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review of literatures.

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12-wave cohort-sequential, longitudinal design 

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12-wave cohort-sequential, longitudinal design 

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n=1,570 children (grades 4-11) reported (a) the rate of symptom growth varied with developmental level, (b) gender differences symptom growth preceded emergence of mean level gender differences, (c) the rate of symptom development varied with age, and (d) parent-child agreement about rate of symptom change was stronger than agreement about time-specific symptoms. This suggests predictability of depressive symptoms varies with age and the dimension under investigation.

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young female individuals since there are higher prevalence of depression among them compared to male.

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The rate of symptom development (Cole et al., 2002)

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comparing between groups, they found little effect of genetic and biological factors differences (which was not statically significant). it was suspected that the environmental factors, specifying the familial and prior depressive experience lead to a conclusion that female individuals outnumber male individuals on the prevalence of depression.

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twin and adoption studies

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Psychometric approach using 541 Japanese undergraduate psychology students. 61% female, mean age = 19.6. Questionnaires assessing temperament measures of: Novelty-Seeking, Harm-Avoidance, Reward-

Dependence and Persistence and questionnaires assessing character measures of: Self-Directedness, Cooperativeness and Self-Transcendence. Both on a 4-point Likert scale. Anxiety and Depression scales used.

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"Introversion: Relationship with Mental Well-Being" (2021)

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"Introversion: Relationship with Mental Well-Being" (2021)

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explores how introversion correlates with mental well-being, noting that many introverted individuals may undervalue their personality, which can be linked to depressive symptoms.

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Children of a low mental age were more likely to be comorbid with conduct disorders, whereas children with a higher mental age presented more often with anxiety disorders. (Ginicola., 2007)

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Introversion and extroversion: implications for depression and suicidality (2001)

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Introversion and extroversion: implications for depression and suicidality (2001)

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highlights that introversion (characterized by low extroversion) is significantly associated with the characteristics and outcomes of depression. The study suggests that introversion may represent an underlying heritable trait influencing the development and course of depression and suicidality.

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Hakulinen et al., 2015 (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/da.22376)

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Experiencing significant negative life events, such as unemployment, bereavement, or trauma, elevates the risk of developing depression.

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Experiencing significant negative life events, such as unemployment, bereavement, or trauma, elevates the risk of developing depression.

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The World Health Organization notes that individuals who have undergone adverse life events are more likely to develop depression.

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explained either by a causal relationship or a shared etiologic factor underlying both disorders (depressive disorder and substance abuse).

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Depression positively correlated with harm-avoidance, and negatively correlated with reward-dependance, persistence, self-directedness, cooperativeness, self transcendence