervention has been shown to improve outcomes for those who do. And since psychotic symptoms cause disruption across a teenager's life, from school to friendships to family, researchers are hoping quick action can prevent impairment and prolong typical functioning.

What's more, some of the approaches that show promise in delaying onset of psychosis or mitigating symptoms include fairly simple lifestyle changes like stress reduction and sleep hygiene, and managing co-occurring disorders like anxiety. The key: identifying at-risk kids earlier when these low-impact measures are still effective.

What are "prodromal" symptoms?

Prodromal symptoms are "attenuated" or weak symptoms of psychosis. Moreover, "they are a warning sign," says Dr. Christoph Correll, the medical director of the Recognition and Prevention Program (RAP) at Zucker Hillside Hospital in Queens, NY, which specializes in diagnosing and treating early symptoms of mental illness in teenagers and young adults. "These signs can happen in people who don't go on to develop psychosis-but if we follow these people who are in the risk state based on these watered-down versions, one third will probably go on to develop psychosis. That's a lot more than in the general population."

Prodromal symptoms occur on a spectrum from very, very mild to severe and can include:

Withdrawing from friends and family/feeling suspicious of others

Changes in sleeping or eating patterns

Less concern with appearance, clothes or hygiene

Difficulty organizing thoughts or speech

Loss of usual interest in activities or of motivation and energy

Development of unusual ideas or behaviors

Unusual perceptions, such as visions or hearing voices (or even seeing shadows)

Feeling like things are unreal

Change in personality

Feelings of grandiosity (belief he has a superpower, etc)

In some cases, these symptoms represent the early stages of a disorder, and will eventually convert. In others, the symptoms actually fade or remain mild. Dr. Tiziano Colibazzi is a psychiatrist at Columbia Presbyterian's COPE clinic (Center for Prevention and Evaluation), which was established to research and treat prodromal symptoms. "We can identify a group of people that are at clinically high risk," says Dr. Colibazzi. "What we can't do is narrow that group down further to identify the 30 percent who will convert."

First step if you feel your child is at risk: An evaluation

The right treatment for prodromal symptoms depends entirely on how severe they are when they are diagnosed. The first step is a proper and complete diagnosis by a mental health professional with experience in assessing psychotic illness.

If you see marked changes in motivation, thinking, and/or behavior in your child, the first place to start is with her pediatrician to rule out a medical illness. Substance use also needs to be ruled out as the cause of any behavior changes in adolescents. After that, you're going to want to have your child evaluated by a qualified psychiatrist or psychologist. This in itself might be a multi-step process.

"You can't just look at the kid once and get a bit of a history and then know what's going on, " says Dr. Correll. "Kids develop; symptoms develop. And the trajectory-how things change, get better or worse, what other symptoms add on to it-will be highly informative in telling us something about the prognosis, what we expect to happen."

One aid to predicting the evolution and severity of symptoms, notes Dr. Colibazzi, is the patient's ability to doubt his symptoms. If your child retains the self-awareness to know that it's his mind that is playing tricks on him, it's an indication that symptoms are still in the very early stages. As symptoms become more severe, the patient's beliefs (whether paranoid, grandiose or hallucinatory) become increasingly difficult to challenge.

Lifestyle and mental health options

Psychotic symptoms and illnesses have been shown to vary quite a bit depending on the environment-the health of our bodies, our interpersonal relationships, our mindsets. As with any illness, but particularly important in at-risk youth, healthy living is key. Regardless of the severity of prodromal symptoms, Dr. Correll says that your child's outcome can be improved by making sure your kid sticks to a routine that includes:

Eating well

Getting regular exercise

Adhering to a regular sleep schedule

Reducing stress as much as possible

Staying away from drugs-particularly marijuana, which can interact with prodromal symptoms and increase the risk for psychosis significantly

Also, don't forget to address depression and anxiety. According to Dr. Correll, "adults who eventually developed schizophrenia identified a three to five year period during which they experienced depression or anxiety before developing the prodromal symptoms of psychosis and then developed full-blown psychosis." "So treating the depression early," he says, "might actually interrupt the progression from depression to psychosis in some patients."

Treatment for prodromal psychotic symptoms

Dr. Correll recommends trying several approaches. Mild symptoms call for more low-key treatments including:

Psycho-education: teaching both the kid and the family more about the symptoms and the illness.

Therapy, particularly cognitive behavioral therapy: "CBT can be good to change one's thinking patterns," says Correll, "and also to address developing self-esteem. We have to be careful that kids with a psychiatric diagnosis don't self-stigmatize and get into a hopeless or negative mode where they feel they can't achieve."

Lifestyle adjustments: Assessing whether the current school environment is best for the child. Perhaps a therapeutic social group to help the child cope.

Reducing Stress: Stress is often a trigger for symptoms, so reducing stress in these kids' lives is crucial and may prevent or delay conversion to psychotic illness.

Understanding prodromal symptoms and monitoring kids who are at high risk for psychotic illness means that parents can do more for their kids than wait for symptoms to get worse or merely hope for the best. Early monitoring and intervention can give high-risk kids an advantage, which researchers hope will eventually change the odds when it comes to psychotic illness.

"The duration of untreated psychosis does actually seem to affect the course of the illness," Dr. Colibazzi says. The longer the illness goes untreated, the greater the chance that it will cause serious disruption in all areas of the patient's life. "So it is reasonable to think that just following someone very closely and treating them very early, as soon as they develop symptoms, would be helpful."

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Psychosis Symptoms and Signs in Teens | Child Mind Institute

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There are fewer more frightening or challenging psychiatric conditions for a family to face than psychosis, an extreme mental state in which impaired thinking and emotions cause a person to lose contact with reality. This could mean hearing or seeing things that aren't there (hallucinations), or believing things that aren't true (delusions).

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Mind Disorder's webpage on Delusional Disorder:
http://www.minddisorders.com/Br-Del/Delusional-disorder.html

Mindyra's webpage on Delusional Disorder:
https://www.mindyra.com/solutions/child/delusional-disorder

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The Cleveland Clinic's webpage on Catatonia:
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23503-catatonia#:~:text=Catatonia%20is%20a%20disorder%20that,unsafe%20to%20themselves%20or%20others.

The Internet Book of Critical Care's webpage on Catatonia:
https://emcrit.org/ibcc/catatonia/

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National Institute of Mental Health. (n.d.) Understanding psychosis.
https://www.nimh.nih.gov/sites/default/files/documents/health/publications/understanding-psychosis/understanding-psychosis.pdf

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The Kid's Health webpage on Separation Anxiety:
https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/sep-anxiety.html

The National Health Service's UK (NHS) webpage on Separation Anxiety:
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/baby/babys-development/behaviour/separation-anxiety/

The Katie Lear's Child-Therapy Blog entry on Signs of Separation Anxiety in Older Kids and Teens explains the differences between childhood separation anxiety and separation anxiety in adolescents.
https://www.katielear.com/child-therapy-blog/2021/1/16/signs-of-separation-anxiety-in-children

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The Child Mind Institute's webpage on Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder:
https://childmind.org/article/what-is-arfid/

The National Eating Disorders Association's (NEDA) webpage on Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder:
https://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/blog/more-picky-eating%E2%80%947-things-know-about-arfid

Kids Health's webpage on Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder:
https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/arfid.html#:~:text=Picky%20eating%20and%20a%20general,kids%20with%20ARFID%20are%20underweight.

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The Child Mind Institute's webpage on Excoriation Disorder:
https://childmind.org/guide/quick-guide-to-excoriation-disorder/#:~:text=Excoriation%20disorder%20(or%20skin%2Dpicking,even%20if%20they%20want%20to.

Mindyra's webpage on Excoriation Disorder:
https://www.mindyra.com/solutions/child/excoriation-disorder

The Mental Health National's webpage on Excoriation Disorder:
https://mhanational.org/conditions/excoriation-disorder-skin-picking-or-dermatillomania

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Very Well Mind's What are Neurodevelopmental Disorders webpage provides descriptions of the types, statistics, symptoms, and causes.
https://www.verywellmind.com/neurodevelopmental-disorders-definition-symptoms-traits-causes-treatment-5221231

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What Are Neurodevelopmental Disorders?

Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDs) are types of disorder that influence how the brain functions and alters neurological development, causing difficulties in social, cognitive, and emotional functioning. The most common NDs are autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder (ADHD). Many NDs are not as well known or widely studied.

NDs usually onset during stages of development which makes them most present in toddlers, children, and adolescents, but continue to persist into adulthood, or may go undiagnosed until one is an adult. There are instances in which a child outgrows the symptoms associated with an ND.

There are many different types of NDs, below are a few of the most prevalent ones;

Attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder (ADHD)

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

Cerebral palsy

Communication disorders

Conduct disorders

Intellectual disabilities

Learning disorders

Neurodevelopmental motor disorders

Prevalence

NDs are more prevalent in males than females. This gender difference may be due to genetics, biology, and risk factors. Although NDs, like ASD, are more present in males, researchers determined not much of a gender difference in symptoms.

Comorbidity of other conditions is highly likely in individuals with NDs and it is also common for an individual to be diagnosed with multiple NDs. A study that explored the comorbidity of NDs with mental disorders in children ages 7 through 12, determined that of those with NDs, some had coexisting psychiatric disorders or were diagnosed with multiple NDs. The study included 407 boys and girls. After parent interviews, it was determined that 55% of the children were diagnosed with at least one ND.

Of the 181 participants with ADHD, almost 40% did not have a comorbid condition, 26% did however have an anxiety disorder, while others had a variety of other conditions. There appeared to be only 18 children with ASD, and of these boys and girls, 36% also had ADHD, 44% had a tic disorder (TD), 36% had an anxiety disorder, and the others had a variety of other conditions or no comorbidity.

Although more boy participants were diagnosed with an ND, a greater number of girls with an ND had additional comorbid disorders. This study does have its limitations: a large one being that the only measure of the evaluation was parental interviews, which only consisted of just one interview at that.

Symptoms of NDs are dependent on the ND, but general descriptions usually consist of impairments with the following;

The concrete cause of NDs is not yet clear. There are various possible reasons for the onset of NDs. From the research that does exist on the cause of NDs, it is prevalent that both biology and environment play a role. Predispositions like genetics and hormones can be triggered by risk factors such as stress, illness, or trauma.

Epigenetics is an important factor in the development of conditions like NDs. Epigenetics is when an individual's environment and behavior can alter DNA and how genes operate within the body. Early childhood experiences, like trauma, neglect, or toxic environments, have recently been acknowledged as a prime risk factor in developing certain disorders, including NDs.

Research also determined an association between prenatal events and the development of medical conditions. Maternal diet can influence whether an individual grows up to develop metabolic diseases, like obesity and diabetes. Researchers believe that prenatal events, such as diet, could have similar influences on the development of NDs.

There aren't many treatment options for those with NDs, but research has determined some effective interventions. Although there is no cure for NDs there are methods that help with managing and coping with symptoms.

Behavioral Therapy

Therapies like applied behavioral analysis (ABA), cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), speech therapy, and developmental therapy have all been shown to be beneficial for ND symptoms. CBT, Psychotherapy, and other behavioral therapies are utilized for adults with NDs like ADHD. ABA has a significant impact on behavior in children with NDs, especially ASD and ADHD.

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a stimulation therapy that is commonly used for depression, but research trials have found prospects for rTMS to offer benefits for those with NDs. In a review of multiple studies, rTMS didn't appear to have any severe adverse effects for children and adolescents with NDs.

rTMS treatment improved social functioning and behaviors for some participants with ASD. There were also benefits in those with tic disorders, in which treatment helped lessen tics. Unfortunately, rTMS did not show prospects for those with ADHD; it caused some irritation, hyperactivity, and inattentiveness in some individuals. Overall, rTMS has the potential to be an acknowledged treatment method for a few NDs.

Medication

Medication is sometimes prescribed to both children and adults with NDs. For ADHD, specifically, physicians may prescribe medication to help in managing symptoms like hyperactivity, agitation, inattentiveness, etc. Medication may consist of stimulants, antidepressants, or other pharmaceuticals suited to enhance cognition.

Medication, however, should not be the first choice when treating NDs like ADHD and AS. Experts express trying therapies and other strategies before medication. For pediatric patients, researchers suggest neurodevelopmental therapies and parenting training before incorporating medication into treatment routines.

Conventional and Alternative Medicine (CAM)

Nutrition, physical exercise, and recreational activities can also play a role in managing symptoms of NDs. It is important to develop healthy lifestyle habits for children and adults with NDs.

Complementary and alternative (CAM) medicines like supplements and mind/body practices, such as acupuncture, yoga, etc., are other options that are explored before seeking medication or are used along with medication.

Adults with NDs most seek out these types of interventions. The national percentage of adults who engage in CAM treatment is 36-38%, but the number of children who participate in CAM treatment is unclear. A population review reported 11.8% of children throughout the population experienced CAM therapy at least once, but this number may not be accurate. It was stated in another report that the amount of children that engage in CAM treatment is between 2%-55%, but this is not a population report.

Family Impact

A child being diagnosed with an ND is a huge adjustment for parents and loved ones. In attempts to make life easier for the child, a significant load is placed on the family. A large number of studies found that parents of children with NDs report feeling a greater amount of stress than those with children without an ND.

Researchers found that this form of stress can have negative influences on the mental health of parents, most commonly in mothers. There also appears to be a negative impact on marriages when overly stressed. These factors are why parents need to engage in positive interventions to manage and cope with the stress of caring for a child with an ND, such as mindfulness stress-reducing practices, marriage counseling, meditation, etc. Studies have found that these interventions have been effective in reducing stress and strengthening the parent's marriage.

A Word From Verywell

NDs are often conditions that persist throughout an individual's life-and symptoms can be challenging to relationships, productivity, social skills, and communication. They can create limitations for a person and impact their abilities to function within society.

Although NDs have their share of challenges, a person can still live a fulfilling life with effective coping and treatment methods. Support of loved ones and caretakers is also an additional attribute to the quality of life for those with NDs.

If you suspect that your child may present symptoms of an ND, speak to your healthcare provider who can refer you to a specialist and provide answers that you and your child need. If you think you may have an undiagnosed ND, consult your physician and consider reaching out to a specialist.

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What To Know About Neurodevelopmental Disorders

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Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDs) influence how the brain functions and alter neurological development, causing difficulties in social, cognitive, and emotional functioning.

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The American Association of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry's webpage on Intellectual Disorders:
https://www.aacap.org/AACAP/Families_and_Youth/Facts_for_Families/FFF-Guide/Children-with-an-Intellectual-Disability-023.aspx

The Center for Parent Information & Resources' webpage on Intellectual Disorders:
https://www.parentcenterhub.org/intellectual/

The Navigate Life Texas' webpage on Intellectual Disorders:
https://www.navigatelifetexas.org/en/landing/children-with-intellectual-disabilities

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Along the Way: A Guide for Adolescents and Young Adults with Intellectual and Developmental Disorders from Nebraska Council on Developmental Disabilities:
https://dhhs.ne.gov/DD%20Council%20Resources/A%20Guide%20for%20Adolescents%20and%20Young%20Adults%20with%20Intellectual%20and%20Developmental%20Disabilities.pdf

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The Autism Speaks' webpage on What is Autism:
https://www.autismspeaks.org/what-autism

The American Psychological Association's (APA) webpage on Autism Spectrum Disorder:
https://www.apa.org/topics/autism-spectrum-disorder

Kids Health's webpage on Autism Spectrum Disorder:
https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/autism.html

The Child Mind Institute's webpage on Autism Spectrum Disorder:
https://childmind.org/guide/autism-spectrum-disorder-quick-guide/

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Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) (Dyspraxia)
The National Health Service's UK  webpage on Dyspraxia:
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/developmental-coordination-disorder-dyspraxia/#:~:text=Developmental%20co%2Dordination%20disorder%20(DCD,and%20appear%20to%20move%20clumsily.

The Cleveland Clinic's webpage on Dyspraxia:
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23963-dyspraxia-developmental-coordination-disorder-dcd

Stereotypic Movement Disorder
Mindyra's webpage on Stereotypic Movement Disorder:
https://www.mindyra.com/solutions/child/stereotypicmovementdisorder#:~:text=Stereotypic%20movement%20disorder%20is%20characterized,or%20hitting%20one's%20own%20body.

Very Well Mind's webpage on Stereotypic Movement Disorder:
https://www.verywellmind.com/stereotypic-movement-disorder-5270509

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The American Association of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry webpage on Learning Disorders:
https://www.aacap.org/AACAP/Families_and_Youth/Facts_for_Families/FFF-Guide/Children-With-Learning-Disorders-016.aspx

The Learning Disabilities Association of America webpage on Types of Learning Disabilities:
https://ldaamerica.org/types-of-learning-disabilities/

Dyslexia (Specific Learning Disorder with Impairment in Reading)
The Child Mind Institute's webpage on Dyslexia:
https://childmind.org/article/understanding-dyslexia/

The Kids Health's webpage on Dyslexia:
https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/dyslexia.html

Dyscalculia (Specific Learning Disorder with Impairment in Mathematics)
The Kids Health's webpage on Dyscalculia:
https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/dyscalculia-factsheet.html

The Child Mind Institute's webpage on Dyscalculia:
https://childmind.org/article/how-to-help-kids-dyscalculia/#:~:text=Dyscalculia%20is%20a%20learning%20disability,with%20students%20who%20learn%20differently.

Dysgraphia (Specific Learning Disorder with Impairment in Written Expression)
The Child Mind Institute's webpage on Dysgraphia:
https://childmind.org/article/understanding-dysgraphia/

Mindyra's webpage on Dyscalculia:
https://www.mindyra.com/solutions/child/learning-disability-written-expression

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Eating Disorders: What Are They? from National Eating Disorder Association. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LhCntzXAcA4

Warning Signs & Symptoms of an Eating Disorder from the National Eating Disorder Association:
https://youtu.be/nJMtReAg1DI

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The Archenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment:
https://aseba.org/

The Connors 3:
https://www.pearsonassessments.com/store/usassessments/en/Store/Professional-Assessments/Behavior/Comprehensive/Conners-3rd-Edition/p/100000523.html

The Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL):
https://www.apa.org/depression-guideline/child-behavior-checklist.pdf

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Tell Me about Schizophrenia from National Mental Health Alliance
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tYiTznmuSu4

Schizophrenia from Mind, the Mental Health Charity
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1le_D--fjlo

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What is Bipolar Disorder from Psych Hub:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G9vkGCo7Gtg

Living with Bipolar II from TEDxTalks:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Ki9dgG3P5M

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How to Support a Depressed Teenager from the Child Mind Institute
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=moS9tNzJkMk

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How To Support a Depressed Teenager | Child Mind Institute

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Got OCD: A Guide for Teens by OCD Chicago:
https://adaa.org/sites/default/files/Got-OCD_A-Guide-for-Teens.pdf

Relief from OCD: A Guide for People with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder by Beyond OCD:
https://adaa.org/sites/default/files/Relief-from-OCD.pdf

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Anxiety Disorders in Children by the Anxiety Disorders Association of America (ADAA):
https://adaa.org/sites/default/files/Anxiety%20Disorders%20in%20Children.pdf

Anxiety in Childhood and Adolescence: Screen Detect Treat by Anxiety Disorders Association of America (ADAA): https://adaa.org/sites/default/files/Anxiety%20Disorders%20in%20Children.pdf

Treating Anxiety Disorders by Anxiety Disorders Association of America (ADAA):
https://adaa.org/sites/default/files/Treating%20Anxiety%20Disorders.pdf

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4 Types of OCD & How they Manifest from Psych2Go:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u_qfAtvX8Os

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder--causes, symptoms, and pathology from Osmosis:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I8Jofzx_8p4