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Distribution - African Bullfrog

1. Where is the species found in its habitat? - This species is native to southern parts of Africa (such as south Africa, Tanzania, Kenya, etc), their are extreme fluctuations in their distribution as it is influenced by rainfall patterns and temperature.

2. Does the species routinely move/migrate? - during most of the year they are buried underground, when the rainy season begins they move up from underground to shallow waters for a temporary period to breed.

3. Does the species require different locations at different times of year/for short periods? - this is a fossorial species (meaning it is adapted to dig and primarily lives underground) and become more active during the rainy season as they start to breed and reproduce in shallow, temporary beds of water (i.e. pools, pans and ditches). Overall they are m

4. How efficiently does the species colonise? -

5. How do human activities affect distribution/movement? - they can tolerate habitat alteration but not urbanisation is it damages their breeding habitat. Humans hunt them for consumption and for the international pet trade.

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Competition: European Badger is in competition with hedgehogs for food such as earthworms and snails as they share food sources. They are also predators of hedgehogs.

Diseases: European Badgers can be infected and transmit Bovine Tuberculosis. This can then be spread to cattle.

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Main distinctive characteristic is the beaver flat scale covered

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The Eurasian Lynx (Lynx, Lynx)

Translocation of individuals to decrease inbreeding depression

a high density of tree coverage should be considered as one of its hunting behaviours is to dive on its prey from trees

lots of lynx build there dens around water sources and in some countries they have a relationship with beavers as they form more water sources making more habitats available

the populations of lynx are very isolated and fragmented making it hard for separate populations to interact. these populations are also very different due to: different habitats, local markings and snow coverage and duration

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Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes)

Diet requirements:

Food: The target macronutrient ratio of the fox is 52.4% protein-, 38.7% lipid- and 8.9% carbohydrate energy. Which is consistent with hypercarnivore diets. (Balestrieri, et.al., 2024)

Water: Males require 5-6.1kg Females require 4.9-6.6kg (Winstanley, et.al., 2003).

Resource efficiency:

They are more digestively efficient with meat when compared to vegetable digestion. (Jaslow, 1987).

Climate:

They have the widest range of habitats of any carnivorous mammal, ranging from the Arctic Circle to Northern Africa (IUCN Red List, 2021).

Reproduction:

Reproduction is highest in March and April but can reproduce anytime. (Mondain-Monval, et.al., 1977). The average litter size for Vulpes vulpes is 5 (Schofield, 1958).

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European Badger

-Least concern by IUCN

-Food: staple food of badgers is usually earthworms which generally make up around 80% of their diet. eat nuts, seeds, acorns, crops like wheat and sweetcorn, fruit like grapes and apples and pears and plums, small animals including mice, rats, rabbits, frogs, toads, and hedgehogs, and may take advantage of animal carcasses and carrion they come across. may also raid bins in search of food. Omnivores often have greater chances of surviving because of theiradaptability to different food availabilities and have an easier time finding food.

-Parasites: affected by roundworms and flatworms - nematodes (Uncinaria, Capillaria and Strongyloides spp), cestodes (Taenia and Mesocestoides spp) and trematodes. Worms, slugs and snails can harbour internal parasites, which then pass into the badgers intestines once they eat the worms. Healthy badgers (like many wild animals) can tolerate a certain number of internal and external parasites, but large numbers of tapeworms, fleas, ticks and lice can hamper a very young or poorly badger, so it can not grow or return to full health.

-Mutualists: their digging behaviour may help create micro-habitats for pollinating insects, like bumble bees. Disperse pollen and seeds as they move through their habitat. Provide nutrients through soil turnover and feaces. the areas around the spoil heaps, created as badgers dig to build their setts, retain moisture better than the surrounding areas – providing habitat for amphibians (that need moisture), invertebrates (on which hedgehogs and badgers rely for their diet and that are the start of the food chain for many species), and insects (on which birds feed) including pollinators whose presence is essential to grow our crops.

-Human: badgers fear people and change their behaviour in response to human voices and disturbance

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It is estimated that 20% of all cub deaths occur underground, this is due to fights breaking out as a social hierarchy forms.

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Brown bear (Ursus arctos) 🐻

Currently 110,000 mature individuals.

Found in 44 locations around the world that have forests, shrub land, grassland, wetlands, desert, artificial and terrestrial places.

Recently the Brown bear’s habitats/environment has been in decrease because of new housing, commercial, industrial and tourism developments. Building roads in their habitat pushing the bears out to find natural resources such as food.

Humans are hunting bears and humans fishing in Brown bear habitats are pushing on the decline brown bear populations.

(ICUN Red List, 2017).

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What does it look like?

Large, robust rodent with a flattened scale covered tail and webbed feet

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Red Foxes

Decreasing population, Overall decline in overall population of 48% since 1995, however urban population have grown but with no specific number confirmed.

Foxes suffer from road accidents, 100,000 per year, 273 per day, 11 a hour. In the UK alone, the fox population rises to 675,000 in late spring however it drops down to 258,000 by the time of breeding season in the winter, signalling that 425,000 cubs are born each year and a similar number (Mix of juvenile and adult foxes) die.

Age of Reproduction – Sexually mature at 10 months, it is common for foxes to breed in their first year.

Rate of Reproduction – Breed once a year, average number of offspring being 4-6 with a range of

1-11.

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Morphology of the eurasian beaver

Body Structure:

Large size (11–30 kg) with a streamlined body helps in swimming and pulling heavy loads.

Dense fur with undercoat and guard hairs provides insulation in cold water and repels water.

Tail:

Flattened, scaly tail aids in swimming, stores fat for energy, and helps thermoregulate. It also provides balance when standing upright for tasks like chewing trees.

Limbs:

Webbed hind feet enhance swimming efficiency, while dexterous front feet allow manipulation of objects and digging.

Teeth:

Continuously growing incisors with iron-rich enamel are adapted for gnawing wood, crucial for dam-building and accessing food.

Sensory Adaptations:

High placement of eyes, ears, and nostrils allows vigilance while submerged. Nictitating membranes protect eyes underwater, and valvular nostrils/ears prevent water entry during diving.

Internal Adaptations:

A specialized epiglottis prevents water from entering the windpipe while gnawing submerged objects.

Long intestines and caecum enable digestion of cellulose from bark and plants.