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time light and space graphic - https://www.einstein-online.info/en/spacetime/

moving clock image - https://www.physicsoftheuniverse.com/topics_relativity_special.html

Fountain image-https://images.app.goo.gl/94M18oxo5BtnceZC7

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"There is no God-given absolute time that applies to all observers" (112).

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"It is wrong to think that the task of physics is to find out how nature is. Physics concerns what we can say about nature."(129)

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"One must assume that there are forces in nature of a kind completely different from the usual mechanical sort." (122)

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The discipline of science: making progress/changes.
- Should changes be discussed too specifically?
(For example, new equipment/mindsets/fields of study are changes in science, but can't change the discipline of science since they are all part of scientific progress.)
- Their findings only changed the scientists after them, but not science as a discipline.

Bohr and Einstein's ideas did in fact shock the scientific world, however, developments are constantly being made in science. So, the impact of their ideas is just really big that one may think that they changed the discipline of science in some ways? It still stays within this scientific progress.

We could say that their ideas about light/time/quantum world changed how previous scientists and people viewed everything. But I think it's just a big disapproval of previous theories, which is still a step of the synthesis, of making progress. I would say they didn't influence the discipline of science from a goals and methods perspective.

From a content perspective, their discoveries opened pathways for new areas of study in science because they are so important. Does that mean they changed the content of science, or still just making huge progress?

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"Erwin Schrodinger published a wave theory of matter demonstrating that matter at the atomic level behaves as if it consists of waves. Schrodinger's theory was elegant, accessible and completely consistent. Its equations produced the quantized energy levels of the Bohr atom, but as harmonics of vibrating matter "waves" rather than as jumping electrons. Schrodinger soon thereafter proved that his "wave mechanics" was mathematically equivalent to quantum mechanics. "In other words, the two were but different mathematical formulations of the same structure."(134)

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"No one could see inside an atom. What was known and measurable was the light that came out of the atomic interior, the frequencies and amplitudes associated with spectral lines. Heisenberg decided to reject models entirely and look for regularities among the numbers alone."(132)

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"Planck had introduced quantum principles to save the laws of thermodynamics; Einstein had extended the quantum idea to light; Bohr now proposed to lodge quantum principles within the atom itself."(123)

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"The older mechanistic physics was therefore imprecise; though a good approximation that worked for large-scale events, it failed to account for atomic subtleties. Bohr was happy to force this confrontation between the old physics and the new. He felt that it would be fruitful for physics. Because original work is inherently rebellious, his paper was not only an examination of the physical world but also a political document."(127) "Mechanistic physics had become authoritarian. It had outreached itself to claim universal application, to claim that the universe and everything in it is rigidly governed by mechanistic cause and effect."(127)

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"The special theory of relativity tells us that it is impossible to run alongside a beam of light at the same speed as the light is moving; relative to some chosen inertial frame, you can in principle get your own velocity as close to the speed of light as you like without actually reaching it--but no matter how close you get, when you measure the speed of the light beam itself you will always get the answer c."(117)

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We chose this format so we could insert pictures and draw connections, while working collaboratively and building off each other's work.

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Bohr - Changes of state within an atom are not predictable - you can look statistically, but not individually
The universe is not rigidly governed by mechanistic cause + effect
Light is both a particle and a wave
Observation changes what it is

Einstein - Light travels at a constant speed (c)
Length contraction,  mass increases, time slows --> time is different at different speeds (the faster the speed, the slower the time)

Heisenberg - Uncertainty principle
can't know both the position or speed of an electron at the same time -> you can't know everything
Hated models, it's all math, that's the truth

Schrodinger - Everything is a wave - matter is a wave, light is a wave - Schrodinger wave equations

Planck - Solved the radiation problem by proposing that the vibrating particles can only radiate at certain energies. The permitted energies would be determined by a new number--"a universal constant" called h. Since it had the dimension of action (energy x time) = elementary quantum of action.

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- observing an experiment/event
- "The idealized concepts we use in science must ultimately derive from common experiences of daily life" (129).
- asking questions of nature
- "He was reminding himself and his colleagues that physics is not a grand philosophical system of authoritarian command but simply in a way... 'asking questions of Nature'"(129).
- theory and experiment intertwined
- "'There is nothing in the world which impresses a physicist more,' an American physicist comments, 'than a numerical agreement between experiment and theory'".

These methods have always been a part of science and life. People have been observing the world around them for centuries, as well as asking questions of nature, and trying to get an agreement between what they think versus what they see. Therefore, the study of light did not add any new methods.

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- via the discoveries on the functioning of light and subsequently the quantum world, the lens with which we view the content of science shifted.
- focus landed on the quantum world and the functioning of things not seen by the naked eye
- this was a notable change in the discipline of science, as the discovery of the quantum world reframed our understanding of the physical world which is directly experienced by our senses
- additionally, discovering that observing an event can quantitatively alter its other properties was a change represented in the double-slit experiment, and finalized in further research of the quantum world

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Bohr-Observation changes what it is
Einstein-time is different at different speeds (the faster the speed, the slower the time)

To understand the quantum world
And the limitations of our own experience

Though both their ideas challenge former scientific discoveries and raise new questions, they only opened new pathways for fields of study in science.

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No, the study of light did not change the discipline of science because it embodies the processes of change, discovery, and resultant adaptation that has always fundamentally defined the discipline of science. 

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No, the study of light did not change the discipline of science because it embodies the processes of change, discovery, and resultant adaptation that has always fundamentally defined the discipline of science. 