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The Fourteenth Amendment, which was ratified on July 9, 1868, was passed by the Senate on June 8, 1866, granting citizenship to all people "born or naturalized in the United States," including people who had previously been in slavery. It also guaranteed all citizens "equal protection under the laws," extending the provisions of the Thirteenth Amendment.

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By stating that "the right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude," the 15th Amendment to the Constitution allowed African American men the right to vote. Despite being approved on February 3.

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1875 – Congress passes the first Civil Rights Act

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1875 – Congress passes the first Civil Rights Act

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The Civil Rights Act was passed on March 1, 1875, affirming the "equality of all men before the law" and outlawing racial discrimination in public settings and services including dining establishments and public transportation.

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1890 – the first Women’s Suffrage Amendment was introduced in Congress, but was defeated

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1890 – the first Women’s Suffrage Amendment was introduced in Congress, but was defeated

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The amendment for women's suffrage was first offered in the U.S. Senate in 1868, then in both chambers in 1869, then twelve more times between 1875 and 1888. The Senate debated it in 1887 but decided against it.

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The amendment for women's suffrage was first offered in the U.S. Senate in 1868, then in both chambers in 1869, then twelve more times between 1875 and 1888. The Senate debated it in 1887 but decided against it.

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The amendment for women's suffrage was first offered in the U.S. Senate in 1868, then in both chambers in 1869, then twelve more times between 1875 and 1888. The Senate debated it in 1887 but decided against it.

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Even before the country was founded, women pushed for political equality, but it wasn't until 1878 that a member of Congress publicly proposed amending the Constitution to grant women the right to vote. Over the course of more than 40 years, the Senate discussed what is now known as the Susan B. Anthony Amendment. The Nineteenth Amendment, which was adopted in August 1920 after being approved by the Senate on June 4, 1919, was a significant step in the lengthy struggle for political equality among women. On the lengthy path taken by the Senate to ratify the Constitution's Nineteenth Amendment, significant occurrences are highlighted in this timeline.

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In the seminal case Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the "separate but equal" principle, which held that racial segregation laws were constitutional as long as they provided equal access to facilities.

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On the occasion of the 100th anniversary of Lincoln's birth, the call—signed by Du Bois, Ida B. Wells-Barnett, and Mary Church Terrell—was made public. The country's biggest and most well-known civil rights group was founded on February 12th, 1909.

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The 19th amendment, approved by Congress on June 4, 1919, and ratified on August 18, 1920, gave women the right to vote.

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The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Shelley v. Kraemer (1948) that real estate deed restrictions that forbade the sale of land to non-Caucasians were unconstitutional and infringed on the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

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In a historic case known as Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483, the U.S. Supreme Court determined that racial segregation in public schools is unconstitutional, even where the segregated schools are otherwise equal in quality.

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1955 – Rosa Parks refuses to give up her bus seat

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1955 – Rosa Parks refuses to give up her bus seat

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Parks was detained on December 1, 1955, after she resisted giving up her seat to a white passenger on a packed bus. Parks wasn't physically exhausted, despite what some have said, and she was able to get up from her seat.

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Discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin is illegal under the Civil Rights Act of 1964. This civil rights act's provisions prohibited discrimination in hiring, promoting, and firing on the basis of sex in addition to race.

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A group of activists who intended to eradicate sex discrimination created the National Organization for Women on June 30, 1966. The group is still a mainstay of the current women's rights struggle.

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1968 – Green v. County School Board of New Kent County

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1968 – Green v. County School Board of New Kent County

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A significant case addressing school desegregation before the United States Supreme Court was Green v. County School Board of New Kent County, 391 U.S. 430. The Court specifically addressed the freedom of choice programs developed to evade following the Supreme Court's directive in Brown II in 1955.

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1971 – Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education

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1971 – Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education

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A significant case using student busing to support integration in public schools was Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, 402 U.S. 1, decided by the United States Supreme Court.

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In November 1996, voters in California approved Proposition 209, which changed the state constitution to forbid state institutions from taking into account factors like race, sex, or ethnicity when making decisions on public employment, contracts, or education.